Elementary Latin

08/29
Chapter 1 – Verbs

5 parts to every finite verb:

• Person
o First – I /We (plural)
o Second – You / You (plural)
o Third – He / She / It / They (plural)
• Number
o Singular
o Plural
• Tense
o Present
o Future
o Imperfect
o Perfect
o Future-Perfect
o Pluperfect
• Mood
o Indicative – factual/real
o Imperative – command (only appears in the second person)
o Subjunctive – potential / hypothetical-ish (should, might, would)
• Voice
o Active – subject DOES the action
o Passive – subject RECEIVES the action

Parsing a verb involves use of all 5 parts!!

Ex: To Praise (Laudare)

Present Tense (First person singular): “I praise.” “I am praising.” “I do praise.”

Present Indicative Active

Present “stem” + personal endings

Present Active Infinitive – ex: to love (amare), to praise, to warn (monere), etc.

To determine present stem, remove –re

Ex: love = ama / warn = mone

Verb conjugation -
1st ends –are
2nd ends –ere
Conjugation 1st Ex (laudo) 2nd Ex (mone)
1st singular –o/m laudo moneo
2nd singular –s laudas mones
3rd singular –t laudat monet

1st plural –mus laudamus monemus

2nd plural –tis laudatis monetis
3rd plural –nt laudant monent

Present Active Imperative

2nd person singular / 2nd person plural
To form, present stem + endings (different from Present Indicative Active)

Conjugation 1st Ex 2nd Ex

2nd singular lauda! mone!
2nd plural laudate! monete!  add –te

08/30
Complimentary infinitive – ex: debemus cogitare = We ought to think.

Parsing/Translation exercise:
Amamus – 2nd Plural Present Active Indicative / We love
Debetis – 2nd Plural Present Active Indicative / We owe
Erra! – 2nd Singular Present Active Imperative / (You) Make a mistake!
Terrent – 3nd Plural Present Active Indicative / They are terrified
Valete! – 2nd Plural Present Active Imperative / Be strong! (Goodbye!)
Salveo – 1st Singular Present Active Indicative / I am well.
Laudat – 3rd Singular Present Active Indicative / He/She/It praises.
Monent – 3rd Plural Present Active Indicative / They warn.
Videtis – 2nd Plural Present Active Indicative / We see.
Vocas – 2nd Singular Present Active Indicative / You call.

For tomorrow: focus on changing number parsing.

08/31
Nouns
All nouns are feminine
Except for: (occupations, in antiquity, generally held by men)
• Poeta – poet
• Agricola – farmer
• Incola – inhabitant { It is a P.A.I.N. to remember these! }
• Nauta – sailor
• (pirata) - pirate
• (auriga) – chariot driver
When parsing, there are only 3 parts:
• Number
 o Singular
o Plural
• Case
o Nominative – subject
o Genitive – “of”  Possessive Case or Modifier
o Dative – Indirect Object  “to” or “for”
o Accusative – Direct Object / Object of certain prepositions
o Ablative – Object of certain prepositions (involving stasis)
 “by” / “with” / “from”
o Vocative – Direct Address
• Gender
o Masculine
o Feminine
o Neuter (ne/ueter = not either)

Nouns are put into groups called declensions.

To identify declensions, you look at the second piece of information given in the noun.

“Base” + case endings

Ex:
A. The poet is giving large roses to the girl.
B. The girls are giving the poet’s roses to the sailors.
C. Without money the girls’ country is not strong.

In sentence A:
• The poet is nominative.
• To the girl is dative.
• Roses is Accusative.

In sentence B:
• The girls is nominative.
• The poet’s is genitive.
• To the sailors is dative.
• Roses is accusative.

In sentence C:
• Country is nominiative.
• Girls’ is genitive.
First Declension Example (gate) Translation
Nominative* port-a
Genitive port-ae of the gate
Dative port-ae to/for the gate
Accusative port-am
Ablative port-aa by/with/for the gate

Plural Example
Nom* port-ae
Gen port-aarum
Dat port-iis
Acc port-aas
Abl port-iis

*The Vocative has the same declension as the Nominative and will be identified by
commas. (ex: O, fortuna! = O fortune!)

An adjective must agree in number, case and, gender with the noun it modifies.
In sentence structure, the noun precedes the adjective. (There are 36 different ways to say
“red”!)

