All APA Examples - APA REFERENCING: A Brief Guide - LibGuides at Victoria University

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APA REFERENCING: A Brief Guide

Last Updated: Jan 24, 2013 Introduction URL: http://guides.library.vu.edu.au/APA All APA Examples APA Reference Formats Print Page

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In-Text & Reference List Examples (1)

Books & eBooks Material Type

Book: Single Author

In-Text Example
"It is self-identification..." (Fuller, 2011, pp. 34-35). OR Fuller (2011, pp. 34-35) suggests that self identification... Add page numbers for direct quotes.

Reference List Example

Fuller, C. F. (2011). Sociology, gender and educational aspirations: Girls and their ambitions. Albany, NY: Continuum International. For location use the U.S. state abbreviation. This is also acceptable for Australian states and territories. For all other countries, spell out the name in full. Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2011). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology (6th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. The edition number is included after the title of the work (not necessary for first editions). Allen, J. E., O'Toole, W., & Donnell, J.-B. (2011). Festival and special event management (5th ed.). Milton, QLD: John Wiley & Sons. Provide the names of all authors in the reference list. If an author's first name is hyphenated, retain the hyphen and include a full stop after each initial as in Jean-Baptiste Donnell above.

Book: 2 Authors and Edition

According to Weinberg and Gould (2011) ... OR ... this is evident (Weinberg & Gould, 2011). Cite both authors each time the reference occurs.

Book: 3, 4 or 5 Authors

... in festival organisation (Allen, O'Toole, & Donnell, 2011). OR Allen, O'Toole, and Donnell (2011) have found ... Cite all of the authors the first time the reference occurs. In subsequent citations include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year, e.g. ... events are a celebration (Allen et al., 2011). OR Allen et al. (2011) have stated ...

Book: 6 or more Authors

Mussen et al. (1995) have found ... OR ... for all learning (Mussen et al., 1995). Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year, for the first and subsequent citations.

Mussen, P., Rozenweig, M. R., Aronson, E., Elkind, D., Feshbach, S. T., & Geiwitz, P. J. (1995). Psychology: An introduction (7th ed.). Albany, NY: Thompson Delmar Learning. Provide the names of all authors in the reference list up to and including seven authors. Leggat, I. K., Hutchings, D., Poliness, S., Nemeth, T., West, A., Ngo, A., . . . Mascilongo, J. (2009). How to

Book: 8 or more Authors

Leggat et al. (2009) have found ... OR

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All APA Examples - APA REFERENCING: A Brief Guide - LibGuides at Victoria University

... play a crucial role (Leggat et al., 2009). Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year, for the first and subsequent citations. Book: No Author As defined in the Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers (2002) reference lists should be double spaced. ... should be double spaced ( Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers, 2002). Book: Editor(s) ... for future learning (Ashwin, 2006). OR As described in Ashwin (2006) ... ... health care is described (Lemone et al., 2011). OR Lemone et al. (2011) describe health care...

maximise the use of libraries in educational institutions. St Albans, VIC: Victoria University Press. Include the first six authors' names, followed by three dots, then add the last author's name. Style manual for authors, editors and printers. (2002). (6th ed.). Canberra, ACT: AGPS. If no author or editor, the title is used as the first element of the reference. Ashwin, P. (Ed.). (2006). Changing higher education: The development of learning and teaching . London, England: Routledge. With more than one editor use multiple author format as above and use (Eds.). Lemone, P., Burke, K. M., Dwyer, T., Levett-Jones, T., Moxham, L., Reid-Searl, K., ... Raymond, D. (Eds.). (2011). Medical-surgical nursing: Critical thinking in client care . (1st Australian ed.). Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Australia. Austen, J. (1814/2005). Mansfield Park (J. Wiltshire, Ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Book: with Author and Editor

"A large income is the best recipe for happiness I ever heard of" (Austen, 1814/2005, p. 195) Include the original publication date in the citation.

