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UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY

Background Guide

- JKMUN13 ` 1

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Table of Contents Letter from the Executive Board.......3 Committee Background.... .........4
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Agenda...................................................5 Discussing The Agenda ......................................................... ...7


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Some Terrorist Groups ~ CPI....................................................................................8 Hezbollah..........................................................................9 Al-Qaeda..........................................................................10 LTTE................................................................................11 RIRA................................................................................12 Funding Of Terrorism... ....13
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Points to be Consider.................14

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Letter from the executive board

Dear delegates, After the roaring success of the past eight sessions, its my immense pleasure to welcome you all to the ninth Session of the JK Model United Nations, or more importantly to The General Assembly of JKMUN13. As you all are well aware, the agenda for this years committee is related to terrorism. Or precisely speaking, finding out the causes and motives behind their inhuman actions, so as to understand them in a better way and device new and powerful ways to tackle them. As stated earlier by your director, every action has a reason and here we chose this forum to discuss on the same. Maybe well even be able to justify terrorism, who knows! Delegates, in the course of the committee, we wont be people belonging to a particular nation. Our ideas and thoughts should not reflect those of a world divided on communal lines, but of a world undivided by caste, creed or religion - The United Nations. In the committee, we wont be fighting terrorism, we wont be looking for new plans to tackle it, we simply would be putting ourselves into their shoes in order to try and see the world from their perspective. And having done all this, we aim to find the solution to a simple question, yet the one, much debated over by all the nations Can Terrorism be justified ?

Note: The Background Guide is just for reference and is strictly not to be used as a proof or as a document for the conference.

With this we wish you the All the Best for the Conference!
Executive Board, JKMUN 13, UNGA ~

Akshita Kanwar (Director)

Shubham Khanna (Chairperson)

Sudeepti Kadotra (Director)

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Committee background

The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation. Its powers are to oversee the budget of the United Nations, appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council, receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions. It has also established a wide number of subsidiary organs. The General Assembly meets under President or Secretary-General in regular yearly sessions the main part of which lasts from September to December and resumed part from January until all issues are addressed (which often are just before the next session's start). It can also reconvene for special and emergency special sessions. Its composition, functions, powers, voting, and procedures are set out in Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter. Voting in the General Assembly on important questions Recommendations on peace and security; election of members to organs; admission, suspension, and expulsion of members; budgetary matters is by a twothirds majority of those present and voting. Other questions are decided by majority vote. Each member country has one vote. Apart from approval of budgetary matters, including adoption of a scale of assessment, Assembly resolutions are not binding on the members. The Assembly may make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN, except matters of peace and security under Security Council consideration. The one state, one vote power structure theoretically allows states comprising just eight percent of the world population to pass a resolution by a twothirds vote. Although the resolutions passed by the General Assembly do not have the binding forces over the member nations(apart from budgetary measures), pursuant to its Uniting for Peace resolution of November 1950 (resolution 377 (V)) , the Assembly may also take action if the Security Council fails to act, owing to the negative vote of a member ,in a case where there appears to be a threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression

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The adopted agenda drawn up by the Executive Board of the UNGA and approved by the Secretary General shall be-

Aiming At World Peace by Comprehending the Causes and Purposes behind Terrorism

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The Agenda
Terrorist acts or the threat of such action have been in existence for millennia. As terrorist threats remain high in many regions of the world, countering the appeal of terrorism has emerged as a priority. Therefore during this year's committee session we aim to find solution to a simple question, can terrorism be justified? The world must respond and fight this evil that is intended on threatening and destroying our basic freedoms and our way of life. Freedom and fear are at war. The enemy is not one person. It is not a single political regime. Certainly it is not a religion. The enemy is terrorismpremeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents. Those who employ terrorism, regardless of their specific secular or religious objectives, strive to subvert the rule of law and effect change through violence and fear. These terrorists also share the misguided belief that killing, kidnapping, extorting, robbing, and wreaking havoc to terrorize people are legitimate forms of political action. The struggle against international terrorism is different from any other war in our history. We must fight terrorist networks, and all those who support their efforts to spread fear around the world, using every instrument of national power diplomatic, economic, law enforcement, financial, information, intelligence, and military. Progress will come through the persistent accumulation of successes some seen, some unseen. Countering this scourge of terrorism is in the interest of all nations and has been the agenda of the United Nations for decades. Keeping this in mind, the agenda for this years conference would be Aiming at world peace by comprehending the causes and purposes behind terrorism" The challenge of understanding terrorism is both, acknowledging the moral outrage at terrorist acts, while at the same time, trying to understand the rationale behind terrorism!