Homework: Sentences pp.14-15, #1-15

09/04
Homework review

Homework: English to Latin sentences, p. 15. #16-20 / Catullus Passage

09/06
Missed class

09/07
Substantive Adjective– an adjective standing on its own / stands in as a noun

Practice and Review

1. Filium nautae Romani in agris videmus.
• We see the son of the Roman sailor in the fields.
2. Pueri puellas hodie vocant.
• The boys call the girls today.
3. Sapientiam amicarum, filia mea, semper laudat.
• My daughter always praises the wisdom of her friends.
4. Multi viri et feminae philosophiam antiquam conservant.
• Many men and women conserve ancient philosophy.
5. Si ira valet, O mi fili saepe erramus et poenas damus.
• If anger is strong, we often err and pay the penalty, O my son.
 6. Fortuna viros magnos amat.
• Fortune loves great men.
7. Agricola filiabus pecuniam dat.
• The farmer gives money to his daughters.
8. Without a few friends life is not strong.
• Sine amicis paucis vita non valet.
9. Today you have much fame in your country.
• Hodie in patria tua famam multam habes.
10. We see great fortune in your daughters’ lives, my friend.
• Fortunam magnam in tua filiabus vitae videmus, amico/a mea.
11. He always gives my daughters and sons roses.
• Rosas mea filiae et fili semper dat.

09/10
Neuter nouns
Clues to determine masculine/feminine declensions:
• Check the ending!
o Donum; doni (n) = gift
 This is in masculine declension, though it is a neuter noun
(Singular)
Nom: +um
Gen: +i*
Dat: +o* } Nom/Voc/Acc take the same form!
Acc: +um
Abl: +o*

(Plural)
Nom: +a
Gen: +orum* }“ “
Dat: +is*
Acc: +a
Abl: +is

*These take the same declensions as masculine nouns…?

Irregular verbs

Est (to be) – sum, esse, fui, futurus

“One thing you’ll never see is the accusative with the verb to be. “
1st Sing: sum I am
2nd Sing: es You are
3rd Sing: est He/She/It is
1st Plu: sumus We are
2nd Plu: estis You (all) are
3rd Plu: sunt They are
Email Rhiannon to request What’s That Ending? Copy
Homework: Practice and Review for Chapter 4
Quiz tomorrow: chapter 4 vocab

09/11
Review:
Aposition (Relative Clause w/o Relative Pronoun)
• Ex: The boy (who is) tired.  Puer

Predicate (Addjective in Nominative agreeing w/ subject w/ sum, esse…)

• Ex: Puer est = The boy is tired.

Substantive (Adjective working as a noun)

• Ex: The good, the bad, and the ugly.

09/12
Future Indicative Actives & Imperfect Indicative Actives

Review: for Present Indicative Active Verbs…

Form = stem + endings

For Future Indicative Active and Imperfect Indicative Active verbs, form = stem +
infix + endings

Future Indicative Active: infix = BI (BO for 1st singular; BU for 3rd plural)
Ex: laudare trans. monere
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1st: laudaBo I shall praise monebo
nd
2 : laudaBIs You will monebis
3rd; laudaBIt He/she shall monebit

1st: laudaBImus We shall monebimus

2nd: laudaBItis You (all) will monebitis
3rd: laudaBUnt They will monebunt

For Imperfect Indicative Active verbs, form = stem + BA + endings

1st: laudabam I was praising / I used to

2nd: laudabas You were
3rd: laudabat He was

1st: laudabamus We were

2nd: laudabatis You (all) were
3rd: laudabant They were
For future quizzes…
Supply masculine / feminine / neuter of a noun.

Ex: magnus (m); magna (f); magnum (n)

09/13
Review
When translating:
• Imperfect
o “was/were ______ing”
• Future
o “will/shall _______”

For Present/Imperfect/Future verbs:

STEM + TENSE MARKER + ENDING
nd
Present: 2 n/a o/s/t/mus/tis/nt
Imperfect: principal ba m/s/t/mus/tis/nt
Future: part bo/bi/bu o or m/s/t/mus/tis/nt
(inf w/o re)

09/14
Oct. 20th: Translating the Aenid

Principal parts:
First p.p.: 1st Person / Singular / Present / Indicative / Active
Second p.p.: Infinitive
Third:
Fourth:

Homework: Finish translating the assignment sheet to turn in on Monday!

