Module 5 Lighting Applications

Outline
Module 5 Lighting Applications

Visual Performance Visual Impact Exterior Environment Computer - A ided Lighting Calculations Lighting Costs
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Visual Performance
Factors Affecting Visual Performance
Visual Tasks Task Areas Luminaire Selection Luminaire Layout
Visual Tasks
Tasks should be ranked according to:
Level of importance Frequency Duration Specific visual characteristics
Interior Applications
Office Spaces Educational Facilities Financial Facilities Health Care Facilities Libraries Industrial Facilities
Visual Tasks
Factors to be considered in ranking
Speed and accuracy requirements Difficulty of task details Room surface and task background reflectances Directionality of light sources Work plane location and tilt
Speed and Accuracy Requirements

Visual tasks are of varying duration and difficulty Small or fine details are difficult to see; the larger the details, the easier to see For example, a worker in a poorly lighted facility may not have enough time to see details and may not be able to maintain a constant or fixed rate of production, leading to loss in accuracy and visual performance In some tasks, accuracy is more important than speed
Speed and Accuracy Requirements
Difficulty of Task Details
Soccer :
Slower Speed and Large Ball Competition Level : 150 Lux
Tennis:
Higher Speed and Small Ball Competition Level : 500 Lux
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Room Surface and Task Background Reflectances

Ability to see details depends upon the detail and the background Eyes function more comfortably and efficiently when the luminances in the surrounding environment are fairly uniform The designer must carefully evaluate the reflectances of all finishes of the room surfaces as well as the luminance distribution of the lighting equipment
Work Plane Location and Tilt

Work plane height and orientation are important components in ensuring sufficient illuminance Work planes in a given space may not be at the same height Although work planes are commonly horizontal, they can be vertical or tilted
Considerations in Visual Performance

Room dimensions Surface reflectances Glare
Direct Glare Veiling/Reflected Glare
Room Dimensions
Room size and shape affect the amount of light that is reflected from surfaces and how light is distributed in space The smaller the room size, for a constant ceiling height, the greater the loss of light by absorption
Transient Adaptation Uniformity
Surface Reflectances
Affect both quantity of generated lumens (reflection and absorption) and the amount of glare that may result (luminance ratios) Amount of light reflected from walls, ceiling and floor depends on the reflecting properties, texture of the surface, spectral power distribution of the light sources, and the spectral reflectances of room surfaces
Examples
Reflectance value of a peach matte finish wall
63% when illuminated by an incandescent source 58% when illuminated by a cool white fluorescent source
Selecting surface reflectances that are the same for all surfaces (walls, ceiling, and floor), and reducing window luminance to match the wall luminances, will soften the luminance patterns of the surfaces reflected in the VDT screen, but may produce a boring space
A specular white wall may reflect 90% in a given direction, while a rough plaster finish may reflect only 30% in the same direction Two rough textured walls (1 painted black and 1 painted white), illuminated with the same white fluorescent lamps may reflect 10% and 90% respectively for the same direction of view
Veiling reflections are also less noticeable in VDT screens with black characters on white backgrounds than with white characters on black backgrounds
Glare
Visual discomfort (Discomfort Glare) and a loss of visibility (Disability Glare) can result from excessively bright sources of light and from excessive luminance ratios within a space The discomfort may cause the person to look away, blink or close the eyes, with possible changes in the adaptation state
Glare
Discomfort glare produces discomfort (even pain), it does not necessarily interfere with visual performance or visibility Disability glare affects a persons visual performance by decreasing the ability to see and occurs when the luminance of an object (print) and the luminance of the background (paper) approach the same numerical value (approaching zero contrast)
Glare
Direct Glare from Luminaires
Glare
Direct Glare comes from the luminaires that are in the direct field of view, or from excessively bright sources of light (high reflectance objects) Veiling/Reflected Glare veiling reflections reduce task contrast and impair visual performance
Glare
Methods of minimizing the occurrence of veiling reflections or reflected glare
Selecting a more diffuse lighting system Relocating the source of light relative to the task location (avoiding luminaires in the offending zone) Moving the task relative to the source Using a matte rather than a glossy finish visual task
Glare
Veiling reflections or reflected glare
Current innovations are directed at developing smaller, flatter, higher resolution and lighter weight display devices to avoid problem of veiling reflections such as liquid crystal display (LCD) micro screens in the workplace
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Transient Adaptation
Process by which eyes adjust from one luminance level to another as they scan the luminance patterns in the field of view Extreme luminance variations in the field of view will cause pupil diameter changes, which require a finite time to complete Age of the viewer also affects the pupil response time required to make the adjustment, slowing as the worker becomes older
For light reflecting surface
Practical methods to achieve the IESNA recommended luminance ratios include:
pE
E L
L=
Control of excessive luminance ratios in the field of view will decrease or eliminate the negative effects of transient adaptation on the worker
Selecting low luminance luminaires Controlling the luminance of window areas during the daytime with blinds, shades, or lined draperies Using high reflectance colors and textures on walls adjacent to windows Using translucent or opaque window treatments on windows that are in the field of view Using materials and finishes for large areas of a room that have nearly equal reflectance values but may have subtle color changes
Uniformity
Uniform, diffuse illuminance may create a boring, nonstimulating visual environment To add interest, the use of spatial patterns of brightness, color and/or sparkle may be considered thus creating visual interest without causing visual discomfort for the people within the space. Additional variety to the luminance patterns may be achieved by using lighting controls.
Luminaire Selection
Light source Desired light distribution pattern Illuminance level Control Desired level of directional control (control media) Aesthetics Mechanical construction Thermal and acoustical characteristics Maintenance characteristics Efficiency Product reliability and availability Safety Life cycle cost Compliance with lighting power allowance (energy code) criteria
Luminaire Selection
Thorough understanding of photometric data is essential to selecting a luminaire that is efficient, energy conserving, and appropriate for task lighting needs
Example: Lumen output data will provide the designer with valuable information on where the light is being distributed (zone from 0 to 45 of the zone from 45 to 90)
Luminaire Selection
Lumen output data also indicate the luminaire efficiency The coefficient of utilization (CU) table can provide comparative data of the luminaires effectiveness in delivering light to the workplane A luminaire with a high efficiency (lumen output) may have a lower CU than another luminaire
Luminaire Selection
All else being equal, a higher CU will result in the use of fewer luminaires, reducing ceiling clutter, the potential for glare, excessive luminance ratios, and overall energy consumption In determining the number of luminaires, a well-planned maintenance program (cleaning and relamping) must be included to assure that the minimum recommended illuminance is always available
Luminaire Selection
Considerations:
Light Distribution Illuminance Level Control Directional Control Appearance Mechanical Construction
Light Distribution
Luminaires must distribute their luminous intensity total downward (direct), both up and down, and totally upward (indirect) Luminous intensity distributions can be symmetrical or nonsymmetrical Luminaires must produce the desired distribution pattern to satisfy task requirements and visual comfort needs Luminaires are normally selected for their performance in delivering flux to horizontal surfaces Luminaires photometric data will tell about its ability to provide vertical illuminance Mounting luminaires closer together than the maximum often improves light distribution on vertical surfaces
Light Distribution
Different Light Distributions
Light Distribution
Defines how the Luminous Flux radiated by the luminaire is distributed in the various directions within the space around it
Light Distribution
Rotational symmetrical Light distribution same in all planes Usually Circular or Bowl shaped luminaire
Light Distribution
Planar symmetrical Luminaire distribution is confined to two vertical planes separately Typical distribution for Fluorescent Lamp luminaires and Road Lighting
Light Distribution
Asymmetrical Asymmetry present in one of the planes of measurement
Light Distribution
Beam Angle :
Angle in a plane through the Beam Axis over which the Luminous Intensity drops to 50% of its Peak value
Light Distribution: Beam Shapes
Narrow Beam
Medium Beam
Wide Beam
Batwing distribution
Illuminance Level Control

There may be several types of tasks within a given area, each requiring different illuminance levels (i.e. work, leisure, cleaning, and security) Fluorescent, incandescent and high intensity discharge (HID) lamps can be controlled by dimming or by other control devices, such as multi - level switching
Illuminance Level Control

DALI BASIC light control system
L 58W pushbutton DALI-BASIC-control unit DALI-ECG 1x39W FQ 39W FQ 54W FC 40W FC 55W DULUX L 40W DULUX L 55W combined light/ presence detector DALI 1...10 V-converter 1...10 V-DIMM-ECG DULUX T/E
DALI-ECG 1x54W
DALI 1...10 V-converter 1..10 V trailing edge phaseHTM 70/230-240 dimmer
Halogen 50 W
The diagram above illustrates how various light sources can be linked to the DALI system. With the addition of signal converters, dimmable 1-10V analogue electronic control gears (ECGs) or transformers can then be operated via DALI
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Directional Control
Indirect Lighting
Luminaires direct light up to the ceiling where it is reflected down to the visual task; ceiling is thus the primary source of light
Directional Control
Direct Lighting
Distributes light directly to the walls and the work surfaces Luminance control of the direct (downward) component of light is a function of the control media (lenses, baffles, and louvers)
Direct and Indirect Lighting Directional Control
Appearance
Color rendition of objects in a room will depend on the spectral distribution characteristics of the light sources Typically, the lighting system should play a subordinate role; it may attract attention to itself rather than to its task There are luminaires which can be decorative or unobtrusive, as well as functional
Appearance
Different Color Renditions
Appearance under incandescent lamp with yellow filter (left) and under low pressure sodium vapor lamp (right)
Appearance
Six basic types of mountings for interior luminaires for decorative or unobtrusive as well as functional purposes:
Recessed Pendant or suspended Ceiling/surface mounted Track mounted Wall mounted Floor mounted
Appearance
Recessed
Appearance
Pendant or suspended
Appearance
Ceiling/surface mounted
Appearance
Track mounted
Appearance
Wall mounted
Appearance
Floor mounted
Mechanical Construction
Should consider the following maintenance characteristics
Ease and frequency of replacing lamps, ballasts or control media (lenses and louvers) Likelihood of the luminaire and lamps collecting dirt Ease and frequency of cleaning
Overall goal should be to reduce maintenance costs while maintaining the desired lighting quality and quantity
Luminaire Layout
Four (4) Options
Single level system that meets the most critical, most commonly occurring visual tasks Multilevel lighting system System that groups together with those visual tasks requiring the same illuminance level Completely nonuniform lighting system
Luminaire Layout
Requirements for a good luminaire layout
Meets quantity and quality requirements for the tasks Provides visual comfort Complies with cost and power budget limits Aesthetically pleasing
Luminaire Layout
Three (3) lighting classification systems
General (non-task lighting) Localized-General (task-ambient and supplementary) Local (task only)
Luminaire Layout
General Lighting
Provides uniform illuminance on the work surfaces throughout an entire area Used where specific task locations are unknown or the entire area is considered a continuous visual task area Symmetrical layout based on the given dimensions of the room Main advantage: complete flexibility regarding the arrangement of furniture and equipment (work stations) Illuminance will be lower in corners and along the walls
Luminaire Layout
Luminaire Layout
Luminaire spacing
Luminaires should not be spaced so far apart or from walls as to result in unsatisfactory uniformity in general lighting conditions Rule of thumb Spacing from the wall to the center of the first luminaire should not exceed half of the spacing between luminaires Luminous intensity distribution is considered in determining the maximum luminaire spacing to achieve acceptably uniform illuminance in an empty room (no furniture or partitions)
General lighting in a production area for ceiling height not less than 6 meters and not more than 12 meters
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Luminaire Layout
Luminaire Layout
Luminaire spacing
Factors contributing to the uniformity of illuminance in a room
Luminaire efficiency Number and placement of luminaires Room shape Configuration of furniture and partitions Room surface reflectances
In general, uniformity decreases as spacing increases Plan of Room Showing Luminaire Layout (in meters)
Luminaire Layout
Localized G eneral Lighting
Provides higher illuminance on the visual task, with a lower level of general illuminance throughout the remaining area Minimize shadows; direct glare, and veiling reflections through careful placement
Luminaire Layout
Localized - G eneral lighting for semiconductors assembly
Luminaire Layout
Localized G eneral Lighting
Task-Ambient Lighting
Used in office and some industrial lighting Task lighting portion of this system is mounted directly to the furniture Ambient lighting portion may be free standing, furniture mounted, or ceiling mounted Primary advantage is that reconfiguration of the workstations is relatively easy because the task lighting moves with the furniture
Luminaire Layout
Local Lighting
Provides illuminance over a much smaller area just the task (task only lighting) and its immediate surroundings This requires provision of sufficient spill light into adjacent areas to prevent excessive luminence ratios and transient adaptation problems
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Luminaire Layout
Interior spaces considered
Offices Educational facilities Financial facilities Health care facilities Libraries Industrial facilities
Local lighting for electronic parts testing
Topics to be discussed per interior space

