DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMN. ENGG.

NARNAUL-HARYANA 123002

REPORT
ON

SUMMER INTERNSHIP

SESSION 2013-2014

Department of Electronics & Commn. Engg. Narnaul-Haryana 123002

CERTIFICATE

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this is the bonafied report of Summer Internship entitled Optical Fibre Cable done by Subhash Kumar Yadav of fifth Semester in ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING in the Yaduvanshi Colllege of Engineering & Technology during the academic year 2013-2014 and submitted for practical examination conducted by M.D.U University Rohtak. Guided by:Mrs. Sudhir Yadav (H.O.D of E.C.E Deptt.) Mr.Rahul (Lecturer E.C.E Deptt.)

We take this opportunity to thank MrPradeep , PRINCIPAL,B.S.F INSITITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY for granting us the permission to carry out the project. We are extremely thankful to Mrs. Jassi Joseph H.O.D, Electronics And Communication department, for her timely advices and all the facilities she provided us, to carry out the project and finish it successfully. We express our profound gratitude for the pragmatic guidance rendered to us our guide Mr. Madhu Gopinath Lecturer in Electronics and Communication Department. They have always been a source of inspiration and have been guiding us constantly through all our ups and downs of our endeavor in completing out project, for which we are greatly indebted to them.

We are also humbly thankful to Mr.Jayaraman & Mr.Muruthy and to all other teaching and non teaching staff members of the Department of Electronics and Communication who have been helping us through out the project.

To prepare our project RAILWAY

ACCIDENTS PREVENTER

Our team has gone through few books. For designing and gathering information for completion of our project these books proved helpful. REFERENCE BOOKS:1. Microcontroller- Architecture and Programming by jennith k.Ayalaya 2. IC MANUALS FOR DATA SHEETS WE REFER THESE URLS 1. WWW.PHILIPS.COM\DATA SHEETS

2. WWW.MICROCHIP.COM\PRODUCT SUPPORT\DATA SHEETS 3. WWW.ALL DATASHEETS.COM

TRANSMITTER

{TX} RAILWAY TRACKS.

HAPPY JOURNEY

RECEIVER

{RX}.

INTRODUCTION
Railway, this term represents the Indias largest transportation mediums. Today railway is the back done of the country. It facilities in moving large amount of cargo and millions of people travel daily from place to place. It is the cheapest medium which is affordable to every class of society. Unfortunately hundreds of people die in rail accidents due to lack of resources, so as to provide a person at every Signalling Point. Any Railway Organization cannot spend corers of rupees to keep persons for every work or signals through at initial stage this may require some high amount of capital but at later stages, the cost come down. A prospective contraption of ELECTRONICS BASED SIGNALLING SYSTEM is deemed to be a noticeable turning point as this is ELECTRONICS controlled and can efficiently do the work without any mistakes. The present project has the following section 1. Sensor Circuits.

2. 3. 4.

PIC Microcontroller Interface Transmitter &Receiver (IR & RF)

DTMF DECODER CIRCUIT

+5 V R 1

1k D 1 3 .3 v C 2

1 2 3 4

7 13

1 10 0n

Y1 3 .5 8 M H z

UM91215B

12 15 16 17
SW 2 SW 3

SW 1

14 18 10 11 8 5 9

SW 4

DTMF DECODER CIRCUIT

J3 2 1 C ON2 Y1 3 .5 8 M H z 2 C9 2 R8 1k 1 R9 J4 2 1 1 C ON2 1n 1 1

2 R 12 1 47 K Q7 2N1 069 1 2

Q3

2 4

0
2 R 13 1 1k D3 11 LED 47 K 2 Q8 2N1 069 1 C 2510 3 2 4 1 + MO TOR DC 3

Q4

A
2

7
C 12 R 11 21 1n 1k 2 2 1 R 10 1k

16 17 10 18 15 11

2 8870 3 4 1 9 6 5

C 2510

3 2 4

12 13 14
11

0
R 14 47 K 2 Q9 2N1 069 1

Q5

1 + MO TOR DC C 2510 Q6 1 3 2 4

A
2

2 R 15 47 K 11 2 Q10 2N1 069

0
C 2510 3 3

DTMF DECODER CIRCUIT

+8 v 2 2 R 1 47 k 1 C3 2 2 .2 u F R3 1 1 2 2 R 2 15 k 3 Q1 1 49 4 2 2 C4 1 1n 2 R4 4 .7 k 1 1 2 3 Q2 1C 2 5 7 0 2 R5 47 E 2 R7 2 .2 K 1 2 C7 1 1n 1 2 R6 2 .2 E 1n 1n L3 1 C 10 1n L1 4T 2 C1 1 .0 1 u 1 2 C2 .0 0 1 u L2 IN D U C T O R