Chapter or part of a Book to which a number of authors have contributed

"Boud (2006, p. 23) states that self-directed learning... OR "Self-directed learning is..." (Boud, 2006, p. 23). In the in-text reference name the author of the chapter.

Boud, D. (2006). Aren't we all learner-centred now?: The bittersweet flavour of success. In P. Ashwin (Ed.), Changing higher education: the development of learning and teaching (pp. 1932). London, England: Routledge.

Book: with volume numbers

... as this complex theory is dealt with in detail by Russell (2003, vol. 2, p. 23; vol. 3, pp. 17-36). If more than one volume is given, separate with a semi-colon.

Russell, B. (2003). The autobiography of Bertrand Russell (Vols. 1-3). London, England: Allen & Unwin.

Book: Translator & Author

(Marklund, 2011)

Marklund, L. (2011). Exposed (N. Smith, Trans.). Montreal, Canada: Random House. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2011). 2011 Census dictionary (No. 2901.0). Canberra, ACT: Author. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Childhood education and care (No. 4402.0). Canberra, ACT: Author. Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au Add the ABS Report's Catalogue Number after the title. 'Author' is used in place of the publisher name if they are the same body. Department of Health and Family Services. (2007). Youth suicide in Australia: The National Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy. Canberra, ACT: AGPS. Provide the full name of the organisation in the reference list.

Book: Organisation as Author

(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011) (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008) (Department of Health and Family Services [DHFS], 2007) If you want to cite from the report more than once, in the first citation provide the full name of the organisation, as above. In subsequent citations use the abbreviated organisational title. e.g. (DHFS, 2007)

E-book - No DOI assigned

(Rosen, 2011) OR Rosen (2011) regards...

Rosen, L . (2011). The culture of Islam: Changing aspects of contemporary Muslim life. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Retrieved from http://www.eblib.com If a DOI is not available, provide the home page URL of the book publisher. No retrieval date is required. Hill, C. E. (Ed.). (2001). The helping skills: The empirical foundation. Washington, DC: American Psychological

E-book - with DOI assigned

... in all communities (Hill, 2001).

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All APA Examples - APA REFERENCING: A Brief Guide - LibGuides at Victoria University

OR Hill (2001) regards ...

Association. doi:10.1037/10412-000 If a DOI is available include it at the end of the citation. The database name, URL or date of retrieval are not required. Anonymous. (2000). Maximum Security (3rd ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Prentice Hall. In your reference list, include such titles in your alphabetical listing as if 'Anonymous' were a true name. Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers: The story of success [Kindle DX version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com Include the type of e-book version you read e.g. Kindle DX version. In lieu of publisher information, include the books DOI or where you downloaded the e-book from if there is no DOI.

Book: Anonymous author

(Anonymous, 2000) When a work's author is designated as Anonymous inlcude the word 'Anonymous' followed by a comma and year.

Book on a Kindle

... in all outcomes (Gladwell, 2008). OR Gladwell (2008) remarks ... For direct quotations of online material without pagination, name the major sections, chapter, section, and paragraph number e.g. One of the authors main points is that people dont rise from nothing (Gladwell, 2008, Chapter 1, Section 2, para. 5).

Book: Multiple works same author

"Marketing requires matching your customers needs" (McDonald & Payne, 1996, p. 13, 2006, pp. 16-17). OR McDonald and Payne (1996, p. 13, 2006, pp. 16-17) state "Marketing requires matching your customers needs".

McDonald, M. D., & Payne, A. (1996). Marketing planning for services. Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann. McDonald, M. D., & Payne, A. (2006). Marketing plans for service businesses: A complete guide (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Haddon, P. F. (1999). Mastering personal and interpersonal skills. London, England: Thorogood. Larsen, R. W., & Harris, T. (1991). New horizons in personal theory and practice. San Francisco, CA: Josey-Bass. You do not need to include an entry in the reference list.

Book: Multiple works in the same citation

(Haddon, 1999; Larsen & Harris, 1991) ... OR Haddon (1999) and Larsen and Harris (1991) demonstrated that ...