Visual tasks Quality of lighting Lighting requirements
Luminance ratios
Interiors should be lighted to achieve a balance among luminances Proper Luminance ratios should be observed in order to provide for good visibility with no distracting glare, and still produce sufficient variation
Luminance Ratios
Between task and: Adjacent surround Remote darker surfaces Remote lighter surfaces
1 to 1/3 1 to 5 1 to 1/5
To approach these ratios the following reflectances are recommended Ceiling 80 90% Walls 40 60% Work surfaces and equipment 25 45% Floors 20 40%
Luminance Ratios
Example:
When reading an 80% reflective page, the area immediately surrounding the page should be at least 27% reflectance (80 x 1/3), and no area within direct view should be less than 16% (80 x 1/5)
Office Spaces
Visual tasks include
reading important documents, handwriting and print outs searching for and reading data on computer screens
Visibility of the task is often poor and is affected by factors such as contrast, size, task luminance, and the time for viewing
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Office Spaces
Visual Tasks
VDT Work Stations
The Visual Display Terminal (VDT) is a major element in todays office and presents unique problems, not only in the lighting design, but in work station configuration, ergonomic requirements, and HVAC design In most offices, some time will be spent viewing the VDT and some time spent on paper tasks or looking at customers while other applications used the screen constantly
Office Spaces
Visual Tasks
Visual Display Terminal (VDT) Work Stations
Examples: customer service operations or reservation offices May result in luminance ratios between tasks which exceed recommendations
Other office spaces

Conference rooms Range from casual to difficult viewing More than one lighting and control systems should be considered especially if visual aids will be used, so that notes can be taken without interfering with the projection screen
Office Spaces
Quality of Lighting
Troffers generate adequate ambient light levels in the circulation areas while ceiling recessed wallwashers with semi-specular assymetrical reflectors spread light evenly on the core walls
Office Spaces
Quality of Lighting
Numerous type of luminaires can be used in conference rooms such as T-8 or T-5 lamp systems as well as high efficiency downlights with CFLs
Office Spaces
Quality of Lighting
Drafting/reproduction rooms
Discrimination of fine detail is frequently required for long periods of time and seeing tasks may be on surfaces other than horizontal
Office Spaces
Quality of Lighting
Drafting/reproduction rooms
Specific illuminance level for tasks that needs exacting work to avoid harsh shadows and improve specular sensitivity
Reception areas
Lighting should make a statement, and yet be restful and sufficient for casual reading
File areas
Lighting should be directed into the opened files with minimal shadows on the file contents
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Office Spaces
Quality of Lighting
File areas
Good visibility for easy files or document retrievals
Office Spaces
Quality of Lighting
Reception areas
Pleasant and relax lighting effect to project a feeling of a welcome atmosphere is the main feature of reception areas
Office Spaces
Lighting Requirements
Quality factors Luminance Contrast Quantity
Office Spaces
Quality factors
Review the IESNA Lighting Design Guide for the factors that are identified as Very Important and Important. These must be addressed; then review the list of other design issues, which may be applicable to the particular space being designed
Office Spaces
Luminance
Office interiors should be finished in light colors and illuminated to provide enough luminance or color variations giving a stimulating, attractive work environment
Office Spaces
Luminance
Uniform illuminance is desired in areas like offices
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Office Spaces
Contrast
The degree of contrast between the details of the visual task and the task background affects visibility and depends in part upon the specularity of the task When viewing a visual task, an image of a luminaire or bright ceiling is reflected in the task and the details will assume some of the brightness which will lead to reduction in contrast and visibility impairment
Office Spaces
Contrast Low contrasts result in flat visual scene
Office Spaces
Contrast
High contrasts result in adaptation problem for eye when changing from one visual target to another
Office Spaces
Contrast
Well balanced contrasts result in visual comfort and satisfaction
Office Spaces
For typical office tasks, not involving extended use of VDTs, a minimum VCP (Visual Comfort Probability) of 70 is recommended while for extended use of VDTs, the minimum VCP should be 80
Office Spaces
Quantity
Designers should select an overall value from the Design Guide and allow for installation of supplementary lighting since visual tasks and occupants are unknown during the design stage Given a large space with general lighting system, the design should allow for different illuminance levels to suit different visual tasks When localized task lighting should be used, the ambient illuminance can often be reduced
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Office Spaces
Quantity
Lighting for visual tasks can be provided solely by general lighting or by task plus general lighting Occupancy sensors should be installed to reduce energy consumption when the space is unoccupied
Office Spaces
Quantity
In an open office plan design containing VDTs, general lighting should be at relatively low levels, with supplemental task lighting applied where required for paper tasks. In the design below, suspended linear indirect uplighting was supplemented by an under counter task light equipped with user control or occupancy sensors
Educational Facilities
Types of Spaces:
Classrooms/Lecture rooms Shops Art rooms Gymnasium
Classrooms/Lecture rooms
Donut layout
Lighting Requirements:
Quality factors Luminance Illuminance
Classrooms/Lecture Rooms
The donut is a long preferred layout design by many school architects and engineers, that employs ceiling mounted or lay-in grid recessed, low cost troffers with acrylic prismatic lenses and high reflectance (0.92%) white paint reflectors to achieve good vertical surface illumination on all walls
Classrooms/Lecture rooms
Designers can add a chalkboard/whiteboard light to the design to increase the lighting power Pendant-mounted luminaires are highly recommended for classrooms because they provide uniform glare-free illumination
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Shops
Follow the best industrial lighting practices especially where moving machinery is used
Art Rooms
Lighting should be versatile, capable of creating highlight and shadow for modeling and providing good color rendering The direction of light creates the modeling effect and reveals the 3 dimensional form and texture The greater the angle of incidence(light from above), the more dramatic is the effect obtained The smaller the angle of incidence ( light from the front), the greater is the chance for reflected glare
Art rooms
Art rooms
Key Light : Creates accent by virtue of high brightness and deep shadows Fill Light : Supplementary illumination to soften shadows and establish contrast at desired levels
Back Light : Lighting from behind and above. Used to separate the object from its background by accentuating contours;reveals transparent elements
Art rooms
Art rooms
Up Light : Accentuates elements close to the floor.Can also be used for dramatic effects
Diffuse Light : Creates soft shadows and least modeling effect
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Gymnasium
These spaces are often used not only for sports but also for graduations, assemblies, dances, concerts and community meetings Lighting levels should be equipped with flexible circuiting/controls and sources Many sports, such as basketball and volleyball require vertical illumination up to 30 feet
Gymnasium
Multipurpose area requiring a wide range of luminaires
Quality Factors
Visual environment supportive of the learning process must also be visually comfortable and satisfy the psychological and emotional needs of learners Appropriate lighting can enhance pleasant and attractive surroundings, providing a feeling of spaciousness Lighting can attract and hold attention, stimulate learning, and influence behavior in a positive way.
Luminance
The distribution, size, and range of brightness within an environment affect eye comfort, adaptation, and contrast rendition As the eye shifts from one luminance (the page of a book), to another luminance (a chalkboard), it must readapt to the new luminance level. If the difference is too great, the reaction will be visual discomfort
Illuminance
Visual tasks differ in size, viewing direction, distance and contrast Major critical tasks include reading and writing, often requiring prolonged and close attention
Financial Facilities
Various functions and tasks that occur in financial facilities are mainly the same as those that occur in offices i.e. conference areas, accounting, general and private offices, and bookkeeping Other specific areas that are special to banking where the lighting needs maybe different
data processing tellers stations security vault lighting Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs)
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Quality Factors Luminance Quantity
Quality Factors
Lighting design should reflect the image desired in the lobby and adjacent spaces Use high intensity discharge lamps to help control initial, energy and maintenance costs where high ceiling exists High quality, relatively uniform lighting should be provided for electronic data processing (EDP) equipment areas where there are usually only a small number of VDTs
Quality Factors
Provisions for highlighting during promotional activities in the lobby to create a point of interest Lighting at bank tellers stations must provide for fast and accurate transactions Outdoor drive-up teller (ATMs) lighting should be designed for persons inside the car and appropriate for surveillance camera needs
Quality Factors
Bank lobbies should create dramatic effects especially during merchandise promotion
Quality Factors
Interior lighting at the banks vault must be on at all times in accordance with the Bank Protection Act and must meet the requirements specified for alarm camera system Lighting recommendations for office lighting should be followed in the banks network control area where multiple VDT screens are in constant use
Quality Factors
Quality issues to be considered for banks are listed in the IESNA Lighting Design Guide
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Luminance
Use large area, low brightness luminaires or luminaires positioned on either side of the deal plate to reduce reflections caused by highly polished material at tellers stations from ceiling mounted luminaires Luminaires behind the drive-up tellers windows should also be of low brightness to minimize reflections from sloping glass
Luminance
Lighting should be at about the same level as the interior lighting in the outdoor drive-up area to avoid mirror effect on the glass when looking out from the drive-up tellers position. Careful placement of light sources to avoid poor visibility from veiling glare on ATM information display screens at outdoor locations Approaches and departure areas must be adequately lighted to ease adaptation for the customer when transitioning to and from the machine
Quantity
ATM locations require lighting for tasks such as: Reading and writing transactions in the horizontal plane Viewing the VDT screen Inputting information on a keyboard in the horizontal or vertical plane Safety and security lighting is also necessary for customer protection in surrounding areas for camera surveillance operation
Health Care Facilities

Health care facilities include:
Acute general hospitals Chronic general Chronic specialized institutions for the care of physically and mentally ill Facilities that offer professional care in residential environment