J1 1 2 SW J2 1 2 s u p p ly C 8 1 2 C8 1

ANT

4 .7 k

5T

C 11 1 1n

2 2 C 11 1 1n

FM TRANSMITTER

APPLICATION / ADVANTAGES
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. PIC Microcontrollers based gate Automatic opening and closing is very useful to Indian Railway and Industries. Track Sensing circuit is useful to Indian railway and coal industries. Collision in is very much useful to avoid Accident in Railway. All the features can be used in Railway Industries and Transport. Reduces human error. Man power required are reduces Easy to install and construct. More efficiency.

9.

Useful by the people working in mines for monitoring cracks.

DETECTION OF BREAK IN TRACK

The track is supplied with a +12 v. The four ends

of the track are connected with the relay coils.In yhe normal condition the green LED connected with the normally open contact and the green Led is glowing which indicates that the track has no breaks in between.

When the track breaks in between the relay get energized and the contact now shifts to normally closed to which the red LED is connected,which will glow at once indicating

that the track has break in between.The station master in turn informs the driver through the signallig system or informs the previous station to inform the driver or to made the signals RED so that the train will stop by seeing the signals

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2. INTRODUCTION. 3. BLOCK DIAGRAMS & CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS. 4. WORKING. 5. INTRODUCTION TO PIC 16F84 6. STEPPER MOTOR DETAILS. 7. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION. 8. DATA SHEETS. 9. APPLICATIONS/ADVANTAGES. 10. SYNOPSIS. 11. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 12. THANKS.

START & STOP OF TRAIN THROUGH REMOTE

The RF transmitter is placed at the signal room for transmitting signals in the range of RF and the RECEIVER is placed in the train engine to receive the signals. The power supply to the train engine motor is controlled by the RF receiver in the train engine. In the normal condition the RF transmitter in the signal room is not transmitting the signals and the train is running without any hurdles. When the train arrives near the station the signalmen in the signal room will start transmitting signals which will be received by the receiver in the train engine, which in turn stops the power supply to the train engine motor, resulting in the stoppage of train at the station.

This feature can also be used to stop the train in the case of emergency like breakage of track or some accidents.

INFRARED TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER

20 Sec. VOICE RECORDING

Features: Single ship, high qualities voice recording and playback solution. 1) No external ICs required 2) Minimum external components Non volatile flash memory technology 3) NO Battery back up required 4) 100K year message retention (typical) 5) 100year message retention(typical) 6) Single message of 20 to 30 seconds, with external resistor selection. 7) User friendly easy to use operation 8) Programming and development systems not required 9) Level activated recording and edge-activated playback switches 10) Low power consumption. 11) Operating current : 25 mA (typically, no load) 12) Standby current: 1uA (typically, no load) Automatically power down features for longer battery life chip enable pin for simple message expansion single 5v power supply. GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The APR 9301 devices offer true single chip solid state storage capability and requires no software or micro controller support. It provides high quality recording and playback with a single 20 to 30 second message it is deal for portable voice recorders, toys and many other other consumer and industrial applications.

Invox proprietary analog/multi-level storage technology is implemented in advanced flash non-volatile memory cells, each of which can typically store more than 256 voltage levels. The APR 9301 device stores and reproduces voice signals in their natural forms, eliminating the distortion that is often introduced by encoding a compression. The device combines a small size with low power consumption, non- volatility, and ease of use for a cost effective solution to voice recording and playback.