Book: Classical or Religious text

(Aristotle, trans. 1911, p. 34-35) OR (Aristotle, 1934 version, p. 178) 1 Cor. 13:1 (Revised Standard Version) (Qur'an 5:3-4) Where the parts of classic or religious texts are numbered the same across all editions, use these numbers rather than page numbers.

Secondary sources: When you are referring to the ideas or words of an author who has been cited in another author's work.

"...optimistic, independent yet good at collaboration" (Tapscott as cited in El-Shamy, 2004, p. 25). OR Tapscott (as cited in El-Shamy, 2004) argues ...

El-Shamy, S. (2004). How to design and deliver training for the new and emerging generations. San Francisco, CA: Wiley. Provide the full reference for the book that you actually read.

Journal Articles Material Type

Journal Article: Single Author

In-Text Example
"... contributes to overall physical health" (Brill, 2011, pp. 3940). OR Brill (2011, pp. 39-40) suggests "Physical activity ...". Include page numbers for direct quotes.

Reference List Example

Brill, J. B. (2011). Heal your heart with food: Eight foods that prevent a second heart attack. Better Nutrition,73 (2), 38-42
.

Journal Article: 2 authors

... many years (Allen & Black, 1995) but others disagree. OR Allen and Black (1995) have found ... Cite both authors each time the reference occurs.

Allen, M. C., & Black, R. (1995). The future of higher education in Australia. Journal of Higher Education, 15 (2), 16-25.

Journal Article: 3, 4, or 5

... decreasing with increasing class size (Allen, Zuboff, &

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authors

Black, 2011). OR Allen, Zuboff, and Black (2011) have found ... Cite all of the authors the first time the reference occurs. In subsequent citations include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year, e.g. ... events are a celebration (Allen et al., 2011). OR Allen et al. (2011) have found...

Allen, M. C., Zuboff, T., & Black, R. (2011). Educational praxis in Australia: the state of play. Distance Education, 16 (1), 26-34. Provide the names of all authors in the reference list.

Journal Article: 6 or more authors

... aided by design (Allen et al., 1993) that has complemented instruction. OR Allen et al. (1993) have found... Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year for the first and subsequent citations.

Allen, M. C., Grant, B. A., Zuboff, T., Roper, R. W., Ng, V., Leonard, P., & Black, R. (1993). Instructional designers in Australia: A brief history. Online Education, 14 (3), 15-17. Provide the names of all authors in the reference list.

Journal Article: 8 or more authors

Stice et al. (2008) have found ... OR ... in which university libraries play a crucial role (Stice et al., 2008). Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year, for the first and subsequent citations.

Stice, E., Marti, C., Spoor-Thompson, S. R., Presnell, K., Shaw, T. G., Trinh, V. O., . . . Roper, M. A. (2008). The effect on educational achievement of university library design. Journal of Psychology and Education, 25 (2), 29-33. Include the first six authors' names, followed by three dots, then add the last author's name.

Online Journal Article: DOI assigned

... found in the recruitment process for companies (Klimoski & Palmer, 1993). OR Klimoski and Palmer (1993) have found ...

Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45 (2), 10-36. doi:10.1037/1061-4087.45.2.10 If a DOI is available include it at the end of the citation. The database name, URL and date of retrieval are not required.

Online Journal Article: No DOI assigned

... for many (Sillick & Schutte, 2006). OR As Sillick and Schutte (2006) say ...

Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate between perceived early parental love and adult happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2 (2), 3848. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap If a DOI is not available, provide the home page URL of the journal publisher. The retrieval date is not required.

Journal article: No Author

... as was the case for most students ("The Pain of Being a Caffeine Freak," 2001). OR ... as in the "The Pain of Being a Caffeine Freak " (2001) which reveals ... When a work has no identitfied author, cite intext the first few words of the reference entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks if you are referring to the title of an article, chapter or web page. Just italicize the title if you are referring to the title of a periodical, book, brochure or a report, see Book: No Author

The pain of being a caffeine freak. (2001, October 6). New Scientist, 172(2311), 27. For magazines, newsletters, and newspapers, give the year and the exact date of the publication (month or month and day), separated by a comma.