Quality Factors Luminance Illuminance

Quality Factors
Lighting should serve both the demands of medical attendants and the comfort needs of the patients Illumination in multi-bed rooms should be designed to be unobtrusive to one patient, while remaining adequate for the other Color Rendering Index (CRI) should be at least 80 and the Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) approximately 4100 K
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Luminance
Comfortable lighting conditions by limiting luminance ratios between the localized task and other areas in the normal field of view i.e. surgery, obstetrics, dentistry, emergency treatment and autopsies

Illuminance
For Illuminance recommendations, see the IESNA Lighting Handbook, 9th Edition, Chapter 10

Emergency room
Wall illuminance for mobility
Libraries
Visual tasks include:
Reading Browsing through book stacks Studying at a carrel Viewing microfilm or computer retrieval systems Meeting or conferring Performing general clerical tasks Repair and inspection work
Surgery room
High illuminance for special task
Libraries
Quality Factors Luminance Illuminance
Libraries
Quality Factors
Considerations in the design of a library lighting system: Creation of a desirable visual environment to enable users to see efficiently and without distraction Appearance of the installation within the architectural design of the space
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Libraries
Luminance
Care must be taken to avoid veiling reflections on the seeing tasks and to use luminaires that reduce the luminance in direct glare zones Example: in microfilm areas, one of the most difficult tasks is reading a screen located under a general lighting system needed for other tasks in the area. Reflections, diffuse and specular, tend to wash out the already poor image on the screen. Hooded machines or those that have screens treated to reduce reflections make the task more visible
Libraries
Illuminance
Reading is by far the most frequently performed task in a library which varies from reading childrens books of high contrast type and paper, to newspapers with low contrast print, to law books with condensed type, to rare books with unusual type faces printed on old paper Other reading tasks may be handwriting
Libraries
Illuminance
Unique visual task to the library is that of browsing and/or searching in a stack or other form of storage space which are in shelves as high as 8 feet and tightly spaced in a limited aisle space titles or authors names with a number coding system Important design objective is obtaining vertical illumination on the stacks, especially on the lower shelves
Libraries
Other illumination needs:
Circulation spaces and audio booths Special lighting for audio-visual areas VDT workstations Accent lighting for exhibits and displays Lighting treatments of glass showcases, paintings, prints and rare books, refer to the Museum and Art Gallery Lighting section of IESNA Lighting Handbook
Libraries
Special lighting for audio visual areas
Industrial Facilities
Industry has a wide range of visual tasks, operating conditions and economic considerations Visual tasks involve:
Extremely small or very large Dark or light Opaque, transparent or translucent on specular or diffuse surfaces Flat or contoured shapes
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Visual Tasks
Tasks are often on tilted or vertical planes and the lighting design should provide the appropriate vertical illuminance Physical hazards exist in manufacturing processes and lighting plays an important role in helping to prevent accidents Lighting must be designed to contribute to speed of vision and to the overall environmental conditions of the workplace
Speed and Environmental Conditions of the Workplace
Design of a lighting system and selection of equipment maybe influenced by many economic and energy related factors Economic decisions should be based not only on initial and operating costs of the lighting system, but also on the relationship of the cost of lighting to other production costs
Economic and Energy Related Factors
Quality Factors Quality in Manufacturing Luminance Illuminance Luminaires
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Quality Factors
One of the important factors is the distribution of luminances in the visual environment Industrial installations of poor quality are easily recognized as uncomfortable and are possibly hazardous Cumulative effect of even slightly glaring conditions can result in a loss of seeing efficiency and undue fatigue
Quality in Manufacturing
Light is often used to aid a manufacturing process or identify manufacturing defects
Quality Factors
Color as a part of the seeing task can be very effectively used to improve contrast either by intensifying or subduing certain colors inherent in the task Directional light maybe useful in emphasizing texture and defects on uneven surfaces Fluorescence under UV radiation is often used to create contrast while surface flaws in metal, nonporous plastic and ceramic parts can be detected by the use of fluorescent materials
Quality Factors
Detection of internal strains in glass and transparent plastics maybe facilitated by transmitted polarized light Stroboscopic illumination can be used to slow down or stop the motion of constant speed rotating or reciprocating machinery to inspect/study moving parts while they are operating
Luminance
Reflectances of room surface finishes and equipment should be as high as possible to achieve the best possible luminance relationships Painting stationary and moving parts of machines with contrasting ANSI safety colors helps to reduce accident hazards by aiding identification
Illuminance
Desired illuminance depends primarily on the seeing task, the worker and the importance of speed and accuracy in performing the task Illuminance recommendations for industrial tasks and areas are given in the Lighting Design Guide in the IESNA Lighting Handbook and in latest version of ANSI/IESNA RP-7 Several industries have also developed industry-specific recommendations
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Illuminance
In locations where dirt will collect rapidly on luminaire surfaces, and where adequate maintenance is not provided, the initial values should be higher than for spaces which are cleaner or where there is a planned maintenance program Illuminance must be increased where workers wear eyeprotective devices with occupationally-required tinted lenses that reduce the light reaching the retina of the eye
Illuminance
In cases where specific amount or quality of lighting cannot be obtained by general lighting, supplementary luminaires are often used to provide high illuminances for small restricted areas and to furnish a certain luminance or color or to permit special aiming or positioning of light sources to produce or avoid highlights or shadows to best portray the details of the task Supplementary equipment must be well shielded to prevent glare for the user and others working in adjacent areas
Luminaires
Wide selection of luminaires including fluorescent, metal halide and high pressure sodium Maybe open or enclosed, with light control elements of metal, plastic or glass Mounting maybe low-bay (up to 5.5 m), medium-bay (5.5 7 m) or high-bay (>7.5 m)
Luminaires
Fluorescent sources should always be considered in areas with ceiling heights of approximately 10-12 ft, or where hihg CRI or instant starting is required Luminaires should be selected which provide well-shielded illumination distributed over all of the work planes with aesthetics in mind
Luminaires
Luminaires should be chosen with regard to: Their ease of maintenance Durability Efficiency Lighting designer should consult with local code authorities before specifying equipment especially in areas where hazardous materials may be present as to what special equipment maybe required
Visual Impact
Concepts of Lighting Applications for Visual Impacts
Visual Tasks and Aesthetic Functions Spatial Considerations Light Source Criteria Luminaire Selection and Layout Applications
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Visual Tasks and Aesthetic Applications

Graphic Elements
To achieve the desired impression, the design team must evaluate the treatment of the following graphic elements
Line Mass Form Color Rhythm

Graphic Elements
Line
Line can be used to delineate shape or show direction. The lighting designer can emphasize line through the use of side illuminated fiber optic cable or light pipe, or exposed linear sources such as straight-tube fluorescent or cold cathode. Lines created by architectural form can also be accentuated by direct or indirect lighting.

Graphic Elements
Mass
The solid shape of an architectural or decorative object can be accentuated by silhouetting the mass of the object against a lighter ground. Wall washing in interiors or floodlighting of exteriors can emphasize the mass of a building.

Graphic Elements
Form
Three dimensional forms of objects and spaces are defined through a combination of key (directional) light and ambient fill (diffuse and/or multi-directional) light. Object form is accentuated through the interplay of highlights, shade, and shadow

Graphic Elements
Color
The color composition in an environment is the result of both object color and source color. Only wavelengths of light present in the light sources will be visible to the human eye regardless of object color. Where color rendering is important, care should be taken to choose light sources with a high Color Rendering Index (CRI).

Graphic Elements
Rhythm
Rhythm is the result of a static pattern of light and dark or of dynamic movement of light sources. A visual rhythm may be created by spotlighting individual art on a wall or, more obviously, by a chase light sequence around a store window or sign.
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Visual Tasks and Aesthetic Functions

Visual Hierarchy
Lighting emphasis on selected architectural features in a space, and on the elements within, combined with the treatment of surface finishes, will draw the users attention initially to the focal points and then to other aspects of the design Creation of visual hierarchy must be based on:
Luminance ratios Color

Visual Hierarchy
Luminance ratios
Areas of higher luminance will tend to draw visual focus while areas where there is contrast (where the luminance ratios are high) will have a tendency to attract attention Example: In merchandising areas, attraction is a key goal of the lighting, so luminance values should be carefully orchestrated

Visual Hierarchy
Luminance ratios
Contrast ratios should not exceed a level at which visual comfort is compromised

Visual Hierarchy
Color
Color can also help to achieve visual focus Warm colors tend to dominate in the field of view while cool colors tend to recede Strongly colored sources (usually achieved through filtration) can be used, where appropriate, for startling visual effect Colored light are often used in signage and as an attention getting device

Visual Hierarchy
Color
Colors can be exploited to attract customers in a merchandising area or to accentuate a sense of spatial depth in a themed environment Care should be taken in applications where color rendering is important to include some sources with a broader spectral distribution along with the colored sources
Spatial Considerations
Architectural Features and Forms
Appropriate lighting can bring an architects vision to life by accentuating two-dimensional planes and three-dimensional forms Direction and distribution of light should be chosen carefully on the following surfaces:
Vertical surfaces Horizontal surfaces Spatial impressions
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Vertical surfaces
Walls and decorative matter on them (including signage) can be lighted effectively using a wall washing technique where uniform illumination is desired Source with a high CRI should be specified if the wall surface or the material hanging on it is important Some applications, such as museum lighting, have more specific requirements for the lighting of vertical surfaces
Vertical surfaces
For textured vertical surfaces, a grazing technique maybe more appropriate than wall washing Luminaires placed close to the vertical surface will create highlights and shadows and therefore visual interest Columns or other cylindrical forms maybe highlighted using a spotlight technique or direct/indirect fixtures mounted directly on the column
Horizontal surfaces
The technique for lighting horizontal planes will vary considerably from application to application Examples House of worship uniform illumination for reading on the horizontal plane is necessary Restaurant it may be more appropriate to light individual tables and leave areas of darkness between
Spatial Impressions
Research by Prof. John Flynn, codified the subjective spatial impressions affected by various lighting conditions as follows:
Spatial Impressions
Subjective Impression Spacious Intimate Lighting Uniform distribution with some perimeter lighting Low light levels at user area with some brightness in the periphery and darker areas between Non-uniform intense direct light from overhead Non-uniform distribution with some perimeter lighting and less overhead light Non-uniform distribution with a combination of perimeter and downlighting Bright and uniform lighting on horizontal tasks with less perimeter lighting
Control of Circulation
Light must serve to indicate the path of movement or to motivate people to keep moving (as well as provide safe illumination levels for egress) Techniques
Used of exposed linear sources or source glitter
Tense Relaxed Pleasant Focused
The pattern and frequency of other luminaire types and the light they emit can achieve the same results
Example: pools of light from recessed downlights that lead from lobby door to an elevator provide lighting indicators
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Decoration
Light serves not only to illuminate, but often to decorate as well to give:
Sparkle Glitter Decorative Luminaires
Decoration
Sparkle
Sparkle, or enhancing reflection, is created when a point source of light impinges on a specular object An important tool for initiating the sale of specular merchandise Can be an extremely effective way to display faceted objects i.e. cut crystal, glass, or jewels in merchandising and exhibit environments Elements of sparkle can be used on the back bars of restaurants or to enhance the crystal on table settings
Decoration
Glitter
Small, exposed, clear incandescent sources create glitter that can be used to draw attention to shop windows and theater marquees The linear nature of glitter strips makes them a useful luminaire type for outlining architectural form Glitter can even be sued to identify steps or handrails, creating a sense of theatricality Low voltage sources of glitter maybe used to conserve energy Glitter sources are not appropriate for all applications since exposed light sources may cause discomfort glare and project an inappropriately casual image
Decoration
Decorative Luminaires
Most applications benefit from the use of some decorative luminaires such as: Custom pendant over the reception desk of an office Fiber optic forms in a themed restaurant Crystal chandeliers in a casino
Light Source Criteria