09/17
Translation Review

Latin 101 Worksheet – complete by tomorrow!

Tomorrow: Covering Chapter 6. NO QUIZ!!

09/18
Sum: future and imperfect tenses
Present Imperfect Future
Sum Sumus eram eramus ero erimus
Eres Estis eras eratis eris eritis
Est Sunt erat erant erit erunt
Complimentary infinitives
Ex: Amo laudare pueros et paellas.  I love to praise girls and boys.

Possum: Compound Verbs

Meaning: to be able (present); used to be able to (imperfect); shall/will be able to (future)

Conjugation
Present Imperfect Future
Possum poteram potero
Potes poteras poteris
Potet poterat poterit
Possumus poteramus poterimus
Potest poteratis poteritis
Possunt poterant poterunt

09/25
Chapter 7 – Third Declension Nouns
For 1st and 2nd Declension Nouns
Dat/Abl Plural nouns end in is. (Ex: Tyrannis / Rosis)
Gen Plural nouns end in rum.
Accusative Plural nouns end in s.
Accusative Plural nouns end in m.

For 2nd Declension Neuter nouns

Nom/Acc are the same
Nom/Acc Plural end in a.
All declensions are the same as masc. except for Nom/Acc.

For Third Declension Nouns (Fem/Masc)

Dative/Ablative Plural end in ibus.
Genitive Plural nouns end in um.
Accusative Plural nouns end in s.
Accusative Singular nouns end in m.

For Third Declension Nouns (Neut)

Nom/Acc are the same
Nom/Acc Plural end in a.
All declensions are the same as masc. except for Nom/Acc
Ex: labor (m) virtus (f) corpus (n)
(Sing)
Nom labor virtus corpus
Gen laboris virtutis corporis
Dat labori virtuti corpori
Acc laborem virtutem corpus
Abl labore virtute corpore
(Plu)
Nom labores virtutes corpora
Gen laborum virtutum corporum
Dat laboribus virtutibus corporibus
Acc labores virtutes corpora
Abl laboribus virtutibus corporibus

Litotes

09/28
Third Conjugation Verbs
Ex: ago, agere, egi, actum (to do)

Third conjugation verbs can be identified by the lack of macron over the ending vowel in
the infinitive.

To conjugate Third Conjugation Verbs:

• Take the present stem
• Change the e to …
o For Present Act Ind, i
o For Future Act Ind, a
 Only applies to nominative, all others take future act ind e
o For Imperfect Act Ind, add ba plus endings
o For Present Act Imperative
 1st: singular plus the stem
 2nd: change the ending to i, add te
• Add endings

Ex: agere
(Sing) Present Future Imperfect Imperative
st
1 ago agam agebam
2nd agis ages agebas age!
rd
3 agit aget agebat
(Plural)
1st agimus agemus agebamus
nd
2 agitis agetes agebatis agite!
3rd agunt* agent agebant
rd
*For 3 Plural, change e to u.
10/01
Study third conjugation verbs!!
Homework: Sententiae and Cicero translation

10/02
Demonstratives
Pronouns in Latin: Words that replace nouns
Arranged in terms of proximity*: this / that / that over there (Like Japanese!!)

Masc. Fem. Neut.

This (closest) Hic Haec Hoc
That (closer) Iste Ista Istud
That (farthest) Ille Illa Illud

* Only used when changing the subject.

Ille/Illa/Illud Declensions
(Sing) Masc. Fem. Neut. (Plu)* Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nom Ille Illa Illud** Nom Illi Illae Illa
Gen Illius Illius Illius*** Gen Illorum Illarum Illorum
Dat Illi Illi Illi*** Dat Illis Illis Illis
Acc Illum Illam Illud** Acc Illos Illas Illa
Abl Illo Illa Illo Abl Illis Illis Illis

Iste/Ista/Istud Declensions
(Sing) Masc. Fem. Neut. (Plu)* Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nom Iste Ista Istud** Nom Isti Istae Ista
Gen Istius Istius Istius*** Gen Istorum Istarum Istorum
Dat Isti Isti Isti*** Dat Istis Istis Istis
Acc Istum Istam Istud** Acc Istos Istas Ista
Abl Isto Ista Isto Abl Istis Istis Istis

Hic/Haec/Hoc Singular Declensions

(Sing) Masc. Fem. Neut. (Plu)* Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nom Hic Haec Hoc** Nom Hi Hae Haec
Gen Huius Huius Huius*** Gen Horum Harum Horum
Dat Huic Huic Huic*** Dat His His His
Acc Hunc Hanc Hoc** Acc Hos Has Haec
Abl Hoc Hac Hoc Abl His His His

*Plural forms employ the same paradigms as gender-based adjectives.