Online Journal article: No page numbers

... in all outcomes (Williams, 2008). OR Williams (2008) remarks ... For direct quotations of online material without pagination, name the sections and paragraph number e.g.

Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17 (4), Retrieved from http://magazines.philipallan.co.uk/Magazines/SociologyReview.aspx

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One of the authors main points is that people dont rise from nothing (Williams, 2008, Section 2, para. 5). When you are referring to the ideas or words of an author who has been cited in another work. "...optimistic, indepenent yet good at collaboration" (Tapscott as cited in El-Shamy, 2004, p. 45). OR Tapscott's diary (as cited in El-Shamy, 2004) states ... Provide names of both authors. El-Shamy, S. (2004). How to write a Psychology report. Journal of Research in the Social Sciences, 17 (4), 44-52. Provide the full reference for the journal article that you actually read.

Newspapers Material Type

Newspaper: Print

In-Text Example
(Gordon, 2011) OR As Gordon (2011) says ... Add page numbers for direct quotes.

Reference List Example

Gordon, M. (2011, August 20). The boat that changed it all. The Age , pp. 18, 22. If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page numbers, and separate the numbers with a comma. Norton, A. (2011, October 11). Why teaching must be rated. The Age. Retrieved from http://www.theage.com.au Smith, B. (2011, June 24). Brain study confirms stress of life in the city. The Age , p.14. Retrieved from Factiva. Child psychologist inspired by dreams of Freud. (2010, August 16). The West Australian, p. 2. Use the first word of the title to place this reference in the alphabetical sequence of your reference list. Wilson, J. (2009, September 26). In defence of the superficial. The Age: A2, p. 23. Note: 'A2' before the page number indicates a separately paginated section of the newspaper.

Newspaper: from a Website

(Norton, 2011)

Newspaper: from a database Newspaper article: without author

(Smith, 2011)

("Child psychologist," 2010) ... OR As discussed in "Child psychologist" (2010) ... Use a shortened title (or full title if it is short) enclosed in double quotation marks.

Newspaper article: from a separately paginated section

(Wilson, 2009)

Press or Media Release

(CSIRO, 2007) (Prime Minister of Australia, 2010)

CSIRO. (2007, March 20). Cyclone science shows rainforest impacts and recovery [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.csiro.au/news/ps2wj.html Prime Minister of Australia. (2010, July 7). Gillard Government to boost resources to international border patrols [Press release]. Canberra, Australia: AGPS.

In-Text & Reference List Examples (2)

Internet / Websites Material Type In-Text Example

Web Document (Allen, 2004)

Reference List Example

Allen, D. (2004). Dealing with your meeting notes. Retrieved from http://www.effectivemeetings.com/meetingbasics/ Gold, M. (n.d.). What is holisitic medicine? Retrieved from http://www.holisticmed.com/whatis.html Tips on taking multi-choice tests. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.socialpsychology.org/testtips.htm Department of Health and Family Services. (2007). Youth suicide in Australia: The National Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy. Retrieved from http://www.health.gov.au/internet/mentalhealth/publishing.nsf/Content/national-suicideprevention-strategy-1

Web Document: No date Web Document: No Author Web Document: Government Department as

(Gold, n.d.)

("Tips on Taking Multi-Choice Tests," 2011)

(Department of Health and Family Services [DHFS], 2007) If you want to cite from the report

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Author

more than once; in the first citation provide the full name of the organisation, as above. In subsequent citations use the abbreviated organisational title e.g. (DHFS, 2007)

Web Document: ABS

(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008)

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Childhood education and care (No. 4402.0). Canberra, ACT. Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au Add the ABS Report's Catalogue Number after the title.