ANNNOUNCEMENT AT THE RAILWAY STATION

SAMPLE APPLICATION: Figure 3 shows the diagram for a single, 20 second message recording and playback applications using the APR 9301 device. When pins are connected as shown in this example, the operation modes are as follows: Record Mode (Level Activated ): The / LED pin will go low during the actual recording process to provide a visual indication if an led light is connected to this pin. A single voice message of up to mode as long as the / Recl pins stays low (level activated). If the message lasts longer than 20 seconds recording will terminate automatically after do last available memory cell is written. If the message is shorter than 20 seconds are the recording operation will stop when the Recl pin goes high. The speaker driver is automatically tristated during the recording operation. Message up to 30 seconds can be recorded by using different Osc R resistor values (see table 1 ) Playback Mode (Edge Activated): Playback always starts from the beginning of the message. The chip is in playback mode after the/Play E Pin sage. The chip is in playback mode after the/playback will stop immediately when the play E pin pulses low a second time if the newly recorded message is shorter the previously recorded message will be played after te message s played back. The input pre amplifier. A G C

and main amp. The input pre-amplifier . AGC, and main app. Circuits are disabled during play back. Stand by Mode:(/CE = 0)

The chip will automatically return to the stand by standby state after recording or playback operation is completed.
Power Down Mode (/CE = 1) The chip is always in stand by state. No recording or playback Is allowed. Current consumption is typically less than 1uA

PIN DIAGRAM OF 9301:NC NC NC NC NC /C E Os cr NC NC NC NU 1 Vs sD SP + SP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 AP R 93 01 - V 2 28Vc cD 27/R ecL 26NU 2 25LE D 24NC 23/P LAY E 22NC 21An aOut 20An ain 19AG C 18Mi cRef 17Mi cin 16Vc cA 15Vs sA

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR CONNECTION FOR RECORDING AND PLAYING OF MESSAGE IN 9301 :NC

NC NC NC NC NC R1 1k /C E

1 2 3 4 5 6 AP R 93 01 - V2

28Vc cD 27/R ecL 26NU 2 25LE D 24NC 23/P LAY E 22NC 21An aOut 20An ain 19AG C 18Mi cRef 17Mi cin 16Vc cA 15Vs sA 1 1 C5 SW 1 D1 1 1 SW 2 2

0
V C C _ C IR C L E

R2 1k 2

2 Os cr 7 NC NC NC NU 1 8 9 10 11

1 2

R3 1k

0
2 2 C6 1 1 2 2 C7 22 uFn

0 .1 u F 2 C3 1 1 R4 1k R5 1k 2 2

LS2

4 .7 u F R6 22 0k

Vs sD 12 LS1 SP + SP SPEAKER 13 14

0 .1 u F C4 2 1 1 0 .1 u F 2 C1 1

SPEAKER R7 1 2 4 .7 k 2 C2 0 .1 u F V1 6v

INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 9301:-

Internal Oscillator

Power supply

A m p

Switched Capacitor filter

Sample & hold

Analog write & Read circuits Switched Capacitor filter

Pr e. A m p. Automatic Gain control (AGC)

Non volatile Analog

A m p Device Control

PROGRAM FOR GATE OPENING & CLOSING LIST P = 16F84A PORTA EQU registers PORTB EQU STATUS EQU COUNT COUNT1 COUNT2 POS STEP EQU EQU EQU EQU EQU 0051 : 006H 003H 08CH 08DH 08EH 08FH 090H : defining variables Declaring Ports and other

ORG 000H : Initializing procedure BSF STATUS, 005H : MOVLW OFOH : port B MOVLW 000H now in bank 1 configuring port ssssssssA and

MOVWF PORT B BCF STATUS, 005H;

now in bank 0

*******************PROGRAM STARTS HERE************* CLRF PORTA ; Clearing port A & port B and initializing POS=50 CLRF PORT B MOVLW 032H MOVWF POS CALL STEPINIT; To initialize STEP = 1 START register MOVF POS, 0 ; displaying the contents of POS

CALL DISPLAY MOVWF PORT B BTFSC PORTA, 004H;Taking input from port B & checking for zero GOTO WEST ; East if input is zero (STEP++) & (POS++) ; Else go to WEST (STEP) & (POS++) EAST INCF STEP, 1 INCF POS , 1 MOVF POS, 0 SUBLW 064H BTFSC STATUS, 002H CALL POS 100 GOTO STEP CORRECTION WEST DECF STEP, 1 DECF POS, 1