**Remember! Nominative and Accusative Neuter nouns share the same form.
***Genitive and Dative forms are the same regardless of gender.

10/04
Fourth Conjugation and –io Verbs of the Third
Third conjugation verbs end with –io, such as audio (to hear), capio (to capture), and
facio (to make)

10/09
Personal Pronouns Ego, Tu, and Is; Demonstratives Is and Idem
Similar to chapter 10 demonstratives

(Sing) He She It (Plu) They (masc) They(fem) They

Nom Is Ea Id Nom Ei/Eii Eae Ea
Gen Eius Eius Eius Gen Eorum Earum Eorum
Dat Ei Ei Ei Dat Eis Eis Eis
Acc Eum Eam Id Acc Eos Eas Ea
Abl Eo Ea Eo Abl Eis Eis Eis

(Sing) I (1st) You (2nd) (Plu) We You (all)

Nom Ego Tu Nom Nos Vos
Gen Mei Tui Gen Nostrum/nostri Vestrum/vestri
Dat Mihi Tibi Dat Nobis Vobis
Acc Me Te Acc Nos Vos
Abl Me Te Abl Nobis Vobis

10/10
The Perfect System
You find the perfect stem by locating the 3rd principal part, MINUS the final i.
Ex: Perfect stem for moneo is monu. PS for laudo is laudav.

Translation
Perfect: I have, I did, I ____-ed (denotes completion)
Future Perfect: I will have ____-ed
Pluperfect: I had ____-ed

Conjugation order for all three tenses

Perfect: Perfect stem + endings (new)
Future Perfect: Perfect stem + future form of sum
Pluperfect: Perfect stem + imperfect form of sum

Ex: laudav (Perfect stem of laudo)

(Sing) Perfect Future Perfect Pluperfect
1 laudavi laudavero laudaveram
2 laudavisti laudaveris laudaveras
3 laudavit laudaverit laudaverat
(Plu)
1 laudavimus laudaverimus laudaveramus
2 laudavistis laudaveritis laudaveratis
3 laudaverunt/ere laudaverint laudaverant

10/15
Chapter 13 – Reflexive Pronouns and Possessives; Intensive Pronoun

Reflexive pronouns – to reflect the subject of the sentence; to “curve back” to the subject.
Ex: I gave a present to myself. / Cicero praised himself.

Because reflexive pronouns reflect the subject, it cannot be the subject. Therefore, there
are no reflexive pronouns in the nominative case.

Differences
Laudavit me = He/She/It praises me. (This is the use of a personal pronoun.)
Laudavi me = I praise myself. (Use of a reflexive pronoun)

1st Person (s + p): same as personal pronouns. (myself)

2nd Person (s + p): same as personal pronouns (yourself, yourselves)

3rd Person (s + p) (his-/her-/itself/themselves)

Nom -----------
Gen sui
Dat sibi (Similar to personal pronouns for you (tui, tibi, te, te),
Acc se but with an s instead of a t.)
Abl se

Reflexive Possessives
Reflexive Possessives are adjectives that show possession of the subject.

My (own) = meus, mea, meum

Your (own) = tuus, tua, tuum
Our own = noster, nostra, nostrum
Your own (pl) = vester, vestra, vestrum
His/Her/Its/Their own = suus, sua, suum

Examples:
Cicero laudat suum librum = Cicero praises his own book.
Cicero laudat suam sororem = Cicero praises his own sister.