Web Document: Organisation as Author Website

(The Australian Psychological Society, 2008)

The Australian Psychological Society. (2008). Understanding and managing anxiety . Retrieved from http://www.psychology.org.au/publications/tip_sheets/anxiety

(Goldberg, 2000)

Goldberg, I. (2000). Dr. Ivan's depression central . Retrieved from http://www.psycom.net/depression.central.html Myers, P. Z. (2007, January 22). The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunate_prerequisities.php A blog comment where the author uses an alias would be referenced as follows: MiddleKid. (2007, January 22). Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunate_prerequisities.php

Blog Post

(Myers, 2007)

(MiddleKid, 2007)

Video Blog Post (YouTube)

(Hall, 2007)

Hall, A. (2007, December 20). How to study at Oxford University [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxAU88LxLis

Podcast: Web

(Moss & Selig, 2010)

Moss, S. (Presenter), & Selig, S. (Presenter). (2010). Conversations with ALMA: Healthy eating and maintaining motivation [Audio podcast]. Fairlight, NSW: Australian Lifestyle Medicine Association. Retrieved from http://www.lifestylemedicine.com.au/healthprofessionals/podcast.htm Rheinberger, J. (Script Writer), & Hogan, A. (Director). (2011, October 25). Episode 26 [Podcast radio programme]. In C. Thompson (Producer), Nerdzilla . Hobart, TAS: ABC Local Radio. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/local/audio/2011/10/24/3346730.htm For an episode from a radio series, use the same format as for a chapter in a book, but list the script writer and director in the author position and the producer in the editor position.

Podcast: Radio (Rheinberger & Hogan, 2011) show

Podcast: TV show

(Brown & Brodie, 2007)

Brown, W. (Script Writer), & Brodie, K. (Director). (2007, June 4). From Lake Baikal to the halfway mark, Yekaterinburg [Podcast television programme]. In P. George (Producer), Peking to Paris. Sydney, NSW: ABC Television. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/tv/pekingtoparis/podcast For an episode from a television series, use the same format as for a chapter in a book, but list the script writer and director in the author position and the producer in the editor position.

Computer Software

(Schoonjans, 2008)

Schoonjans, F. (2008). MedCalc Statistical Software (Version 9.5.2.0) [Computer software]. Palo Alto, CA: 3d2f.Com. Retrieved from http://3d2f.com/programs/13-638medcalc-statistical-software-download.shtml Reference list entries are not necessary for standard off-the-shelf software. Provide entries for specialised software. Add the version number after the name of the software.

Lecture Notes Material Type In-Text Example

Lecture Notes: Online (WebCT) (Bruck, 2009)

Reference List Example

Bruck, D. (2009). APP1016: Foundations of Psychological Research, week 6 notes [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://library.vu.edu.au/search/r?

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SEARCH=app1016 Lecture notes obtained from any Learning Management System such as WebCT or Pebblepad are referenced as above adding the URL of the website. Lecture Notes: Print (Sonn, 2011) Sonn, C. (2011). APM5003: Exploring methodology for psychological research [Class handout]. School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.

Theses Material Type In-Text Example

Thesis: Unpublished (Suwetwattanakul, 2005)

Reference List Example

Suwetwattanakul, C. (2010). Developing a knowledge sharing model for the implementation of the learning organization in Thailand (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. Maddigan, P. (2010). Women and career advancement: a case study in the Australian Federal Police (Unpublished master's thesis). Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. Don't repeat the city of location if it is part of the University's name.

(Maddigan, 2010)

Thesis: Published Thesis: Institutional Repository

(Binder, 2009)

Binder, G. (2009). Corporate governance in Arab countries: Development of corporate governance in Arab and MENA countries. Vienna, Austria: University of Vienna. Barua, S. (2010). Drought assessment and forecasting using a nonlinear aggregated drought index (Doctoral dissertation, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia). Retrieved from http://vuir.vu.edu.au/1598 Include the university and location for a non-U.S. online thesis.

(Barua, 2010)

Thesis: Commercial database Thesis: from the web

(McGahuey, 2009)

McGahuey, C. A. (2009). Psychology as a valid science: An attitudinal survey (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses databases. (UMI No. 305152264 ) Bruckman, A. (1997). MOOSE Crossing: Construction, community, and learning in a networked virtual world for kids (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Retrieved from http://www-static.cc.gatech.edu/~asb/thesis Location of the university is not included for a U.S. thesis.