Considerations
Color Intensity Distribution Potential to dim the sources

Color
Color rendering Daylighting Warm color temperature e.g incandescent Color-enhanced discharge sources i.e. metal halide or high pressure sodium
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Intensity
The designer should take into account the visual tasks to be performed and the factors of size, contrast and time The designer should select appropriate illuminance for the design (maintained over time) IESNA Lighting Design Guide (Chapter 10 IESNA Lighting Handbook 9th Ed)

Economics
The designer must weigh the aesthetic goals of the lighting design against the financial considerations of both initial cost and the life-cycle costs of maintenance and energy use The designer may need to make strategic use of incandescent sources for accent lighting while using sources with higher efficacy (fluorescent (HID) for general illumination
Luminaire Selection
Considerations:
Quality of light Task considerations and Illuminance Criteria Distribution of light Luminaire Glare and Visual Comfort
Luminaire Selection
Quality of Light
More than one type of luminaire is used in most applications to provide for both soft ambient light and harder accent light
Soft light minimizes shadows but when used alone can create an almost shadowless atmosphere lacking visual interest Hard light is useful for accents but if used alone can create an environment where contrast ratios are too high for visual comfort
Daylight exhibit soft and hard characteristics if used indirect or direct respectively
Luminaire Selection
Task Considerations and Illuminance Criteria
Task considerations should also be taken into account, even in applications where the visual impact of a space is the most important design criterion
Tasks include: Reading in the seating area of house of worship Completion of sale in a merchandising application Computer use in a home study
Luminaire Selection
Distribution of light
Shape and distribution of light must be considered
Examples: Luminaire with a narrow distribution of light is quite useful for controlled accent lighting on a single painting, or where it is desirable to see the edge of the lighted area against a darker background in an intimate restaurant Luminaires with a wider distribution that provide even illumination on the vertical surface for a wall washing application are more appropriate For uniform illumination, the manufacturers spacing criterion (SC) should be consulted to assure adequate coverage for a given ceiling height
Luminaires should be selected to provide the appropriate amount of incident light for the task, keeping in mind that the occupants will be seeing reflected or transmitted light
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Luminaire Selection
Luminaire Glare and Visual Comfort
Glare from the luminaire itself should be considered especially if the direct source glare is within the visual field making the overall view and aesthetic appreciation of the scene maybe obscured
Applications
Lighting functions and techniques will be discussed in the following applications:
Merchandising Areas Museums and Exhibits Restaurants and Hospitality Spaces Casinos and Gaming Facilities Houses of Worship
Merchandising Areas
Lighting Functions
To attract the customer For appraisal of the merchandise To complete the sale
Merchandising Areas
Lighting Functions
Attraction
Windows Store Interiors
Merchandising Areas
Lighting Functions
Attraction
Windows Lighting should address the following: Visual context for the window Window layout Contour of the window
Merchandising Areas
Lighting Functions
Attraction
Store Interiors Luminance ratios on the merchandise and displays should have at least 3 times the luminance of the surrounding areas Luminance ratio should not exceed 5 to 1 throughout the space except in small areas of specialization Dramatic luminance ratios maybe desirable in a themed store Light sources with high CRI (at least 70) should be used to highlight the merchandise attractively while texture should be accentuated by grazing angles of light to help attract customers
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Merchandising Areas
Lighting Functions
Appraisal (or Initiation of sale)
Adequate illumination must be provided so that customers can evaluate the merchandise once they are attracted Color rendition is important at the time of appraisal both for the merchandise and the customer to look attractive Luminaire placement should avoid facial shadowing especially in mirrors at the fitting room Vertical illumination should be provided for clothing appraisal to enable customer to evaluate the entire length of the merchandise
Merchandising Areas
Lighting Functions
Completion of Sale
Task lighting is required for the store personnel in the following sales transaction areas: Registering the sale Verifying the price Reading copied or printed data Merchandise should look as attractive at the register as it did on the rack to avoid customers from changing their minds Color rendering should be consistent throughout the store
Merchandising Areas
Lighting Techniques
Three Basic Approaches
General Pattern System Specific System Flexible System
Merchandising Areas
Lighting Techniques
General Pattern System
This system employs a uniform pattern of luminaires to provide general illumination regardless of the position of the merchandise Useful in supermarkets or in the general merchandising areas of large department stores If this system is not combined with supplementary or special display lighting, it may project an image conducive to bargain prices or lower-priced merchandise since the customer may associate less expensive lighting installation to less expensive merchandise
Merchandising Areas
Lighting Techniques
Specific System
This system employs a layout of luminaires determined by the layout of merchandise displays in the store An integrated system can be very useful in the delineation of sales areas whether used in the sale of groceries, shoes, clothing or furniture but keep in mind that they are permanently located
Merchandising Areas
Lighting Techniques
Flexible System
This system employs a pattern of electrical outlets for nonpermanent installation of luminaires usually of the aimable variety System of track lighting is the most common example With this system, lighting can be tailored to changing merchandise displays Combining the flexible layout with a multi-channel control system, maximum flexibility can be achieved
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Merchandising Areas
Lighting Techniques
Specialty Lighting
Different types of merchandise have special lighting needs Example: A display case of crystal should include integrated point sources of light that will provide the necessary enhancing sparkle
Museums and Exhibits

Lighting Functions
Damage Control Flat Displays on Vertical Surfaces Exhibit Cases Three-Dimensional Objects Environments and Installations

Lighting Functions
Damage Control
Lighting must be designed to enhance and illuminate 3D artifacts as well as the surface qualities of 2D artifacts Lighting must also be designed to control potential damage to the artifacts with respect to amount of illumination and time of exposure

Lighting Functions
Flat displays on Vertical Surfaces
Luminaires should be placed to provide the necessary vertical illuminance while minimizing shadows and direct/indirect glare

Lighting Functions
Exhibit Cases
Enclosed display cases may be lighted internally, externally, or in combination External lighting is usually from directly overhead and through a diffusing panel but take into consideration glare problem Internal lighting is more commonly used Care should be taken to limit the heat inside the enclosure in both eternal and internal lighting

Lighting Functions
3D Objects
Three dimensional forms usually require highlighting and shadowing to reveal the contours of an object and should be lighted from multiple directions using a key and fill approach
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Lighting Functions
Environment and Installations
Decorative Art Lighting in character with the original purpose of the space is desirable, within reason Contemporary Installation Art Many installation artists design their pieces to be selfilluminating, or include light itself as the subject

Lighting Techniques
Daylighting Electric sources Lighting Controls

Lighting Techniques
Daylighting
Historically popular means of illuminating artifacts in museums and galleries Architectural forms and materials used to deliver daylight to artifacts to limit direct sunlight and filter out damaging UV radiation: Light wells Light pipes Clerestories Low-emissivity glass

Lighting Techniques
Electric Sources
Electric sources should be chosen to render colors appropriately while limiting the damage caused by both infrared (heat) and UV radiation MR16 lamps with dichroic infrared coatings are often a good option for accent lighting Light transport systems (fiber optics and light pipes) with limited heat and UV radiation are also suitable for lighting artifacts

Lighting Techniques
Lighting Controls
Specification and installation of special control devices can reduce both the lighting energy consumption and exposure to damaging radiation Examples: Control via interface with a real time clock will limit the lux-hours/year to the minimum necessary Occupancy sensors maybe used to control lighting in less frequented spaces Photocells can be used when the design combines daylight and electric light

Lighting Techniques
Accent Lighting
Very dramatic visual effect
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Restaurants and Hospitality Spaces

Lighting Functions
Creating the Appropriate Atmosphere in the Dining Room
Intimate Type Leisure Type Quick-service Type

Lighting Functions
Creating the Appropriate Atmosphere in the Dining Area
Intimate Type Low lighting levels to create a relaxing atmosphere and a sense of privacy Standard or custom decorative luminaires maybe used throughout although color rendering at the dining table is important so that both patrons and food look appealing while colored sources maybe used for dramatic effect
Service Areas Hotel Lobbies

Lighting Functions
Leisure Type A higher and more uniform level of illuminance should be provided to create a restful but interesting environment where eating is the main objective

Lighting Functions
Quick-service Type Higher light levels and uniform light distribution are the norm Lighted signage is often used to control traffic flow Menu and counter should be adequately illuminated for the given task Menu maybe self-illuminating Color rendering in these locations is not as critical as in the seating area

Lighting Functions
Service Areas
Areas where money is exchanged, food is prepared or from which food is served must be adequately illuminated for the given task The designer must be knowledgeable about code requirements for enclosed luminaires in food preparation areas and for damp location or wet location luminaires

Lighting Functions
Service Areas
Caf
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Lighting Functions
Hotel Lobbies
Lighting should complement the architecture and provide for safe transition exterior to interior Consideration should be given to adaptation time A control system should provide for varying illuminance levels and a change in mood from daytime to nighttime hours The registration area must be illuminated for the seeing tasks involved with check in/out

Lighting Techniques
General Pattern Illumination Decorative Luminaires Specialty Lighting Lighted Signage

Lighting Techniques
General Pattern Illumination
Uniform pattern of illumination maybe appropriate in leisure and quick-service restaurants as well as in hospitality spaces such as hotel lobbies and ballrooms Recessed downlights with high CRI sources (either incandescent of compact fluorescent) are often the luminaires of choice Even in an intimate-type restaurant, a general pattern of luminaires maybe used if the sources are well shielded and have a narrow beam distribution to produce a pattern of light shadow to create a sense of privacy

Lighting Techniques
Decorative Luminaires
Custom designed decorative luminaires can heighten the image of an intimate-type restaurant or a hotel lobby or ballroom In more moderately priced leisure-type restaurants, off-theshelf decorative luminaires may be suitable

Lighting Techniques
Specialty Lighting
Lighting package for multi-use spaces of some restaurants and hotel meeting rooms and ballrooms may include a variety of theatrical luminaires (usually ellipsoidal reflector spotlights and PAR units) as well as control system integrated with the permanent architectural system or a separate theatrical-style console

Lighting Techniques
Lighted Signage
Lighted signage, often neon, is often used for customer attraction as well as control of circulation at quick-service restaurants
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Casinos and Gaming Facilities

Lighting Functions
Attraction Lighting for Customer Comfort Lighting to Enhance Safety and Surveillance Lighting for Seeing Tasks

Lighting Functions
Attraction
Lighting of a casino should help to attract and visually focus the customers attention toward the gaming area(s) without over-stimulating the visual sense much like the ways in which lighting must function to attract a customer to a merchandise display

Lighting Functions
Lighting for Customer Comfort
The lighting should create a pleasant atmosphere and make the customer feel relaxed and welcome