MOVF POS, 0 SUBLW 000H BTFSC STATUS, 002H CALL POS000 STEP CORRECTION MOVF STEP, 0 : Checking STEP contents SUBLW 005H ; If STEP=5 make STEP=1 BTFSC STATUS, 002H CALL STEPINIT MOVE STEP, 0 ; If STEP=0 Make STEP=4 SUBLW 000H BTFSC STATUS, 002H CALL STEPINITI MOVE POS, 0 ; Checking for conditions POS=100 or POS=0 SUBLOW 063H ; If condition is true to go DECTIVE BTESC STATUS, 002H; else go to Rotate GOTO DECTAIVATE MOVF POS, 0 SUBLW 001H BTFSC STATUS, 0002H GOTO DEACTIVATE ROTATE stored MOVF STEP, 0 ; Rotating motor According to value

CALL MOTOR calling MOVWF PORT A CALL DELAY GOTO START

in step register by

Look up table

; _____________________________________________________ __________________ DEACTIVATEMOVLW 0000H; deactivating all coils of stepper MOVFW POART A; Motor Thus stopping it GOTO START ; _____________________________________________________ ______________________ POS 000 MOVLW 001H ; Initializing POS contents to 01 MOVWF POS RETURN ; _____________________________________________________ ___________________ POS 100 MOVLW 063H ; Initializing POS contents to 99 MOVWF POS RETURN ; _____________________________________________________ ____________________

STEPINIT MOVLW 001H ; Initializing STEP=1 Subroutine MOVWF STEP RETURN ; _____________________________________________________ _________ STEPINIT MOVLW 004H ; Initializing STEP=4 Subroutine MOVWF STEP RETURN ; _____________________________________________________ ___________________ DELAY MOVLW 003H MOVWF COUNT2 MOVLW OFFH; Delay subroutine change value in this line MOVWF COUNT1; to increase or decrease or decrease the Delay 0 0H FFH DLOOP MOVLW OFFH MOVWF COUNT DLOOP 1 DECF COUNT, 1 DTFSS STATUS, 002H GOTO DLOOP 1 DECF COUNT1, 1 BTFSS STATUS, 002H GOTO DLOOP DECF COUNT2, 1 BTFSS STATUS, 002H GOTO DLOOP 2

RETURN ; _____________________________________________________ _________________ MOTOR ADDWF PCL, 1 ; Stepper motor lookup table NOP RETLW 001H RETLW 001H RETLW 001H RETLW 001H ; _____________________________________________________ ______________ DISPLAY ADDWF PCL, 1; seven segment display looks up table NOP

RETLW 001H ; (09 10) RETLW 002H RETLW 003H RETLW 004H RETLW 005H RETLW 006H RETLW 007H RETLW 008H RETLW 009H RETLW 010H

RETLW 011H ; (11 20) RETLW 012H RETLW 013H RETLW 014H RETLW 015H RETLW 016H RETLW 017H RETLW 018H RETLW 019H RETLW 020H RETLW 021H ; (21 30) RETLW 022H RETLW 023H RETLW 024H RETLW 025H RETLW 026H RETLW 027H RETLW 028H RETLW 029H RETLW 030H RETLW 031H ; (31 40) RETLW 032H RETLW 033H RETLW 034H RETLW 035H RETLW 036H RETLW 037H RETLW 038H RETLW 039H RETLW 040H

RETLW 041H : ( 41- 50 ) RETLW 042H RETLW 043H RETLW 044H RETLW 045H RETLW 046H RETLW 047H RETLW 048H RETLW 049H RETLW 050H RETLW 051H ; ( 51 60 ) RETLW 052H RETLW 053H RETLW 054H RETLW 055H RETLW 056H RETLW 057H RETLW 058H RETLW 059H RETLW 060H RETLW 061H : ( 61 70 ) RETLW 062H RETLW 063H RETLW 064H RETLW 065H RETLW 066H RETLW 067H RETLW 068H RETLW 069H RETLW 070H

RETLW 071H : ( 71 80 ) RETLW 072H RETLW 073H RETLW 074H RETLW 075H RETLW 076H RETLW 077H RETLW 078H RETLW 079H RETLW 080H RETLW 081H ; ( 81 90 ) RETLW 082H RETLW 083H RETLW 084H RETLW 085H RETLW 086H RETLW 087H RETLW 088H RETLW 089H RETLW 090H RETLW 091H ; ( 91 92 ) RETLW 092H RETLW 093H RETLW 094H RETLW 095H RETLW 096H RETLW 097H RETLW 098H RETLW 099H

; _____________________________________________________ _________________ END ; PROGRAM ENDS HERE !!!