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Discussing the agenda


The worldwide public debate about terrorism that has gone on for more than a decade now has involved mostly scholars with backgrounds in political science, international relations, law, and public policy. Nonetheless, there isnt much agreement on any of the main questions raised by terrorism conceptual, moral, or political. This is understandable in view of some basic flaws of the debate. One is the lack of clarity about what its subject is: just what is terrorism and who should count as a terrorist? Perhaps inevitably, the debate has often been clouded by emotions, moral passions, and political interests. Infested by moral relativism and double standards (us / them, state use of force/insurgent terrorism), it has often led to talking at cross purposes. If we are to define terrorism in a way helpful to the moral and political debate, we should put aside both the identity of those resorting to it and their ultimate political, ideological, or religious aims. We should rather understand terrorism in terms of just what is done and what the proximate aims of doing it are. Being agent-neutral, the definition doesnt rule out state terrorism a phenomenon well known in modern history, yet curiously ignored, or defined out of existence, in public debate. Indeed, historically, the state has been the greatest terrorist. One major account of the morality of terrorism is provided by consequentialism: terrorism, like everything else, should be judged solely by consequences. As Leon Trotsky famously said, given a paramount end, the question of the means becomes one of expediency rather than principle. But surely it cant be right that life and limb of innocent civilians is fair game whenever it is expedient that it should be so. While terrorism is almost always unjustified from a moral perspective, under specific, extreme conditions, terrorist acts may be defended on account of the moral disaster they prevent or stop. The agenda sought to find reasons as to why young people become terrorists. These reasons might include looking for an identity; need for belonging; their own self built perception of justice and injustice or sympathy with a group.

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Some Important Terrorist Groups ~


- The Communist Party Of India The Communist Party of India (Maoist) is an ultra-leftist political party in India which aims to overthrow the government of India through people's war. It was founded on 21 September 2004, through the merger of the Communist Party of India (MarxistLeninist) People's War (People's War Group), and the Maoist Communist Centre of IndiaCommunist Centre of India (MCCI). The merger was announced on 14 October the same year. In the merger a provisional central committee was constituted, with the erstwhile People's War Group leader Muppala Lakshmana Rao, alias "Ganapathi", as general secretary. The CPI (Maoist) are often referred to as Naxalites. They have been charged by the government with running an extortion economy in the guise of a popular revolution, extorting vast amounts of money from local branches of mining companies and other businesses. They have been involved in several cases of blowing up schools and railway tracks, and accused of keeping the areas under their control away from modernity and development, typically the uneducated rural populace. In 2006, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh referred to the Naxalites as "the single biggest internal security challenge ever faced by our country.

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- Hezbollah Hezbollah is a Shia Islamic militant group and political party based in Lebanon. Its paramilitary wing is regarded as a resistance movement throughout much of the Arab and Muslim worlds, and is considered more powerful than the Lebanese Army. It has taken the side of the government in the Syrian civil war and in MayJune 2013 successfully assisted in the recapture of the strategic town of Qusayr. The governments of the U.S., Netherlands, France, Gulf Cooperation Council, U.K., Australia, Canada, the European Union and Israel classify Hezbollah as a terrorist organization, in whole or in part. Hezbollah was conceived by Muslim clerics and funded by Iran following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, and was primarily formed to offer resistance to the Israeli occupation. Its leaders were followers of Ayatollah Khomeini, and its forces were trained and organized by a contingent of 1,500 Iranian Revolutionary Guards that arrived from Iran with permission from the Syrian government. Hezbollah's 1985 manifesto listed its four main goals as "Israel's final departure from Lebanon as a prelude to its final obliteration", ending "any imperialist power in Lebanon", submission of the Phalangists to "just rule" and bringing them to trial for their crimes, and giving the people the chance to choose "with full freedom the system of government they want", while not hiding its commitment to the rule of Islam. Hezbollah receives military training, weapons, and financial support from Iran, and political support from Syria. Following the end of the Israeli occupation of South Lebanon in 2000, its military strength grew significantly. Despite a June 2008 certification by the United Nations that Israel had withdrawn from all Lebanese territory, in August, Lebanon's new Cabinet unanimously approved a draft policy statement which secures Hezbollah's existence as an armed organization and guarantees its right to "liberate or recover occupied lands". Since 1992, the organisation has been headed by Hassan Nasrallah, its Secretary-General.

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- Al-Qaida Al-Qaida is a global militant Islamist organization founded by Osama bin Laden in Peshawar, Pakistan, at some point between August 1988 and late 1989, with its origins being traceable to the Soviet War in Afghanistan. It operates as a network comprising both a multinational, stateless army and a radical Sunni Muslim movement calling for global Jihad and a strict interpretation of Sharia law. It has been designated as a terrorist organization by the United Nations Security Council, NATO, the European Union, the United Kingdom, the United States. Al-Qaeda has carried out many attacks on non-Sunni Muslims, non-Muslims, and other targets it considers kafir. Al-Qaeda has attacked civilian and military targets in various countries, including the September 11 attacks, 1998 U.S. embassy bombings and the 2002 Bali bombings. The U.S. government responded to the September 11 attacks by launching the War on Terror. With the loss of key leaders, culminating in the death of Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda's operations have devolved from actions that were controlled from the top-down, to actions by franchise associated groups, to actions of lone wolf operators. Al-Qaeda is also responsible for instigating sectarian violence among Muslims. Al-Qaeda is intolerant of non-Sunni branches of Islam and denounces them by means of excommunications called "takfir". Al-Qaeda leaders regard liberal Muslims, Shias, Sufis and other sects as heretics and have attacked their mosques and gatherings. Examples of sectarian attacks include the Yazidi community bombings, the Sadr City bombings, the Ashourar Massacre and the April 2007 Baghdad bombings.