(Bruckman, 1997)

Legislation Material Type In-Text Example

Acts & Bills ... according to s. 15.4 of the AntiDiscrimination Act 1991 (Qld) ... The Interactive Gambling Bill 2001 (Cth) prohibits ...

Reference List Example

Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) s. 15.4 (Austl.).

Interactive Gambling Bill 2001 (Cth) (Austl.). Reference should cite the print source unless an electronic source is designated as the official version.

Acts & Bills: Online

... according to s. 15.4 of the AntiDiscrimination Act 1991 (Qld) ...The Interactive Gambling Bill 2001 (Cth) prohibits ...

Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) s. 15.4 (Austl.). Retrieved from http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/Acts_SLs/Acts_SL_A.htm Interactive Gambling Bill 2001 (Cth) (Austl.). Retrieved from Lexis Nexis.

Cases

According to Carey v. Price (2005) ... ... in a land rights case (Mabo v. Queensland, 1988).

Carey v. Price 2005 132 ALR 255 (Austl.). Mabo v. Queensland 1988 166 CLR 186 (Austl.).

Conference Proceedings Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example

Kift, S., & Nelson, K. (2005). Beyond curriculum reform: Embedding the transition experience. In A. Brew & C. Asmar (Eds.), HERDSA 2005 Conference: Higher Education in a Changing World: Research and Development in Higher Education (pp. 225-235). Sydney, NSW: Higher Education Research and Development Society of Australasia. Retrieved from

Conference Proceeding

(Kift & Nelson, 2005) OR

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All APA Examples - APA REFERENCING: A Brief Guide - LibGuides at Victoria University

Paper: Online

As Kift and Nelson (2005) claim ...

http://conference.herdsa.org.au/2005/pdf/refereed/paper_294.pdf Capitalise the names of conferences, symposia and meetings. Prayag, I. L., & Ramjee, R. (2009). The impact of Newcastle disease control on smallholder poultry production in Mauritius. In R. G. Alsers, P. B. Spadbrow, & M. P. Young (Eds.), Village chickens, poverty alleviation and the sustainable control of Newcastle disease: Proceedings of an international conference held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 5-7 October 2005 (pp. 132-134). Canberra, ACT: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. If there are more than two editors a comma is placed before the ampersand.

Conference Proceeding Paper: Print

(Prayag & Ramjee, 2009)

In-Text & Reference List Examples (3)

Personal Communications and Archival Materials Material Type

Email

In-Text Example
An email (J. W. Ayers, personal communication, September 2, 2011) confirming that results are accurate ... During an interview conducted on October 11, 2011, Professor Peter Dawkins stated that OR The Vice Chancellor's statement was confirmed during an interview (P. Dawkins, personal communication, October 11, 2011).

Reference List Example

You do not need to include an entry in the reference list.

Interview

You do not need to include an entry in the reference list. This example is about referencing information from an interview that you have conducted. If you use published interviews conducted by other people cite them as a 'Sound Recording' or a 'Video Recording'. See the 'Multi-Media Materials' page in this guide for examples. See the 'Archival Materials' section below for examples of citing interviews held in an Archive or Respository.

Letter

In a letter dated October You do not need to include an entry in the reference list. 17, 2011, Ben Cork stated that ... OR Ben Cork expressed sincere regret in his letter (personal communication, October 17, 2011) ... You do not need to include an entry in the reference list. During a phone interview conducted on October 11, 2011, Professor Sally Richards stated that ... OR The Vice Chancellor's statement was confirmed during a phone interview (S. Richards, personal communication, October 11, 2011). (Frank, 1935) OR As Frank (1935) says ... Frank, L. K. (1935, February 4). [Letter to Robert M. Ogden]. Rockefeller Archive Centre (GEB series 1.3, Box 371, Folder 3877), Tarrytown, NY.