OPENING AND CLOSING OF GATE

1. 2. 3. Automatic railway gate control by the pic microcontroller. In that mainly we are using pic 16 F 84A, UN 2003. Two sensor switch is using according to the train wait. There are two type of sensor one is infrared second one switch weight press to ON and Infrared, it has some disadvantage, any animal will cross the sensor it will sense and operate the system so to avoid this we are using weight switch. Here we are using 1000kg = 10000kg. In that if man will go man weight is 100kg it is so less so it will not operate the system. 4. Closing of gate: when train passes through switch NO. 1 the sensor get positive voltage and given to ops amp and this ops amp further applied voltages to the pic microcontroller the output of pic microcontroller is given to interface UN 2003. The UN 2003 provide 12v to the stepper motor which rotates and close the gate

1.

Opening of gate: When switch No 2 is pressed by the train the sensor get positive voltage and given to ops amp the ops amp further applied to pic microcontroller. The interface IC 2003 get pulses and provide positive voltage to the motor which rotate anti clock wise results in opening of the railway gate.

IR RECEIVER
In receiver there are 5 transistor used. Transistor 1-4 is used as amplifier and transistor 5 is used for gate (open and closing) and providing negative voltage to the relay through emitter to collector.

WORKING
The receiver IR LED is placed in the base of transistor Q1. The received IR signals is amplified at transistor Q1 and out put is taken from collector and given to the base of transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 is amplified input signal and fed to the base of transistor Q3 through coupling capacitor Q4 and out put is taken from collector and fed to the base transistor Q4 through resister R8 and R9 and it is worked as a coupling, the

out put from collector is given transistor Q5 through the diode D1. The diode D1 is providing positive half cycle to the transistors. The diode D2 used as a polarity diode. The negative voltage is extended from emitter to collector to the relay. When there is no input signals the transistor 1-4 are not conducting . Transistor Q5 will not operate so negative voltage extended to the relay. One end of the relay coil is directly connected to the positive terminal and other end is connected to the collector of transistor Q5 which is providing negative voltage to the relay for activation. When the IR sensor receive the input signal from the transmitter is amplified by the transistor Q1 to Q4 is amplified then fed to the base of transistor Q5 through a diode which is operating the transistor Q5 so there is no negative voltage from collector ,the relay gets no negative volt and it is in ideal condition. Through relay positive voltage is extended to the buzzer and negative is applied directly to the buzzer when the relay is in ideal condition the buzzer is providing sound

IR TRANSMITTER

IC 555 is used to generate a frequency in the range of IR Frequency (level) and is fed to the base of transistor BD 140.. The transistor BD140 is amplified the IR frequency After amplification the Transistor is drive the IR LED for radiating the signals Registers are used to provide DC biasing to the IC and transistor. Capacitor C1 and C2 are used for generating a frequency in the range of IR level (infrared range).

INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER
Circumstances that we find ourselves in today in the field of microcontrollers had their beginning in the development of technology of integrated circuits. This development has made it possible to store hundreds of thousands of transistors in to one chip. That was a prerequisite for production of microprocessors, and the first computers were made by adding external peripherals such as memory, input lines, timers and other. Further Increasing of the volume of the package resulted in creation of integrated circuits. These integrated circuits contained both processor

and peripherals.

That is how the first chip containing a

microcomputer or what would later be knows as a microcontroller came about.

PINS IN PIC16F84:
PIC16F84 has a total of 18 pins. It is most frequently found in a DIP18 type of housing but can also be found in SMD housing which is smaller from a DIP. DIP is short for dual in package. SMD is short for surface mount devices suggesting that holes for pins to go through when mounting arent necessary in soldering this type of a component.

Pins on PIC16F84 micro controller have the following meaning: Pin no.1 RA2 Second pin on port A.had no additional function. Pin no.2 RA3 Third pin on port A. Had no additional function. Pin no.3 RA4 Fourth pin on port A. Tock1 which functions as a timer is also found on this pin. Pin no.4 MCLR reset input and Vpp programming voltage of a micro controller. Pin no.5 Vss supply, mass.