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- The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam commonly known as the LTTE or the Tamil Tigers was a separatist militant organisation that was based in northern Sri Lanka. Founded in May 1976 by Velupillai Prabhakaran, it waged a violent secessionist and nationalist campaign to create an independent state in the north and east of Sri Lanka for Tamil people. This campaign evolved into the Sri Lankan Civil War, which ran from 1983 until 2009, when the LTTE was defeated by the Sri Lankan Military. At the height of its power, the LTTE possessed a well-developed militia and carried out many high-profile attacks, including the assassinations of several high-ranking Sri Lankan and Indian politicians. The LTTE was the only separatist militant organisation to assassinate two world leaders: Sri Lankan President Ranasinghe Premadasa in 1993 and former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1991. Civilian massacres, suicide bombings and acts of ethnic cleansing were integral parts of its pursuit to create a monoethnic Tamil Eelam in response to the nationwide atrocities against the Tamil population. The LTTE pioneered the use of suicide belts, and used light aircraft in some of its attacks. As a result of its tactics, it is currently proscribed as a terrorist organisation by 32 countries, including India, but has support amongst some Tamils in Tamil Nadu in India. However, University Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna) alleges that the LTTE has killed at least 8,000 fellow Tamils they accused of being traitors. LTTE founder Velupillai Prabhakaran headed the organisation from its inception until his death in 2009. Over the course of the conflict, the Tamil Tigers frequently exchanged control of territory in north-east Sri Lanka with the Sri Lankan military, with the two sides engaging in fierce military confrontations. It was involved in four unsuccessful rounds of peace talks with the Sri Lankan government over the course of the conflict. At its peak in 2000, the LTTE was in control of 76% of the landmass in the Northern and Eastern Provinces of Sri Lanka.

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- The Real Irish Republican Army The Real Irish Republican Army, otherwise known as the Real IRA (RIRA), is an Irish republican paramilitary organisation which aims to bring about a united Ireland. It formed in 1997 following a split in the Provisional IRA, which had declared a ceasefire that year. Like the Provisional IRA before it, the RIRA sees itself as the only rightful successor to the original Irish Republican Army and styles itself as simply "the Irish Republican Army". It is an illegal organisation in Ireland and designated as a terrorist organisation in the United Kingdom and the United States. Since its formation, the RIRA has waged a campaign in Northern Ireland against the British Army and the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI), formerly the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC). The RIRA is the biggest and most active of the "dissident republican" paramilitaries operating against the British security forces. It has targeted the security forces in gun attacks and bombings, as well as with grenades, mortars and rockets. The organisation has also been responsible for a number of bombings in Northern Ireland and England with the goal of causing economic harm and/or disruption. The most notable of these was the 15 August 1998 Omagh bombing, which killed 29 people. After the bombing, the RIRA went on ceasefire, but began operations again in 2000. On 7 March 2009 RIRA members claimed responsibility for an attack on Massereene Barracks that killed two British soldiers, the first to be killed in Northern Ireland since 1997. On 26 July 2012, it was reported that Republican Action Against Drugs (RAAD) and other independent republican paramilitary groups were merging with the Real IRA. As before, the group continues to refer to itself as "the Irish Republican Army".

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Funding Of Terrorism
Terrorism financing came into limelight in the United States after the terrorist attacks in the United States on the 11th September in 2001. The US Government passed the USA PATRIOT Act to, among other reasons, attempt thwarting the financing of terrorism (CFT) and anti-money laundering(AML) making sure these were given some sort of adequate focus by US financial institutions. The act also had extraterritorial impact and non-US banks having correspondent banking accounts or doing business with US banks had to upgrade their AML/CFT processes. The Patriot Act has generated a great deal of controversy in the United States since its enactment. Initially the focus of CFT efforts was on non-profit organizations, unregistered money services businesses (MSBs) (including so called underground banking or Hawalas) and the criminalisation of the act itself. The Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF) made nine special recommendations for CFT (first eight then a year later added a ninth). These nine recommendations have become the global standard for CFT and their effectiveness is assessed almost always in conjunction with AML. The FATF Blacklist (the NCCT list) mechanism was used to coerce countries to bring about change.

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Points to be Considered
Delegates, we expect debating on the following points. However, additional topics are also welcome to be debated over in the committee.
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Difference between terrorists and freedom fighters Finding a proper definition to terrorism Understanding State Terrorism Justification of Basic Human Rights while defending Terrorism Justification of terrorism Sources Of Funding Governments stand on Terrorism and various laws Discussion on various anti-terrorism policies, (e.g. POTA, AFSPA) History of Various Terror Activities in the past. Debate on the disputed clause of 2005 World Summit :

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We strongly condemn terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, committed by whomever, wherever and for whatever purposes, as it constitutes one of the most serious threats to international peace and security.

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