Telephone call

Letter from a government or institutional Archive or Repostitory Letter from an accessible private collection Collection of letters from an

(Zacharius, 1953)

Zacharius, G. P. (1953, August 15). [Letter to William Rickel (W. Rickel, Trans.)]. Copy in possession of Hendrika Vande Kemp. Allport, G. W. (1930-1967). Correspondence. Gordon W. Allport Papers (HUG 4118.10). Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA.

(Allport, G. W., 1930-1967, Allport to E. G. Wilstein,

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Archive or Repository

March 20, 1939) (Allport, G. W., 1930-1967, E. G. Wilstein to Allport, December 26, 1937) (Berliner, 1959) ... OR As discussed in Berliner (1959) ... Berliner, A. (1959). Notes for a lecture on reminiscences of Wundt and Leipzig . Anna Berliner Memoirs (Box M50). Archives of the History of American Psychology, University of Akron, Akron, OH.

Unpublished papers, notes or lectures from an Archive, Repository or personal collection Archival source for which the auhor or date is known but not stated on the document Archival Materials with a corporate author

(Allport, 1937)

[Allport, A.?]. [ca. 1937]. Marion Taylor today - by the biographer . Unpublished manuscript, Marion Taylor Papers. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, Cambridge, MA. Use square brackets [ ] to indicate information that does not appear on the document. Use a question mark if there is uncertainty regarding names or dates, and use circa abbreviated to ca. to indicate estimated dates.

(Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene Personnel in School Programs, 1949)

Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene Personnel in School Programs. (1949, November 5-6). Meeting of Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene Personnel in School Programs. David Shakow Papers (M1360). Archives of the History of American Psychology, University of Akron, Akron, OH.

Interview recorded and available in an Archive or Repository Transcription of a recorded interview, where the recording is not accessible Newspaper article in an Archive, Repository or personal collection

(Smith, 1989)

Smith, M. B. (1989, August 12). Interview by C. A. Kiesler [Tape recording]. President's Oral History Project, American Psychological Association. APA Archives, Washington, DC.

(Sparkman, 1973)

Sparkman, C. F. (1973). An oral history with Dr. Colley F. Sparkman/Interviewer: Orley B. Caudill. Mississippi Oral History Program (Vol. 289), University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg. Do not include the U.S. state name in the location if it is part of the university name.

("Psychoanalysis institute," 1948)

Psychoanalysis institute to open in the new year. (1948, September 18). [Clipping from an unidentified Dayton, OH newspaper]. Copy in possession of the author. Use the first word of the title to place this reference in the alphabetical sequence of your reference list.

Use a shortened title (or full title if it is short) enclosed in double quotation marks.

Historical publication such as a brochure or pamphlet Photographs held in an Archive, Repository or personal collection

(Sci-Art Publishers, 1935)

Sci-Art Publishers. (1935). Sci-Art Publications [Brochure]. Cambridge, MA: Author. C. J. Roback Papers (HUGFP 104.50, Box 2, Folder "Miscellaneous Psychology Materials"). Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA.

(Kroeber, 1911)

Kroeber, A. L. (1911, September). Ishi, full face [Photograph]. Ethnographic Photographs of California Indian and Sonora Indian Subjects by Alfred L. Kroeber, 1901-1930 (4690, Container "Yahi," Catalogue 15-5402). Phoebe Hearst Museum of Anthropology, Berkeley, CA.

Multi-Media Materials Material Type

Video Recording

In-Text Example
(Russell, 1995)

Reference List Example

Russell, G. (Writer, Co-Producer & Narrator), & Wiseman, P. (Co-Producer). (1995). Tackling bullies: An Australian perspective [Video recording]. Melbourne, VIC: Video Classroom.

Online or Streaming Video DVD

(Zubrycki, 1991)

Zubrycki, T. (Producer & Director), & Chi, J. (Writer). (1991). Bran nue dae: A musical journey [Video]. Retrieved from http://www.kanopystreaming.com
Moore, M. (Writer & Director). (2003). Bowling for Columbine . [DVD]. Melbourne, VIC: Umbrella Entertaiment.