Pin no.6 RBO first pin on port B. Interrupt input is an additional Function. Pin no.7 RB1 First pin on B. no additional function. Pin no.8 RB2 Second pin on port B. no additional function. Pin no.9 RB3 Third pin on port B. no additional function. Pin no.10 RB4 Fourth pin on port B. no additional function. Pin no.11 RB5 Fifth pin on port B. no additional function. Pin no.12 RB6 Sixth pin on port B. Clock line in program mode. Pin no.13 RB7 Seventh pin on port B. Given line in program mode. Pin no.14 RBO Vdd positive supply pole. Pin no.15 OSC2 pin assigned for connecting with an oscillator Pin no.16 OSC1 pin assigned for connecting with an oscillator. Pin no.17 RA2 Second pin on port A. No addition function. Pin no.18 RA1 First pin on port A. No additional function.

More about Micro controller PIC16F84

PIC16F84 belongs to class of 8 big Micro controllers of PIS architecture. Its general structure is shown on the following map representing basic blocks. Memory organization PIC16F84 has two separate memory blocks, one for data and the other for program. EEPROM memory and GPR registers in RAM memory make up a block for data, and FLASH memory make up a program block.

PROGRAM MEMORY Program memory has been realized in FLASH technology which makes it possible to program a micro controller many times before its installed into a device and even after its installment if eventual changes in program or process parameters should occur. The size of program memory is 1024 location with 14 bits width were location zero and four are reserved for reset and interrupt vector
DATA MEMORY

Data memory consists of EEPROM and RAM memories. EEPROM memory consists of 64 eight bit locations whose contents are not lost during an interrupt in supply. EEPROM is not stored directly in memory space, but is accessed indirectly through EEADR and EEDATA registers. Free
Counter

Data

Memory
RAM CPU Program Memory FLASH

Data Memory EEOROM

PORTA

PORT B

IR RECEIVER
In receiver there are 5 transistor used. Transistor 1-4 is used as amplifier and transistor 5 is used for gate (open and closing) and providing negative voltage to the relay through emitter to collector. The receiver IR LED is placed in the base of transistor Q1. The received IR signals is amplified at transistor Q1 and out put is taken from collector and given to the base of transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 is amplified input signal and fed to the base of transistor Q3 through

coupling capacitor Q4 and out put is taken from collector and fed to the base transistor Q4 through resister R8 and R9 and it is worked as a coupling, the out put from collector is given transistor Q5 through the diode D1. The diode D1 is providing positive half cycle to the transistors. The diode D2 used as a polarity diode. The negative voltage is extended from emitter to collector to the relay. When there is no input signals the transistor 1-4 are not conducting . Transistor Q5 will not operate so negative voltage extended to the relay. One end of the relay coil is directly connected to the positive terminal and other end is connected to the collector of transistor Q5 which is providing negative voltage to the relay for activation.

When the IR sensor receive the input signal from the transmitter is amplified by the transistor Q1 to Q4 is amplified then fed to the base of transistor Q5 through a diode which is operating the transistor Q5 so there is no negative voltage from collector ,the relay gets no negative volt and it is in ideal condition.

Through relay positive voltage is extended to the buzzer and negative is applied directly to the buzzer when the relay is in ideal condition the buzzer is providing sound

USES AND APPLICATIONS

1 2 3 4 5 6 It is used in Lift system (Apartment) It can also use in defence ( arms ammunition) It is used in Metro train Easy to maintain Performance of this circuit is good It is used in Air port for auto opening gate

WIRELESS SIGNALLING IN RAILWAYS

The word Wireless means sending the signals without using any wires. The whole purpose of the Wireless is to eliminate the any kind of cabling between the source and destinations. Not only that, also to get the work done in more reliable way with fast speed. In simple way, if the process takes place using the Radio Frequency and Infra Red Rays, without using any type of cabling is called as Wireless Communication. For example, if the protection of any vehicle

is accomplished using less work supervision and more selfcaring and self-decisive devices. It may be referred as that vehicle is automated. With the golden rule prevention is better than cure, vehicle can be well protected from any major accident or disaster or damage by automating it. In brief,Vegicle Automation means protecting or doing everyday running processes using any electronic or computer guided Instrument. Stop-Go type Signalling system is too much essential for Railway Communication. In the early days, manually controlled mechanical Up-Down signals were in use for indicating Stop-Go through any particular Railway track. But, at present, electronic signaling systems are being extensively used for this purpose. In our country, manually operated electrical signaling systems are still in wide use because of several unavoidable factors, such as, Unemployment Problems, Economical Condition of the Country etc. Its a common experience of all of us that, for such manual operation of the signaling systems, several disturbances in train service very often occur due to the negligence in duties and also due to some personal errors of the signalers. Even, fatal accidents might happen sometimes in a busy Railway-track due to some minor mistakes of a signaler in his signaler in his signaling techniques. Such factors may be avoided in a great extent only if the signaling systems are made in entirely automatic manner. Our present Model is a minor attempt to find out how the aforesaid idea can be implemented. Though this model will not serve the purpose of actual commercial use, yet it is