Intensive Pronoun/Adjectives
(Sing) Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nom ipse ipsa ipsum
Gen ------------------ipsius------------------
Dat -------------------ipsi-------------------
Acc ipsum ipsam ipsum
Abl ipso ipsa ipso

Homework: Practice and Review 13-17, Translate Alexander the Great and the Power of
Literature (p. 87)

Pejorative = negatively

10/17
3rd Declension Nouns
(Sing)
Nom rex (m) corpus (n)
Gen regis corporis
Dat regi corpori
Acc regem corpus
Abl rege corpore
(Plu)
Nom reges corpora
Gen regum corporum
Dat regibus corporibus
Acc reges corpora
Abl regibus corporibus

I-Stem Nouns of 3rd Declension

I-Stem nouns have an i in the ending.

For Masc./Fem. Nouns, the Genitive Plural ends –ium.

For Neuter nouns

• Genitive Plural ends –ium.
• Nom & Acc end –ia.
• Abl Singular ends –i.

How can you identify an I-Stem noun?

Rules:
1. Masculine and Feminine nouns, where:
• Nominative Singular ends –is or –es
• Genitive Singular has same number of syllables as Nominative Singular
o hostis, hostis (m) = hostile
o navis, navis (f) = ship
o moles, molis (f) =
2. Masculine and Feminine nouns where:
• Nominative Singular ends –s or –x
• Base ends in a double consonant
o ars, artis (f)
 a. dens, dentis (m)
b. nox, noctis (f)
3. Neuter nouns where:
• Nominative Singular ends -al, -ar, or -e
o animal, animalis (n)
o mare, maris (n)

Ablative Case Uses

Without preposition:
1. Ablative of means or instrument (by/with/by means of)
• Ex: litteras stilo scripsit.  He wrote letters with a pen.
• Ex2: id meis oculis vidi.  I saw it with my eyes.
2. Ablative of accompaniment (with whom) or manner (how)
• Ex: cum amicis venerunt.  They went accompanied with their friends.
o Must be animate accompaniment.
• Ex2: id cum virtute fecit.  He did it with virtue. [Adverbial]

Homework: Sententiae Antiquae 1-6, and Cicero passage on p. 95

10/18
Latin tidbits:
ferro = sword

10/22
Numerals
# Latin Eng. Span. Ital. French Cardinal Latin
1 I One Uno Uno Une unus-a-um
2 II Two Dos Dues Deux duo-ae-o
3 III Three Tres Tre Trois tres-tria
4 IV Four Quatro Quarto Quatre quattuor
5 V Five Cinco Cinque Cinqe quinque
6 VI Six Seis Seis Six sex
7 VII Seven Siete Siette Sept septem
8 VIII Eight Ocho Otto Huit octo
9 IX Nine Nueve Nuovo Neuf novem
10 X Ten Diez Dieci Dix decem

Declension
For duo-ae-o (Plural only)
M F N
Duo duae duo
Duorum duarum duorum
Duobus duabus duobus
Duos duas duos
Duobus duabus duobus
For tres-tria
M+F N
Tres Tria
Trium trium
Tribus tribus
Tres tria
Tribus tribus

For 1000 (mille)

When using as a numerical, it is indeclinable. Ex: I saw 1000 Romans = vidi mille
Romanos

When using as an adjective (Ex: I saw thousands of Romans)…

Declension of mille + Genitive

Plural Neuter
Nom milia
Gen milium
Dat milibus
Acc milium
Abl milibus

Genitive of the Whole (partitive genitive)

Ex’s: piece of pie / thousands of men / part of the city

Ablative with Cardinals

Number ex + ablative
Ex: Three of the poets = tres ex poetis

Ablative of time when/within which

*No preposition
Ex: eo tempore = at that time bonis annis = in the good years

Ordinal Numbers (First, Second, Third…)

1st primus-a-um
2nd secundus-a-um
rd
3 tertius-a-um
4th quartus-a-um
th
5 quintus-a-um
6th sextus-a-um
th
7 septimus-a-um

Homework: Practice and Review (all)

10/24
Homework for chapter 16, pick out all third declension adjectives and what they modify
in Practice and Review, and Translate p. 109 passage.

10/31
Relative pronouns – qui, quae, quod

Relative pronouns provide descriptive information about their antecedent.

Ex: The woman whom you are praising is talented.

They follow in number and gender, but vary in case based on the use within the relative
clause.

(Sing) Masc. Femi. Neut. (Plur) Masc. Femi. Neut.