Lighting Functions
Lighting to Enhance Safety and Surveillance
Unique to casinos is the need for the lighting to provide adequate illumination for the operation of surveillance video cameras

Lighting Functions
Lighting for Seeing Tasks
Adequate illumination must be provided at each gaming areas Some games require vertical illuminance while others require horizontal illuminance sometimes at a distance from the customer e.g. Bingo, Race and Sports Book

Lighting Techniques
Diffuse Lighting and Direct Lighting Visually Subordinate Lighting Systems Sparkle and Glitter
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Lighting Techniques
Diffuse Lighting and Direct Lighting
diffuse lighting is appropriate in most work areas to prevent distracting shadows from the work itself (IESNA RP-26, Recommended Practice on Lighting for Casinos and Gaming Facilities) Direct lighting can be used for accent purposes and to create visual focus Combination of diffuse and direct lighting is the best illumination system for people at the gaming tables

Lighting Techniques
Visually Subordinate Lighting Systems
IESNA Committee on Casino and Gaming Lighting recommends minimizing the potential for the lighting system itself to be distracting and place visual focus on the gaming area Indirect systems and direct lighting systems with concentrating distribution patterns are useful design tools

Lighting Techniques
Sparkle and Glitter
Enhancing reflection and glitter are useful techniques for attraction of the customer and care must be taken to light the individual gaming areas so that the operator, the customer, and video and live surveillance can view the game without glare
Houses of Worship
Lighting Functions
Light for Reading Accent Lighting Celebration Lighting Architectural Lighting
Houses of Worship
Lighting Functions
Light for Reading
Lighting must provide adequate light for reading prayer books and hymnals throughout the congregation seeing area Light should be uniform, not only for the paper reading tasks, but also to enable the congregates to see one another comfortably
Houses of Worship
Lighting Functions
Accent Lighting
Accent lighting provides visual focus on the leadership area of the space as well as on religious objects Modeling of the speaker/leader as well as of threedimensional objects is important, as is color rendering
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Houses of Worship
Lighting Functions
Celebration Lighting
Celebration lighting is the festive and joyous lighting that evokes a special uplift to an occasion often provided by lighted candles or specialty lanterns Celebration lighting can enhance many liturgical special events
Houses of Worship
Lighting Functions
Architectural Lighting
Architectural features such as arches, trusses, or painted ceilings should be appropriately illuminated The architecture of the house of worship itself can be celebrated with light
Houses of Worship
Lighting Techniques
Daylighting Stained Glass General Illumination Focused Lighting Control
Houses of Worship
Lighting Techniques
Daylighting
Important part of the design of most religious structures Through skylights and clerestory windows, daylight can be used for general lighting in the seating areas as well as accent lighting in the leadership areas Natural light also accents the sculpture in the background
Houses of Worship
Lighting Techniques
Daylighting
Architectural form of the white light scoop opposite the north-facing clerestory windows act as a reflector to direct diffuse daylight
Houses of Worship
Lighting Techniques
Stained Glass
Stained glass may be used for daytime illumination of the interior or to provide decorative visual accent For nighttime effect, the glass may be lighted with floodlights or from a luminous panel or light box
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Houses of Worship
Lighting Techniques
General Illumination
General illumination in the sanctuary is usually provided by a direct system of luminaires with overlapping beam distribution to alleviate shadowing on the reading tasks Care should be taken to specify luminaires appropriate for mounting height because houses of worship are often designed with high, sloping ceilings Access for maintenance must be provided
Houses of Worship
Lighting Techniques
General Illumination
Houses of Worship
Lighting Techniques
Focused Lighting
For direct accent lighting on the speaker platform or leadership area, luminaires should be located so as to provide light from at least two directions The IESNA Committee on Lighting for Houses of Worship recommends these luminaires equipped with a controllable beam, such as theatrical spotlight, and be placed approximately 45-55 above horizontal and 30 to the right and left of the centerline of the object being lighted
Houses of Worship
Lighting Techniques
Control
Preset control system, which can be programmed for different functions such as worship service, wedding, concert or visiting hours will The visual focus of the space and overall composition of light help provide flexibility and variety will need to be different for each event
Houses of Worship
Lighting Techniques
Control
Examples: For somber occasion e.g wake, downlighting should predominate For a joyous festival celebration, the architectural features of the building may receive more lighting emphasis Control system can also serve to reduce power consumption by shutting off unneeded lighting systems
Exterior Environments
Exterior Lighting Issues Lighting for Visual Performance Lighting for Visual Impact
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Exterior Lighting Issues
Weather Maintenance Controls Timeswitches Photocells Occupancy-sensing Controls Vandalism Obtrusive Light Ordinances and Standards Safety and Security Plantings
Weather
Local weather should be understood before designing the system It is the designers responsibility to anticipate the most severe weather, and to consider the corresponding light loss Lighting system must be adequate during good conditions as well as during worse conditions
Weather
Protection against moisture and impact should should be considered where appropriate Label Damp and Wet Locations Damp refers to luminaires mounted in exterior but covered locations Wet refers to luminaires in locations exposed directly to precipitation
Maintenance
To keep the system performing at design levels, maintaining exterior lighting equipment in order to stand weather is a must Group maintenance should be considered where all lamps in a system are replaced and luminaires cleaned and checked at scheduled intervals especially if equipment mounting locations and heights can make access difficult Luminaire cleaning and replacement of auxiliary equipment such as lenses, gaskets, ballasts, ignitors and photocells should be a part of the maintenance schedule
Maintenance
In extreme situations, component testing during routine maintenance maybe desirable e.g. checking ballasts performance and replacing as necessary Regularly scheduled maintenance ensures that the minimum performance level will be adequate, while reducing burn-outs between maintenance
Controls
Lighting controls for exterior projects are typically activated by clocks or the sensing of light levels or occupancy Often, more than one control is applied to a luminaire or to a group of luminaires Example: a parking lot lighting system maybe switched on by one photocell (which senses ambient lighting levels) for each luminaire but switched of by a single timeclock Controls may also be integrated with a facility management or building automation system
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Controls
Timeswitches Controls that use clocks re called timeswitches (or timeclocks) and may include automatic adjustments for daylight savings and changing seasons, backup power for uninterrupted timekeeping and additional features Timeswitches typically control groups of luminaires to turn them on or off at a scheduled time of night, most frequently at a specified time following the end of local activities
Controls
Photocells Photocell controls switch luminaires on or off in response to light levels Individual or group control can be used, and the switch can either turn on or off as the light level increases or decreases Photocells can be set to respond at different light levels, and to go either on or off mode at system failure e.g.switching on of lights at dusk and off at dawn
Controls
Photocells For tunnel and building entrances, lighting is usually programmed to be at higher intensities during daylight periods and lower at night to enable easier transition and mitigate sudden changes in illuminance levels Different types of photocells are available, each having distinct properties and performance
Controls
Occupancy-sensing Controls Occupancy activated controls are used in some exterior applications, particularly security lighting These controls work in a similar manner to interior occupancy sensors, switching on when occupancy is detected and off after a specified period with no occupancy Use of these control devices is not recommended with HID sources because of the restrike and warm up time
Controls
Switching and controls often play an increasing role in the usefulness of the lighting system as the facility increases in size Large sports facilities often have a number of switching schemes, which encompass everything from clean-up to practice to televised competition Safety and /or security lighting might require using a quartz instant re-strike feature in HID luminaires, or an additional lighting system
Controls
Manual dimmer and wall switch Occupancy-sensing control
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Vandalism
Typical techniques for minimizing vandalism include mounting equipment sufficiently high, using hardened (durable) luminaires and installing additional equipment to light important areas from more than one direction Mounting heights of 3.5 to 4 m may be necessary to remove luminaires from easy attack
Vandalism
Hardened luminaires may incorporate polycarbonate lenses, wire or mesh enclosures, glare shields and other attachments e.g. vandal-proof screws to help prevent vandalism Additional luminaires are often used to provide supplementary lighting from more than one direction in important areas and may be used to highlight the luminaires in the principal lighting system, to further avoid vandalism because of increased visibility
Vandalism
Controls and power supply should also be protected from vandalism Example: A lighting system that locates luminaires high on poles but leaves easy access to photocells or wiring (through the handholes) may not be an effective solution
Vandalism
Since steps taken to reduce vandalism can affect the performance of the lighting system, these methods (luminaire types, mounting heights and use of protective devices) must be included I the design stage Vandalism reduction measures may also help to make the equipment less susceptible to everyday mechanical damage, but typically increase the difficulty of maintenance
Vandalism
Obtrusive Light
The lighting designer should be familiar with glare, light trespass, sky glow and other lighting elements and be prepared to design a lighting system that meets the needs of the client/owner while also considering the effect of the lighting system on the natural and aesthetic environment of the area Applications such as building facades, landscapes and central business districts sometimes require lighting to be aimed upward
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Obtrusive Light
Roadway, pathway and area lighting typically do not require uplight, but other exterior lighting systems might require it Luminous flux above the horizontal does not always benefit exterior lighting projects, but can add to glare, spill light and light trespass Luminous flux above the horizontal and reflected light also contributes to sky glow which is an immensely important issue with the professional and amateur astronomical community
Obtrusive Light
Fixtures with some cutoff characteristics in the photometric distribution are recommended for exterior lighting unless it is essential to have luminous flux above the horizontal Area, pathway and roadway lighting equipment should have distributions that are at least semi-cutoff while full cutoffshould Always be considered When it is necessary to have a luminous flux above the horizontal, the designer should be diligent in keeping the above-horizontal flux as low as practical to accomplish the intended effect
Obtrusive Light
Spill light can be controlled by selecting: Proper luminaires Proper mounting height Use of external and internal shielding Use of low reflectance finishes on reflecting surfaces
Obtrusive Light
Raising mounting heights and using sharper cutoff luminaires can reduce spill light most effectively Visits to the site during the day and at night can identify potential effects the lighting design may have on adjacent property and the impact those properties may have on the proposed design The least expensive way to deal with light trespass and sky glow from exterior lighting is to consider the issues prior to the design phase
Obtrusive Light
The design might affect the properties several blocks away or areas where the properties are set above or below the design site, so special care should be taken to eliminate or limit glare and light trespass A site visit can also influence decisions regarding the type of luminaire, mounting height, light source, overhang/setback, plus other possible criteria to be used in the design
Ordinances and Standards
Adoption of lighting ordinances and standards enables jurisdictions to restrict, direct and check on exterior lighting systems and presents designers with additional requirements for each project The designer is responsible for finding out which ordinances and standards apply, and how to demonstrate compliance Clarification of the details of ordinances and standards may be necessary, and should be provided by the official responsible for the review of the submittal
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Ordinances and Standards
Common requirements of standards and ordinances are illumination quantity and quality criteria and restrictions on lamp lumens or luminaire distributions Requirements for submittal and review may include photometric plans and luminaire product literature (cutsheets), to demonstrate compliance, particularly with controlling spill light
Safety and Security
Safety concerns can be addressed by appropriate lighting of hazards such as stairs, curbs, sloped walkways and other obstacles Property protection is one important aspect of security lighting Security lighting provides illumination to deter would-be criminals by facilitating detection and identification, and allows individuals and guards to view the surrounding area(s)