(Moore, 2003)

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All APA Examples - APA REFERENCING: A Brief Guide - LibGuides at Victoria University

Radio Show

(Browning, 2006)

Browning, D. (Presenter). (2006, June 9). Black soccer heroes. In J.-P. Ortolan (Producer), Message Stick [Radio programme]. Guest speaker Dr. John Maynard. Sydney, NSW: ABC Radio. Masters, C. (Presenter & Writer), & Johnson, P. (Director). (2006, March 27). Big fish, little fish [Television series episode]. In T. G. Alford (Executive Producer), Four Corners. Sydney, NSW: ABC Television.

TV Show from a series Sound Recording

(Masters, 2006)

(Bolton, 1975) (St. Laurance Chamber Choir, 2005)

Bolton, G. C. (Speaker). (1975). Towards an Australian environmental history [Cassette recording]. Perth, WA: Media Services, Murdoch University. St. Laurance Chamber Choir (Performers), & McEwan, N. (Director). (2005). Commemoration, ritual and performance: the Iberian connection: medieval and renaissance music from the St Laurence Chamber Choir [CD]. Sydney, NSW: Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Sydney.

Music Track from an Album Microform

(Yunupingu, 2011)

Yunupingu, G. G. (Performer). (2011). Gopuru . On Rrakala [CD]. Winnellie, NT: Skinnyfish.

(French, 1986)

French, L. A. (1986). Cognitive consequences of education: transfer of training in the elderly (Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois) [Microform]. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International.

Image: for example a painting or photograph

(Duveneck, 1872) (Duveneck, 1872) (Caire, 1880)

Duveneck, F. (Artist). (1872). Whistling boy [Painting]. Cincinnati, OH: Cincinnati Art Museum.
Duveneck, F. (Artist). (1872). Whistling boy [Image of painting]. Cincinnati, OH: Cincinnati Art Museum. Retrieved from http://www.artstor.org Caire, N. J. (Photographer). (1880). Western entrance to Melbourne International Exhibition [Glass slide]. (Accession no. H3860). Melbourne, VIC: State Library of Victoria.

Map

(Lewis County Geographic Inormation Services, 2002)

Lewis County Geographic Information Services (Cartogrpaher). (2002). Population density, 2000 U.S. Census [Demographic map]. Retrieved from http://www.co.lewis.wa.us/publicworks/maps/Demographics/census-pop-dens_2000.pdf

Company Information Material Type

Company Annual Report: Print

In-Text Example
(Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, 2001)

Reference List Example

Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation. (2001). Annual report 2001. Tokyo, Japan: Author. If a report has an identifying number, include it in brackets, as follows: Productivity Commission. (2002). Review of automotive assistance (Inquiry Report No. 25). Canberra, ACT: Author.

Company Annual Report: Online Financial Data

(BHP Billiton, 2011)

BHP Billiton. (2011). BHP Billiton Exploration and Development Report for the year ended 30 June 2011. Retrieved from http://www.bhpbilliton.com/home/investors/reports/Pages/default.aspx Datastream. (2011). S&PASX200 daily index data 2009-2010. Retrieved from Datastream.

(Datastream, 2011)

Patents and Standards Material Type

Patent Patent: Retrieved from a Database Standard: Retrieved from a Database Standard: Print

In-Text Example
(U.S. Patent No. 6,606,963, 2003)

Reference List Example

Wynne, B. M. (2003). U.S. Patent No. 6,606,963. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. The title of the patent is not included. (European Patent No. EP 2178546 (A1), 2010) Standards Australia. (2008). Personal flotation devices - General requirements ( AS 4758.1-2008). Retrieved from Australian Standards Online. Standards Australia. (1994). Information processing - text and office systems - office document architecture (ODA) and interchange format: part 10: formal specifications (AS 3951.10:1994). Homebush, NSW: Author.

(Prayag & Ramjee, 2009)

(Standards Australia, 2008)

(Standards Australia, 1994)

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