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Non-Conventional Energy Systems

Prof. L. Umanand

CEDT

NPTEL-NCE-01-Syllabus

SYLLABUS FOR THIS CHAPTER


1. Introduction (2 hours) i. Petrol, diesel, kerosene etc. ii. Energy content iii. How long will they last? b. Impact of fossil fuel based systems i. Global warming ii. Green house effects iii. Health iv. Societal problems c. Non conventional energy seasonal variations and availability i. What are they? ii. How much is available? iii. When are they available? d. Renewable energy sources and features i. What are they ii. The different types of renewable energies iii. Sources and features table (Power and energy densities) iv. What are the paybacks financial and environmental v. What is preferable under what conditions e. Hybrid energy systems i. Need for hybrid energy ii. What are the combinations for some typical applications iii. How can it be done? iv. What are the paybacks involved? f. Distributed energy systems and dispersed generation (DG) i. Need ii. Applications scenarios a. Fossil fuel based systems

Dr. L.Umanand

1/2

5/11/2007

Indian Institute of Science Bangalore

Non-Conventional Energy Systems

Prof. L. Umanand

CEDT

NPTEL-NCE-01-Syllabus

Dr. L.Umanand

2/2

5/11/2007

Indian Institute of Science Bangalore

Non-Conventional Energy Systems

Prof. L. Umanand

Chapter Objective
1. To comprehend the world energy situation 2. To understand the bad effects of the present concentration use of energy 3. To comprehend the notion of distributed end use energy

Chapter Motivation
Pollution, spiraling price of fossil fuel and hazards due to present energy usage practices.

Sample Questions
1. What are the various sources of energy? 2. What is the usage pattern of the various energy sources in todays world scenario? 3. What is a realistic estimate of the number of years the fossil fuel energy source will last? 4. What is the effect of the present usage pattern of energy on environment? 5. What is the effect of the present usage pattern of energy on health? 6. What are the green house gases? 7. What are the effects of the green house gases on environment? 8. What should be the new paradigm for energy usage? Why?

Indian Institute of Science Bangalore

Introduction - 01

Dr.L.Umanand, CEDT Indian Institute of Science

What is the current energy scenario?

What is the current energy scenario?


75% of energy requirement is met by fossil fuels. Nuclear energy contributes to about 3%. 9% is met by hydel energy. 12% of energy consumption is met by biogas. Renewable sources like wind, tidal, wave, solar, contribute to about 1%.

Why should we look for alternate energy sources?


Fossil fuels, which are the main source of energy, are getting depleted at a rapid rate. As a consequence the cost of fossil fuels are increasing. Fossil fuel based systems produce detrimental effects on the environments. This in turn will affect our health. This means that indirectly, the medical bills will be rising the world over.

What is the annual world energy consumption?


Energy consumption in a year can be calculated by taking the sum of energy generated by different sources in a year. Statistics indicate that the energy consumption in year 2004 was 701012KWh. Estimates indicate that the energy consumption is increasing at the rate of 7% pa.

How long will fossil fuel last?

How long will fossil fuel last?


Consider a hypothetical case where in earth contains a thin core filled entirely with oil as shown in the previous slide. It turns out that the volume of the oil present is 1.0861021m3((4/3)(6378103) 3).

How long will fossil fuel last?


The energy density of fuel is in the range of 10000Wh/Lt. The energy content in the fuel within the earth is obtained as 1.11025KWh. Assuming that growth rate is maintained at 7% and the entire energy is supplied using fossil fuels. The energy requirement at any time, t can be calculated using 701012e0.07t KWh t is obtained as 368 years. The fossil fuels will get depleted in about 368 years.

How long will fossil fuel last?


If we consider the real situation, the earth is not-completely filled with oil as assumed and further the annual energy consumption rate is continually growing. So the fuel may get exhausted in about 70-100 years. If the reserves of fuels decrease there will be a sharp increase in the price of energy. This will lead to decrease in energy consumption through fossil fuels. If alternative sources are explored and utilized, then the fuel may be actually used for more number of years.