Nom qui quae quod qui quae quae
Gen cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum
Dat cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus
Acc quem quam quod quos quas quae
Abl quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus

Ex:
Diligo puellam quae ex Italia venit. = I esteem the girl whom came from Italy.
Homo de quo dicebas est amicus carus. = The man about whom you were speaking is a
dear friend.
Puella cui librum dat est fortunata. The girl to whom he is giving a book is fortunate.
Puer cuius patrem iuvabamus est fortis. = The boy of who (whose) father we used to help
is brave.
Vitam meam committam eis viris quorum virtutes laudabas. = I shall entrust my life to
those men whose virtues you were praising.
Timeo idem periculum quod timetis. = I fear the same danger, which you fear.

11/2
First and Second Conjugations: Passive Voice of the Present System
Translation: to be ______-ed (speaking in the passive voice)

When forming a verb in the passive voice, use the present stem + passive endings

(Sing) Ex: laudari (to be praised)  passive infinitive

1st r 1st laudor
2nd ris 2nd laudaris
3rd tur 3rd laudatur
(Plur)
1st mur 1st laudamur
2nd mini 2nd laudamini
3rd ntur 3rd laudantur
Ablative of Agent
In the active voice, the subject takes the Nominative case. In the passive voice, the direct
object then becomes the subject, while the agent by whom the action occurs takes the
ablative case.

Ex: The poet writes a book.  Active voice

The book is written by the poet.  Passive voice

The king gives money to the people. Active

Money is given to the people by the king.  Passive

For a person: a(b) + abl

For inanimate: abl (no preposition)

Homework: Sententiae Antiquae 1-13

11/5
No class tomorrow!
Homework: Passage handout
Quiz Wednesday on 1st and 2nd passive conjugations

11/7
Perfect Passive conjugations

Reivew: To form perfect active conjugations, use the third principal part, remove the –i,
and add the endings.

For perfect passive:

1. we use the 4th principal part aka the Perfect Passive Participle
2. change fourth principal part into an adjective form (meaning: give it gender and
number)
3. Add present form of sum

Ex: laudatum
(Singular)
1st: laudatus-a-um + sum = I have been praised
2nd: “ “ + es = You have been praised
rd
3 :“ “ + est = He/She/It has been praised
(Plural)
1st: laudati-ae-a + sumus = We have been praised
2nd: “ “ + estis = You (all) have been praised
rd
3 :“ “ + sunt = They have been praised
For future perfect passive:
1. Same
2. Same
3. Add future form of sum

For pluperfect passive:

1. Same
2. Same
3. Add imperfect form of sum

When translating, notice whether a fourth principle part is used before the form of sum.

Homework: Vocab, Parse verbs in Practice and Review

11/9
The Interrogative Pronoun
Quis?; Quid? (Who? Whom? Whose? Which?)
Typically embedded in the sentence
Masculine and Feminine have the same form (in the singular)
It declines like the relative pronoun, except for Quid? In place of neuter quod.

The Interrogative Adjective

Found at the beginning of the sentence, and always in the form of a question, and agrees
with something in number, case, and gender.

a vs ab: ab is used when the following word begins with a vowel. Otherwise, use a.

Over the break: Break down noun declensions

11/26
Chapter 21 – Third and Fourth Conjugations: Passive Voice of the Present System

11/27
Homework: Virgil passage (English  Latin), Practice & Review 14-17 / Quiz: Passive
forms

12/7
11/29
Chapter 22 – Fifth Declension Nouns

Summary of Ablative Uses

• Time when: “I got to school at 10 in the morning.”  at
• Time within which: “I will finish this semester within 3 weeks.”  in / within
• Manner: “I ran the marathon with vigor.”  used with abstract things
• Means: “I hit the nail with a hammer.”  used with tools
• Agent: “I was beat up by that man.”  a / ab
• Accompaniment: “I went to school with Robey.”  cum
• Separation: “I moved from San Jose.”  e / ex
• Object of preposition:
• Place where: “The Trojan War occurred in Troy.”  in / sub
• Numbers: “Three of the ships sailed north.”  partitive use of ex / de

Homework: Vocab Quiz Chapter 22 / Practice and Review 1 – 11

11/30
Homework: 145 poem, passage on literature on p. 146

12/6