Safety and Security
Safety and Security
Safety and security lighting should be resistant to vandalism and be well maintained Inoperative lights can create hazards and reduce security Critical locations should be covered by at least two luminaires for reliability
Property protection
Safety and Security
Safety lighting for each project should be reviewed by envisioning moving through the area as users will, and anticipating every hazard-particularly changes in direction or level of a walkway It is important to consider all directions of travel and the needs of emergency situations, to avoid injury to self during extreme weather conditions
Safety and Security
Security lighting intended to improve visibility within an area for both deterrence and identification to avoid injury by others because it is important what is to be visible and to whom Objects to be illuminated must be clearly identified so surveillance equipment and personnel (for deterrence and for their security) is a must as well as storage yards and fence lines
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Safety and Security
Safety and Security
Consider the recommendations carefully to insure that the correct uniformity ratio (average to minimum or maximum to minimum) is achieved for the application Improve visibility by controlling glare and providing a properly uniform and balanced luminous environment
Improve visibility and crime deterrence
Safety and Security
Reflective surfaces can produce problems from an imbalance of interior and exterior lighting levels for guard facilities, as well as drive-up bank teller windows, or other interior/exterior spaces with security concerns Equal illumination inside and outside will improve visibility for the people inside
Safety and Security
It is important to know what or when to light since excessive light levels at a gateway may make observation of the surrounding fence more difficult Lighting can make a space more public and improve security by increasing the use of the area by making it more inviting
Safety and Security
Designers should evaluate the vertical illuminance at 1.5 m above grade to light faces Important visual information for the surrounding areas is routes of approach, escape and avoidance
Safety and Security
Problem spots such as confined spaces, hidden entrances and exits, which are possible hiding places, should be made as visible as possible so individuals can see approaching persons and evaluate their intent, and know where they can go to avoid a confrontation
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Safety and Security
Illuminate and balance the lighting since overly bright areas can be problematic when people are placed in the spot light with decreased ability to see their own surroundings Uniform lighting, when the contrast between faces and background is moderate (no more than 4 to 1), will make people easier to identify
Safety and Security
Peep hole lighting should provide vertical illumination on the face of people at the door and also the surrounding area for residential entries and possible sites of forced entry to ensure that no one is hiding nearby Motion control devices can be useful for controlling luminaires especially for driveway before people exit a car, or for a back stair as someone approaches Glare should be considered both as deterrent to criminals and a hazard for the residents and should be confined within the property boundary
Safety and Security
Simple solutions such as mirrors on stairs, and closing off or lighting up hiding places, can be most effective for multiple residence facilities To avoid vandalism or damage of the lighting system, making the luminaire, power supply and controls by highlighting the equipment itself can help
Plantings
Landscape plantings spread and increase in girth and height over time unless they are carefully trimmed on a regular basis Information about growth patterns of plantings from local nurseries or agricultural extension services should be known beforehand
Lighting Applications for Visual Performance
Floodlighting Basics Area Lighting Basics Roadways Parking Lots Walkways and Bikeways Sports Facilities Automated Teller Machines
Floodlighting Basics
Light distribution described in degrees of beam spread or NEMA Type Beam spread described in two (2) ways: Beam Angle Field Angle
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Beam Angle (in any plane): The angle between the two directions in the plane in which the intensity is equal to 50% of the maximum beam intensity
Field Angle (in any plane): The angle between the two directions in the plane in which the intensity is equal to 10% of the maximum beam intensity
NEMA or IESNA beam types are determined by field angles Symmetrical floodlights have the same horizontal and vertical beam spread and are classified with one NEMA number Asymmetrical beam spreads have separate horizontal and vertical designations (H, V), with the horizontal value always given first
Symmetrical beam spread
Asymmetrical beam spread
Beam spread should provide the right amount of light in the desired location Typical area lighting layouts will have luminaires mounted at the edge of the area to be lighted Floodlights usually cover a distance up to 3 times the mounting height and are generally aimed 2/3 of the distance across the area to be lighted and at least 30 below horizontal
If the floodlight is aimed at the far side of the area or less than 30 below horizontal, there will be substantial glare and /or spill light If the floodlight is aimed at the near side of the area, the far side will not receive adequate light, and a hot spot will be created near the floodlight location
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Best lateral uniformity is not obtained by the typical quarter point layout, locating identical luminaires evenly spaced with a spacing distance to the edge With such a pattern, the area midway between two luminaires has contributions from both luminaires, while at the edge there is only one luminaire contributing
Illuminance at the edge will be about half that at the midpoint and the luminaires should be spaced so the illuminance at the edge is at least as high as the illuminance at the midpoint between luminaires Typical layout patterns and exact proportions depend on the photometric distribution of the luminaire
Area Lighting Basics
Area lighting refers to the lighting of open level areas with luminaires mounted above grade, typically on poles or buildings Designers will often use similar luminaires throughout the project, with single or multiple luminaires on one pole with the intent of providing sufficient horizontal illuminance at grade, with corresponding uniformity
Applications include: Open parking lots Walkways and bikeways Storage yards Sports facilities Area lighting luminaires are designed to provide a variety of light distributions for different project geometries
Distributions have been classified by IESNA based on the transverse (projection), longitudinal (lateral) and cutoff characteristics of the photometric data Five (5) Basic Classification Types (types I, II, III, IV and V) used to describe the transverse distribution patterns of area luminaires which are shapes based on where the maximum candlepower and the trace of the half-maximum values fall, as measured in units of fixture mounting height Each of these types can have longitudinal classifications of short, medium or long
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These classifications are a general guide that should only be used as a starting point in the fixture selection process as are similar classifications used for floodlighting Photometric distribution classifications according to cutoff characteristics: Full cutoff Cutoff Semi-cutoff Noncutoff
Full Cutoff A luminaires light distribution is designated as full cutoff when the candlepower per 1,000 lamp lumens does not numerically exceed 0 (0%) at or above a vertical angle of 90 above nadir (horizontal) and 100 (10%) at or above a vertical angle of 80 above nadir which applies to any lateral angle around the luminaire
Cutoff A luminaires light distribution is designated as cutoff when the candlepower per 1,000 lamp lumens does not numerically exceed 25 (2.5%) at or above a vertical angle of 90 above nadir (horizontal) and 100 (10%) at or above a vertical angle of 80 above nadir which applies to any lateral angle around the luminaire
Semicutoff A luminaires light distribution is designated as cutoff when the candlepower per 1,000 lamp lumens does not numerically exceed 50 (5%) at or above a vertical angle of 90 above nadir (horizontal) and 100 (10%) at or above a vertical angle of 80 above nadir which applies to any lateral angle around the luminaire
Noncutoff A luminaires light distribution is designated as cutoff when the candlepower per 1,000 lamp lumens does not numerically exceed 50 (5%) at or above a vertical angle of 90 above nadir (horizontal) and 100 (10%) at or above a vertical angle of 80 above nadir which applies to any lateral angle around the luminaire
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Area lighting will often have repetitive patterns, following the project geometry An appropriate combination of lamp lumens, photometric distribution and pole height can provide economical and effective lighting system but mounting location and height restrictions may change the system geometry In addition, shadowing concerns may lead to changes It is important to arrange the luminaire spacing for the best uniformity when using area luminaires
When using more than one pole, pole spacing should be not more than 4 times the mounting height (MH)
Area Lighting Basics Divide the width and length of area by 4x per pole when poles are inside the lighted area or when at the perimeter of the lot, but not at the corners
Lateral spacing should be spaced so the illuminance at the edge is at least as high the illuminance at the midpoint between luminaires It may be desirable to light the edge of an area to a higher level than the middle due to security, shadowing and the expected reflectance in the space In all cases, spill light should be controlled
Roadways
Roadway lighting is one of the most common exterior lighting applications providing for drivers, pedestrians and associated users Some projects are intended solely to provide illumination for vehicles, while other projects are part of an overall streetscape design Even such different projects have common elements The equipment is almost always located in the public right of way and may significantly affect the surrounding areas
Roadways
Roadway users are sometimes affected by lighting in the surrounding areas Issues discussed in the section on obtrusive light are particularly relevant in roadway lighting Prior to 1983, roadway lighting design criteria were based on illuminance values, with associated uniformity criteria, for each roadway and area classifications
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Roadways
Classifications according to the activity in the surrounding areas: Freeway Class A Freeway Class B Expressway Major Collector Local For each classification, the average maintained illuminance and the uniformity ratio for average to minimum were specified
Roadways
Photometric Distribution
Roadways
In 1983, roadway Lighting was revised to include pavement luminance as an alternative design procedure, with an additional criterion of veiling luminance (or glare) This procedure uses a calculation technique that extends the evaluation of the lighting beyond illuminance, light landing on a surface, to include the directional reflectance characteristics of pavement surfaces and the corresponding luminance, light coming off a surface
Roadways
Four types of roadway surfaces are defined, with separate specularity and reflectance characteristics, described in the tables of coefficients provided in RP-8 Concrete roads correspond to R1 surface, and blacktop or asphalt roads to the R3 surface More discussion on the r-tables is available in the current RP-8
Roadways
Roadways
The veiling luminance produced by a roadway lighting system is principally a function of the luminaires photometric distribution, and can be affected somewhat by changing the geometry of the lighting system Luminaires with less light at high angles (between horizontal down to 80 above nadir) will tend to have lower veiling luminance values (i.e. less glare) In general, luminaires with more stringent cutoff will produce less glare and less obtrusive light but may need to be placed closer together, increasing the quantity of luminaires needed
Effect of road surface reflectance on luminance
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Roadways
The basic one-side and opposite arrangements have an obvious luminaire spacing, defined as the distance between luminaires on the same side of the roadway, but the staggered arrangement is sometimes defined differently in manufacturers literature and in other texts The one-side arrangements have one luminaire per spacing, while the staggered and opposite arrangements have two
Roadways
Opposite/staggered luminaire arrangement
Roadways
The geometry of a typical lighting system can be described by a simple set of measurements, assuming that the luminaires are not tilted, which would change the photometrics, and that they are aimed directly across he street Arrangement, spacing, mounting height and overhang/setback distance make up the geometry of the lighting system
Roadways
Additional data required for evaluating a roadway lighting system are the luminaire photometric distribution data, the appropriate lamp lumen value, the light loss factor and, for luminance calculations, the pavement surface type Procedure for evaluating roadway lighting design is described in ANSI/IESNA publication RP-00
Roadways
The illuminance and luminance are both calculated at the positions of a surface grid, using point by point calculation procedures like those described in Module 4, Lighting Calculations Luminance calculation also includes additional steps to convert the illuminance from each luminaire to the corresponding reflected luminance, and to calculate the veiling luminance values associated with each point Average, minimum and maximum values are derived from the values at the grid points, and then used in calculating the uniformity ratios
Roadways
Proper arrangement of poles Single sided left preferred to right for a curve to the right
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Roadways
Proper arrangement of poles Opposite Arrangement preferred to staggered for a curve
Roadways