Is nuclear energy really an alternative?


Nuclear energy as an alternative source is not a feasible option. To increase the present 3% consumption to say 20% it requires the installation of a 400MW plant every day for the next 10 years!!!. The disposal of nuclear waste also poses a problem.

What about energy densities?


The alternative sources considered have energy density in the range of 10Wh/Lt where as fossil fuel energy density is in the range of 10000Wh/Lt.

Energy densities of fuels


Fuel
1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 Gasoline Natural Gas Methanol Kerosene Coal Battery (lead- acid) Flywheel Solar thermal** Solar PV*

Wh/kg
12300 9350 6200 12300 8200 35 15
-

density Kg/m3

Wh/m3 9348000 7480000 4904200 10701000 10250000


-

Wh/lt.

~700 ~800 791 870 1250-1550


-

9348 7480 4904 10701 10250 80


-

900/day 500/day

0.9/day 0.5/day

*Efficiency is assumed as 10% and 1m height is required for installation with appropriate inclination. **Efficiency is assumed as 18% and 1m height is required for installation with appropriate inclination.

What should be the paradigm shift?


We should move from a concentrated energy usage pattern to a more diffuse energy usage pattern

What are the alternative energy possibilities?


Muscle power Solar photovoltaic Solar thermal Wave Tidal Wind Geothermal Bio

Introduction - 02

Dr.L.Umanand, CEDT Indian Institute of Science

Hazards of concentrated energy usage pattern


Depletion of fossil fuels Environmental hazards Health hazards

A case for enviroment


Green house effects Climate change Depletion of stratospheric ozone layer

Green house effect


Green house gases make the Earth warmer by trapping energy in the atmosphere.

Green house effect


Green house gases carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, chloro fluoro carbons. Green house gases are the temperature stabilisers of the earths atmosphere. Temperature stabilisation is by trapping radiated heat from the earths surface by these green house gases.

Green house effect

Climate change
Climate is the long-term average of a region's weather. For example, it's possible that a winter day in Bangalore could be sunny and mild, but the average weather the climate tells us that Bangalore's winters will mainly be cold and include rain. Climate change represents a change in these long-term weather patterns. They can become warmer or colder. Annual amounts of rainfall or snowfall can increase or decrease.

Global warming
Due to emissions from the fossil fuel based systems, the green house gases in the atmosphere increases. As a result, the average temperature of the earth is becoming higher.

Global warming
Global warming refers to an average increase in the Earth's temperature, which in turn causes changes in climate. A warmer Earth may lead to changes in rainfall patterns, a rise in sea level, and a wide range of impacts on plants, wildlife, and humans. When scientists talk about the issue of climate change, their concern is about global warming caused by human activities.

Effects of Global warming


changes in rainfall patterns rise in sea level impacts on flora and fauna impacts on human health

Health is an issue!
CO poisoning. Asthma. Skin diseases and cancer due to depletion of stratospheric ozone.

When Do You Send Greenhouse Gases into the Air?


Whenever you ...
Watch TV Use the Air Conditioner Turn on a Light Use a Hair Dryer Ride in a Car Play a Video Game Listen to a Stereo Wash or Dry Clothes Use a Dish Washer Microwave a Meal

... you are helping to send greenhouse gas into the air.
To perform many of these functions, you need to use electricity. Electricity comes from power plants. Most power plants use coal and oil to make electricity. Burning coal and oil produces greenhouse gases.

Other things we do that send greenhouse gases into the air ! The trash that we send to landfills produces a greenhouse gas called methane. Methane is also produced by the animals we raise for dairy and meat products and when we take coal out of the ground. Whenever we drive or ride in a car, we are adding greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. And, when factories make the things that we buy and use everyday, they too are sending greenhouse gases into the air.

Cost in the long run


Life cycle costing gives more realistic estimates. This gives a much better correlation of cost to energy used.