sufficient to show the way through which we can proceed to make the Train Signalling Systems completely automatic with the aid of Electronics. Specific about the Project: Railway are the lifelines of a country. Train mishaps have been occurring since their inception, yet we are unable to prevent accidents and safeguard valuable life and properly. Some of the reasons associated with train mishaps are: Some obstructions in front of the signal; Signal bulb burnout; Driver carelessness in not sighting the signal due to fatigue; Due to denses fog and bright sunlight the signal light may not visible to driver properly etc.

From above reasons we can see that the main problem is traditional bulb signaling system that we are using. So if we can replace this with a stand by system using the modern methods of ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION. The system going to be described is a totally new one, which may add cost, but in long run if can successfully replace the bulb signaling system and total electronic control of train is possible.

STEPPER MOTOR EXPLANATION

In this project we are using the stepper motor as per the specification mentioned above. The stepper motor is a 4 pole where in this poles are connected to the relay and is controlled by the relay driver IC ULN 2003. At any given instant of time only 1 relay is activated such that depending upon the particular relay activated that particular pole in stepper motor is energized and accordingly the stepper motor moves to that particular pole due to excitation. Depending on the type of relay to be activated and the particular order. Stepper motor accordingly moves in either clock wise or anti - clockwise direction. Stepper Motor Specification: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Step Angle Step angle accuracy Rate phase current Phase resistance Phase inductance 0.5% 5% 0.22A 23 ohms 300 m H

6. 7. 8. 9.

Holding torque Detent torque Rotor inertia Weight

20 Ncm 2 Ncm 70 grem 0.2 kg class B +12V, DC Fuji Electronics

10. Insulation 11. Voltage 12. Make

F E A T U R E S

C O N T E N T S

S Y N O P S I S

D A T A S H E E T

W O R K I N G

THANKS

B I B L I O G R A P

H Y

SYNOP SIS

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

SOME FACTS ABOUT INDIAN RAILWAYS

Length of Indian railways:63,14 0

No. of trains run per day:- 14,444

Total stations covered:No. of passengers per day: No. of employees:No. of unmanned railway crossings:Railway traffic increased since 1960-61: 6,853 1.4 crore 16 lakh 21,800 -535%

Accident between 1992 to 2002 due to detachmenrt of railway from track:- 75% Railway bridges used which have been build in 19 century:- 51,000 Establishment of railway safety fund:- in 2001

Expenditure on upgradation of safety measures in 9th fifth year plan:- 13,400 crores Amount required to man all the unmanned railway crossing:- 2,450 crores No .of deaths due to accident at unmanned railway crossing between 1992-2002:-37% Freight handling per year:60.6 crore tonne

SYNOPSIS
The project presented here is novel approach to the signaling & safety system of the Railway System. status of the traffic signals to the driver. take appropriate action. The modern electronic system is basically useful to warn/display the Here, the traffic signals are direct in the hands of the signalmen and he can

In conventional method, the Railway Signalmen operate the particular electromechanical switches to illuminate the desired incandescent bulbs located at a pole near the railway station. The railway driver is supposed note the status of the signals & depending upon the same he is supposed to mover further or stop the train.

If due to the mist/fog or smoke or any other reason, suppose the driver is not able the notice or see the signal lights, he may not be able to judge the situation and may lead to possible accident and loss of life and property.

Here, in contrast to this existing system, we are trying to provide a solution to this system by designing a device which displays the signals to the station master that includes the status of the track, announcement at railway station and the status of the track(free or not)is displayed or the engine driver can hear and take preventive measure.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Features of the project. Introduction. Working. Block Diagrams. Software Description.

6. Introduction to PIC microcontroller. 7. Details of Stepper motor. 8. Details of APR 9301V2(announcement ic). 9. Synopsis. 10.Data Sheets. 11.Application/Advantages. 12.Bibliography.