Once a lighting system meets all the criteria for a design, this typical pattern of the lighting system is then applied to the particular road Projects generally include straight and curved sections and intersections, crosswalks, interchanges, entrances, exits and other conflict areas The designer is responsible for adjusting the typical pattern as needed by the actual situation, so that the requirements of the curves and conflict areas are met by reducing the spacing of the luminaires to provide the appropriate increase in lighting
Roadways
At intersections, the average illuminance should be equal to the sum of the recommended values associated with each road that forms the intersection In some cases, this can be significantly different from the average for one of the roads, and may require an additional adjustment in the vicinity of the intersection, for the sake of uniformity along the roadway It is important that each and every path through conflict areas be considered, to ensure that the lighting system does meet the needs of every intended use
Guidelines to design, construct, and manage safe and energy efficient road lighting systems in the Philippines Was formulated as part of the efforts of DOE and PELMATP to address the barriers to widespread use of energy efficient lighting systems
Parking Lots
Parking lots are areas where vehicles and pedestrians mix so that the lighting system should meet the needs of both groups, and particularly allow them to see each other clearly Classification of parking lots is based on whether the lot is open or enclosed, such as a parking structure, and also on the general activity level For pedestrian security, designers should remember the earlier discussion under security about vertical illuminance at 1.5m above grade
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Parking Lots
It is useful to recognize that this roughly corresponds to the height of vehicles, and that shadowing between vehicles may be a concern While illuminance at grade is specified by the criteria, vertical illuminance at 1.5m above grade is also important For enclosed lots, the luminance of the structure itself is important, and can noticeably affect the quality of the design
Parking Lots
As the quantity and uniformity of illuminance increases on the ceiling, walls and columns of the structure, the vertical and horizontal illumination throughout the space improves which make shadows decrease and visibility better While this does not apply in the same way in open lots, a lighting system can be adjusted to provide suitable vertical and horizontal illumination Increasing mounting heights and decreasing spacing between poles can reduce shadows and improve visibility
Parking Lots
The use of different photometric distributions may help, but care should be taken to control glare Conflict areas in parking lots are vehicle intersections and pedestrian crosswalks and should be illuminated to meet the combined requirements of each pathway For crosswalks, this would mean that the average illuminance is equal to the sum of the values for the roadway and the walkway
Parking Lots
Parking Lots
An evaluation of the design is made through the point by point calculations of direct illuminance from all the luminaires to each point, as discussed in Lighting Calculations The selection of grid points is important To properly model the lighting system performance, the grid must include all of a parking lot and not additional areas
Parking Lots
The spacing of the grid should be sufficiently small, to ensure the calculations will provide accurate average, maximum and minimum values The use of templates, showing the coverage by one luminaire or by a set of luminaires on one pole, with a specific lamp lumen value and mounting height, can be very helpful in designing the pattern Light loss factors should be included when developing templates
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Walkways and Bikeways
Walkways and bikeways can be either a part of or separate from roadways When they are part of the roadway, they should be included in the design for that roadway In either case, the intent is to provide lighting for both navigating the path and seeing the other people on the path
The criteria for walkway and bikeway lighting include average illuminance at grade for typical applications and minimum vertical illuminance at 1.5m above grade for areas with special security considerations which also include a uniformity criterion for both It is important to visit the site for walkway and bikeway projects, to evaluate the surroundings and their lighting level as well as the pathways themselves Safety and security are important in walkways and bikeways, and the additional issues about surroundings, trees, maintenance and vandalism also apply
Sports Facilities
Sporting events are increasingly played and watched at night, outdoors as well as indoors Illumination requirements are increasing, and with this comes the associated problems of glare the need to limit light trespass and color rendering for better visual performance Sportslighting cannot be accomplished by the methods of approximation, but rather requires calculations using sophisticated computer programs
Sports Facilities
Sports Luminaire
Sports Facilities
Rather than dividing competition level into simply amateur and professional, a class of play approach is necessary Classes are based on the skill level of play, as well as the associated number of spectators i.e. the number of spectators is generally proportional to the skill level of the players Sports can be divided into two groups: Aerial sports Ground-level sports
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Sports Facilities
These groups can be subdivided into uni-directional and multi-directional sports Typical aerial sports would be golf (uni-directional) and basketball (multi-directional) or football (multi-directional) Typical ground-level sports would be bowling (uni-directional) and hockey (multi-directional)
Sports Facilities
Night Golf
Sports Facilities
The goal of lighting for sports is to provide an appropriate luminous environment by controlling the luminance of the playing target (e.g., ball) and its background so the target will appear clear and sharp to the players, spectators, and television viewers To achieve this objective, both qualitative and quantitative factors of illumination must be considered Speed of sport, purpose of play, level of skill, capacity of spectators, and requirements of broadcasting determine illuminance criteria Generally, when the visual target must be observed at high speeds and at close rage between players, higher illuminance is needed
Sports Facilities
Higher levels of competition require higher levels of illuminance, as does the resulting requirement of increased speed and accuracy As spectator capacity increases, the average observer is usually farther away from the visual target, so higher illuminance is again needed In the largest of venues, events are often televised, requiring illuminance 1.5 to 2 times higher than that sufficient for play only
Sports Facilities
Along with determining quantity, it is necessary to associate the proper quality of illuminance Quality metrics include: uniformity, glare, contrast, modeling, and flicker The metrics most commonly used as design criteria describe uniformity: maximum-to-minimum (Max/Min) ratio for illuminance values, coefficient of variation (C.V.), and uniformity gradient
Sports Facilities
Coefficient of variation is the ratio of the standard deviation of the illuminances to the mean of the illuminances Uniformity gradient is a measure of the rate of change of illuminance expressed as a ratio between adjacent values on a uniform grid
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Sports Facilities
The most common outdoor installations are baseball (softball), football, soccer and tennis facilities Football fields commonly use four poles ranging in height from 15 to 35m Baseball fields often use shorter poles (due to shorter setback distances and grater quantity of poles) ranging from 12 to 25m
Sports Facilities
Large spectator capacity
Sports Facilities
These poles may have steps attached to them, with a platform structure at the top commonly called a cage, to facilitate maintenance A crossarm system might also been employed, which consists of support arms attached directly to see the pole at varying mounting heights The required minimum mounting height of luminaires is dictated by a formula using setback distance and field width (see discussion in Floodlighting Basics)
Sports Facilities
Pole height is often limited to a height that allows service equipment (bucket trucks) to provide access to the luminaires A sportslighting project should be field verified and evaluated for light trespass limitations more than any other type of lighting installations RP-6 contains information on this topic, and the definitive source for field verification techniques in IESNA LM-5, which explains the methods involved
Sports Facilities
Automated Teller Machines
The need for lighting at Automated Teller Machine (ATM) locations has increased in importance because of the potential crime The issues discussed about security lighting apply (IESNA DG-9-97, Lighting for Automated Teller Machine Specifically it is important to provide sufficient lighting for the visual tasks of operating the ATM and also for the safety of the user Simply highlighting the machine produces a spotlight effect that does not provide user safety or equipment security
Visual comfort for crowds
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Automated Teller Machines
Some states have specific requirements for lighting ATM and the discussion about ordinances and standards would apply
Lighting Applications for Visual Impact
Landscape Building Facades Monuments Signage Retail and Commercial
Lighting Applications for Visual Impact Landscape
Landscape lighting includes softscape (e.g. greenery and plantings) and hardscape (e.g., paths, walls, gazebos, and fountains) One of the most common objectives in lighting is display showing off the softscape and hardscape as desired Visual choreography may be the most important aspect of the project: leading people along paths, enticing them to explore, and highlighting focal points
Lighting Applications for Visual Impact Landscape
Fountain
Landscape
Landscape lighting should always include provisions for safety and security and glare should be avoided Pathways should be visible and any changes in level or direction made evident but just lighting pathway may not be sufficient The surroundings should appropriately illuminated to create a visibility zone around individuals to produce a sense of security
Building Facades
Faade lighting creates the nighttime image of a building, while disappearing during the daytime The lighting can reinforce the architectural pattern that is visible in the daytime, or produce a dramatic contrast The first issue in faade lighting is identifying what should be lighted and by corollary what should not be lighted
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Building Facades
Building Facades
Direction and source color can dramatically alter the effect of the lighting, and the brightness of illuminated areas should be appropriate for the surroundings Glare at building entries and exits and along pathways must be controlled Faade lighting should not detract from the basic safety and security provided by the facilitys lighting, with consideration for the potential glare inside the building
Building Facades
Building Facades
Maintenance deserves particular attention, since the buildings appearance may be especially sensitive to performance or maintenance A well maintained wall wash lighting produces a very different image from one with burned out lamps Access and scheduling should be reviewed-servicing fountain lights is much easier when the fountain is drained, and hard to reach floodlights should be group relamped before burnouts degrade the appearance
To create ambiance
Monuments
Lighting monuments can be considered similar to floodlighting or faade lighting, but typically on a smaller scale (although not always, as in the case of the Statue of Liberty), same issues apply but some particular concerns should be addressed Source color may be very important in rendering monuments The material and finish of the monument should be considered, and producing a mock-up may be helpful
Monuments
Monuments are often accessible by pedestrians, and the selection and location of equipment should anticipate this Equipment that would be suitable for other locations may not be suitable where pedestrians walk and snow is cleared The same uplight that boldly highlights the monument when seen from a distance may produce excessive glare when someone tries to read an inscription on the monument
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Monuments
Monuments
Multiple luminaires should be used where vandalism is a concern This reduces the effect of burnouts and makes the entire location more visible and less susceptible to vandalism
Emphasize the character
Signage
Signage is a very common exterior lighting project, from roadway information to commercial signage, with both external and internal lighting are used for signs The most important issue is the relative luminance of the sign in comparison to its surroundings Source color may be important, to render the sign and to improve its visibility
Signage
Signage
Spill light, glare and maintenance are again concerns, for either internally or externally lighted signs Lighting that spotlights one side of a sign may also produce excessive glare when viewed from another direction
Retail and Commercial
Many businesses have exterior lighting as part of a commercial or retail facility These can range from car dealerships to drive-up stores to miniature golf courses With this wide range of applications, the specific issues for each business are beyond this module
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Typically, each project can be sub-divided into pieces that are recognizable lighting tasks, such as display lighting, roadway lighting, or sports lighting General issues discussed in this module still apply, in particular spill light, ordinances and standards may be relevant Every facility is likely to have pathways, entrances and signage
While security is important issue for businesses, business owners should be encouraged to turn off lighting after hours, leaving on only what is necessary for security This concept is sometimes difficult to implement, if the same lighting system is used for highlighting and providing security for the merchandise Energy management programs and, in some jurisdictions, lighting ordinances and standards, may require that the light levels be reduced during certain period of the night
Control strategies play an important role in the performance of security systems- simply switching off every other luminaire can create shadows and dark spots, while also complicating any maintenance scheduling
Computer-Aided Lighting Calculations