Scope for alternative energies


75% of energy comes from fossil fuels such as crude oils, coal and natural gas 12% from bio fuels such as methane 9% from hydro based 3% from nuclear 1% from windmills and photovoltaic put together

Scope to increase

Introduction to NonConventional Energy Systems


Dr.L.Umanand

Why Fossil Fuel Base?


Applications need concentrated energy i.e. high energy densities. Extraction, storage, distribution and service infrastructure is well established and stable Large scale production results in affordable running cost.

Why fossil fuel base?


Fuel
1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 Gasoline Natural Gas Methanol Kerosene Coal Battery (lead- acid) Flywheel Solar thermal** Solar PV*

Wh/kg
12300 9350 6200 12300 8200 35 15
-

density Kg/m3

Wh/m3 9348000 7480000 4904200 10701000 10250000


-

Wh/lt.

~700 ~800 791 870 1250-1550


-

9348 7480 4904 10701 10250 80


-

900/day 500/day

0.9/day 0.5/day

*Efficiency is assumed as 10% and 1m height is required for installation with appropriate inclination. **Efficiency is assumed as 18% and 1m height is required for installation with appropriate inclination.

Why fossil fuel base?


COSTS

Cost of petrol Rs.40/lt > Rs.4.27/KWh Cost of kerosene Rs.15/lt > Rs.1.4/KWh Cost of PV Rs.200/W > Rs.40000/KWh of

capital investment

Why fossil fuel base?


Petrol/diesel fuel stations infrastructure is available LPG gas is distributed at your doorstep LPG and CNG service infrastructure is also well established Customer need not bother about storage and service infrastructure costs. Payment is only for running cost of fuel.

Then why move away from fossil fuel base?


Depletion of fossil fuels Environmental hazards Health hazards Life Cycle costs versus running costs

How long will fossil fuel last?


Let the earth be made of a thin shell that is filled entirely with fossil fuels. Consider the earth as a sphere of radius R=6378.137 kms. This amounts to about 1.1x1021 m3 of fossil fuel. take the average energy density of fossil fuel to be about 10000Wh/lt or 10000 KWh/m3
(refer table on energy densities slide 03)

How long will fossil fuel last?


the amount of stored energy within the earth is 1.1x1025 KWh The current annual world energy consumption is about 55x1012 KWh Considering a 7% growth in energy consumption annually

How long will fossil fuel last?


in 372 years with an annual energy consumption growth rate of 7%, all the fossil fuel is emptied within the earth even though we started with earth being full of fossil fuel. However, earth is not composed fully of fossil fuel. Only a fraction of its volume is stored as fossil fuel.

How long will fossil fuel last?


The pinnacle of fossil fuel usage is passed. Its usage will now decay exponential and in the next 100 years will gradually die.

So now a Paradigm shift


Concentrated usage of energy to Distributed usage of energy

A case for enviroment


..rush hour pictures. 1. Majestic railway station 2. MGRoad 3. Shivajinagar bus station

A case for enviroment


Green house effects Climate change Depletion of stratospheric ozone layer

Green house effect


Green house gases carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, chloro fluoro carbons. Green house gases are the temperature stabilisers of the earths atmosphere. Temperature stabilisation is by trapping radiated heat from the earths surface by these green house gases.

Global warming
Due to emissions from the fossil fuel based systems, the green house gases in the atmosphere increases. As a result, the average temperature of the earth is becoming higher.

Effects of Global warming


changes in rainfall patterns rise in sea level impacts on flora and fauna impacts on human health

Health is an issue!
CO poisoning. Asthma. Skin diseases and cancer due to depletion of stratospheric ozone.

Cost in the long run


Life cycle costing gives more realistic estimates. This gives a much better correlation of cost to energy used.

What are the alternatives?


Nuclear fuel is it viable? What are its implications? Then what?

Non-conventional fuel base


Muscular Solar thermal Solar PV Wind Hydro Biomass Wave Hybrids

Scope for alternative energies


75% of energy comes from fossil fuels such as crude oils, coal and natural gas 12% from bio fuels such as methane 9% from hydro based 3% from nuclear 1% from windmills and photovoltaic put together

Scope to increase

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