A wide variety of computer programs are available from lighting manufacturers to perform interior and exterior lighting calculations Some programs are very simple, while others are complex and can even interface with computer - a ided design

The following is a list of some of the software available but are not intended as a substitute for creating design but as an aid to the design process
General Electric Philippines
A GE Lighting Application Design and Analysis (ALADAN) EUROPIC
OSRAM Philippines
DiaLux Light@work
Philips Lighting and Electronics

CalcuLux
FUMACO Incorporated
RELUX 1 (Version 2.4 and 3.0) DiaLux
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PHILIPS Calculux Program
Indoor Area Road

Indoor
Calculux Indoor is a software tool which can help lighting designers select and evaluate lighting systems for office and industrial applications Speed, ease of use and versatility are features of the package from Philips Lighting, which runs under the Microsoft Windows operating system Calculux Indoor is part of the Philips Calculux line, covering indoor, area and road applications

What Calculux Indoor does
Calculux is a very flexible system which offers lighting designers a wide range of options: You can use the package to simulate real lighting situations and analyse different lighting installations until you find the solutions which suits your technical as well as your financial and aesthetic requirements best Calculux not only uses luminaires from an extensive Philips database, but can also use photometric data which is stored in the Philips Phillum external format Simple menus, logical dialogue boxes and a step by step approach help you to find the most efficient and cost-effective solutions for your lighting applications

What you can do with Calculux Indoor
Perform lighting calculations (including direct, indirect, total and average illuminance) within orthogonal rooms Predict financial implications including energy, investment, lamp and maintenance costs for different luminaire arrangements Select luminaires from an extensive Philips database or from specially formatted files for luminaires from other suppliers Specify room dimensions, luminaire types, maintenance factors, interreflection accuracy, calculation grids and calculation

What you can do with Calculux Indoor
Compile reports displaying results in text and graphical formats Support Switching modes and Light regulation factors Support multiple languages

Sample Indoor Project
After installing the Calculux program in your PC, create an indoor lighting project by entering general project data, specify a room, perform a calculation and print a report Example: General lighting for an office given the following room dimensions: Width 3.5 m Length 5.6 Height 2.7 m
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Select Project Luminaires from the Data menu Select Indoor Lighting Select the housing and light distributor of the luminaire Housing TBS 600/135 Light Distributor C7-60 Select Arranged Luminaires from the Data menu Click Add and select Room Block In the UF Method box you can see that 3.5 luminaires is sufficient for the requested illuminance level of 300 lux as general lighting

Click Generate A Room Block arrangement of 4 luminaires will be generated In the Definition box enter the name of the arrangement, enter: Name General Define a (calculation) grid Before a calculation can be performed a (calculation) grid has to be defined You can define your own grid, define a grid according to a rule or use a preset grid

Select Grids from the Data menu Perform a calculation Select Show Results from the Calculation menu The calculation will be performed Printing the report Select Print Report from the File menu Saving the project Select Save from the File menu Enter the file name Click OK to save the project Select Exit from the File menu to close the program

Sample printouts of the program


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Area
Calculux Area is a software tool which can help lighting designers select and evaluate lighting systems for sports fields, parking places, areas for general use, industrial applications and even road lighting calculations. Calculux Area is part of the Philips Calculux line, covering indoor, area and road applications Same principles and procedures apply as when using Calculux Indoor

Road
Calculux Road is a software tool which can help lighting designers select and evaluate lighting systems for road lighting installations Calculux Road is part of the Philips Calculux line, covering indoor, area and road applications Same principles and procedures apply as when using Calculux Indoor and Calculux Area

OSRAM DiaLux Program
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OSRAM DIALux Program
Calculates the light exchange between luminaires and any other surfaces (direct lighting) and the light exchange between illuminated surfaces (indirect lighting) Lighting from the sky (daylight) or direct sunlight can also be calculated Calculation based on the radiosity method

Advanced Lighting Programs
Capable of extreme accuracy in spaces of complex geometry Most generate high quality semi-photorealistic images depicting interior and exterior lighting, including daylight
Radiosity Ray-tracing programs
Some programs combine the computational speed of radiosity with the accuracy and realism of ray tracing

Radiosity
Advanced radiosity programs have greater capabilities than basic programs, including: Analysis of rooms of any shape Rooms can have sloping and complex ceilings Realistic objects in space Faster execution time Much more realistic renderings

Ray-tracing programs
Much less common since it requires more computer time, data entry time and operator expertise Produce superior visual results making them worth the time and expense for critical lighting designs and evaluations Capable of demonstrating effects and issues caused by specular surfaces and are the only programs that render highlights, such as reflections in polished surfaces or glass Display lighted rooms in full color with accurate light patterns on room surfaces and partitions, and realistic shadows from realistic furniture

Some programs, such as Lightscape, use radiosity for calculations then add a ray-tracing layer for realism of specular reflections and highlights

Other Lighting Software Programs
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Lighting Cost
Installation Costs (Initial or First Costs) Financing Costs Design and Management Costs Energy Costs Maintenance Costs Human Factors Environmental Benefits (Externalities)
Lighting Cost
Installation Costs
Also called as initial costs or first costs, are all the costs to purchase and install a fully functioning system in a building, including:
Equipment Cost Labor to Install Equipment Labor to Commission Discounts
Lighting Cost
Installation Costs
Equipment Cost
Includes distributors and contractors mark-up, and shipping charges
Lighting Cost
Installation Costs
Labor to Commission
Include training of building employees in proper operation of the system Any project involving moving parts or adjustable settings needs to be commissioned on-site to be sure that it is functioning as intended Commissioning costs should be included in any budget allowance
Labor to Install Equipment

Includes placement, wiring, cleaning and contractors markup Reduction in wiring and installation costs can often counterbalance more expensive equipment
Lighting Cost
Installation Costs
Discounts
Include rebates or incentive payments and should also be factored into installation costs Utility companies have often tried to encourage the installation of more efficient systems by helping to buy down the installation cost with incentive payments or rebates to the building owner Check current program rules and availability with local utility representative if such incentives will be available for a given project
Lighting Cost
Financing Costs
Increase in initial cost or extension of the construction finance period multiplies the final cost of a project Financing costs can easily equal or exceed the installation costs of a project For private sector projects, managers should try to take advantage of the reduced operation costs and improvement in overall building value of a new lighting installation to help leverage the financing limits for a project
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Lighting Cost
Financing Costs
Banks typically determine their financing allowance based on expected income from tenants, less all operating costs, times a capitalization rate Energy Savings Companies (ESCOs) finances lighting renovation projects through energy cost sharing to help large institutions and governments by taking a share of the energy savings Governments created a new form of contracting called energy services performance contracting (ESPC) to take advantage of this financing form
Lighting Cost
Design and Management Costs
Professional design services add to a projects real cost, as does the time to manage those design services An experienced and qualified practitioner knows how to optimize a lighting system for the owners needs and can greatly improve the economic value of a project
Lighting Cost
Design and Management Costs
Lighting design practitioners who are asked to perform careful economic analyses or create alternative scenarios for comparison will expect to be paid for additional services and should be included in preparing the total project cost Building owners prefer making quick, well-informed decisions rather than spending a great deal of time considering alternatives and approving design changes and usually hire certified lighting designers and professionals
Lighting Cost
Energy Costs
Full assessment of energy costs include:
Per-unit energy charges Demand charges Fixed charges Escalation rates Discounts and other benefits
Lighting Cost
Energy Costs
Per-unit energy charges
Most lighting energy analysis assumed an average cost per kilowatt hour using this simple equation:
Energy cost /year = connected load in kilowatts x hours of operation/year x Electricity price/kWh
Lighting Cost
Energy Costs
Demand Charges
Demand impacts include when particular watts are used, by season or time of day, and how lighting loads relate to other loads in the building since peak demand charges can become more costly than overall per unit energy charges Such an analysis requires more information and usually employs a program that can simulate building energy use hour by hour
Per-unit energy charges become more complex when they vary by time of use of different systems and the load profile for the building and should be included in order to fully understand cost savings due to energy efficiency measures
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Lighting Cost
Energy Costs
Demand Charges
Demand savings are also rarely certain, and difficult to attribute to one building system over another Using photocontrols in conjunction with daylighting offer considerable opportunities to reduce peak lighting demand but works out in a case-by-case basis
Lighting Cost
Energy Costs
Fixed Charges
Utility companies shift more of the cost of providing electricity to fixed charges per customer such as connection charges, variable time-of-day rates, fixed monthly charges, peak use surcharges, transmission charges, distribution charges, etc. Minimizing the advertised cost of electricity per hour makes the incremental value of energy savings seem significant
Lighting Cost
Energy Costs
Escalation Rates
Since energy prices are expected to rise in the future, the value of current energy savings also increases To simplify and standardized life cycle cost analysis, escalation rates are usually predicted for energy escalation rates by fuels type but deregulation makes these prediction les certain
Lighting Cost
Energy Costs
Discounts and Other Benefits
Deregulation promises building owners more options in fee structures but allows the price of energy to float with the open market making the time value of energy savings even more unpredictable Free phone services based on energy bills or an initial discount on energy rates for the first year are some of the come ons used by utilities to lure customers, but building managers should carefully analyze their billing structure in order to understand the relationship between energy use and energy cost to take advantage of these options
Lighting Cost
Maintenance Costs
The cost of maintaining a lighting system include:
Routine maintenance, such as cleaning luminaires, troubleshooting systems, spot on replacement of early failures, including both labor and equipment costs Scheduled group replacement, including labor and equipment costs Stocking cost to warehouse parts, or order as needed Disposal costs for lamps and ballasts
Lighting Cost
Maintenance Costs
Labor and equipment costs should be included in any comparison between system options since it will escalate over time Maintenance costs are periodic and a life cycle cost analysis is the most sensitive approach to evaluate its impact
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Lighting Cost
Maintenance Costs
Lighting maintenance costs will be reduced by:
Reducing the number of luminaires and variety of components per facility Extending the systems life Improving the systems reliability Increasing the accessibility and simplicity of the system Improving the cleanliness or airtightness of a system so that theres less dirt accumulation
Lighting Cost
Maintenance Costs
Making the system more environmentally benign so that disposal and liability costs are reduced
Lighting Cost
Human Factors
The ideal economic analysis would include human factors in the costs and benefits of different lighting systems Productivity benefits are very difficult to quantify in terms of monetary savings Numerous studies showed that lighting conditions affect user performance, be it students or factory workers, on various tasks
Lighting Cost
Human Factors
Business Costs vs. Business Operating Costs
Lighting Cost
Human Factors
Clearly, productivity impacts are vastly more important than energy savings, but if a lighting system causes any loss in productivity the impacts are just great so it is an excellent argument for investing in professional design services to ensure that lighting installations truly optimize conditions for workers
Lighting Cost
Environmental Impacts
Environmental impacts that are not charged directly to a building owner are also very difficult to include in an economic analysis While most business owners may have good intentions to help the environment, these intentions are likely to be dropped unless they can be included in the bottom line equation
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Lighting Cost
Environmental labeling programs attempt to make environmental benefits more tangible by providing a business owner with a third-party evaluation that they have achieved a real reduction in environmental impacts Labeling programs also offer an opportunity for marketing and advertising benefits that may improve the bottom line
Lighting Cost
The US EPAs Energy Star Buildings program, the US Green Building Councils LEED labeling system, and various other green or sustainable building rating programs are all efforts to increase the value of environmentally sensitive buildings
Lighting Cost
An alternative approach adopted by some government agencies is a policy allowing a blanket environmental multiplier, on the order of 10%, to the annual value of any energy savings to account for various externalities like a reduction in acid rain or smog generation due to power plants
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