BIPOLAR MOTOR DRIVER:L293D is a bipolar motor driver IC.

This is a high voltage, high current pushpull four channel driver compatible to TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads. It has 600 mA output current capability per channel and internal clamp diodes. The L293 is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of upto 1 A at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. The L293D is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 600-mA at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. Both devices are designed to drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, dc and bipolar stepping motors, as well as other high-current/high-voltage loads in positive supply applications. All inputs are TTL compatible. Each output is a complete totem-pole drive circuit, with a Darlington transistor sink and a pseudoDarlington source. Drivers are enabled in pairs, with drivers 1 and 2 enabled by 1,2EN and drivers 3 and 4 enabled by 3,4EN. When an enable input is high, the associated drivers are enabled, and their outputs are active and in phase with their inputs. When the enable input is low, those drivers are disabled, and their outputs are off and in the high-impedance state. With the proper data inputs, each pair of drivers forms a full-H (or bridge) reversible drive suitable for solenoid or motor applications.

PIN DIAGRAM OF L293D:-

VCC1- LOGIC SUPPLY= 5V

16 1 2 15 7 9 10 4 5

8 3 14
L293D

L_IN1 L_IN2
INPUT LINES

LM+ LM-

OUTPUT FOR MOTOR1

L_EN

R_IN1 R_IN2 R_EN

6 11 12 13
GND

RM+ RM-

OUTPUT FOR MOTOR2

PIN DIAGRAM OF L293D

The Device is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current four channel driver designed to accept standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads (such as relays solenoides, DC and stepping motors) and switching power transistors. To simplify use as two bridges each pair of channels is equipped with an enable input. A separate supply input is provided for the logic, allowing operation at a lower voltage and internal clamp diodes are included. This device is suitable for use in switching applications at frequencies up to 5 kHz.

MAX 232 IC: GENERAL DESCRIPTION Since RS 232 is not compatible with todays microprocessors and microcontrollers, we need line drivers to convert the RS 232s signals to the TTL voltage levels that will be acceptable to the microcontrollers TxD and RxD pins. The HIN232-HIN241 family of RS-232 transmitters/receivers interface circuits meets all ElA RS-232E specifications and is particularly suited for those applications where 12V is not available. They require a single +5V power supply and features onboard charge pump voltage converters which generate +10V and -10V supplies from the 5V supply. The family of devices offers a wide variety of RS 232 transmitter/receiver combinations to accommodate various applications. The drivers feature true TTL/CMOS input compatibility. The receivers can handle up to 30V and have 3k

Pin diagram of MAX 232 IC. The MAX 232 has two sets of line divers for transferring and receiving data as shown in figure 4. The line divers used for TxD are called T1 and T2, while the line drivers used for RxD are designated as R1 and R2. In many applications only one of each is used. FEATURES Meets All RS-232E Specifications Requires Only Single +5V Power Supply High Data Rate Up To 120kbps Onboard Voltage Doubler / Inverter Low Power Consumption

Low Power Shutdown Function Multiple Drivers 10V Output Swing for 5V input TTL/CMOS Compatible Multiple Receivers 30V Input Voltage Range

APPLICATION The HIN2XX may be used for all RS-232 data terminal and communication links. It is particularly useful in applications where 12V power supplies are not available for conventional RS-232 interface circuits. In serial port SBUF register is used which physically two different register is having same name and same address. In data byte start and stop bits are added. This is called framing. We are using 9600 baud rate right now. To set this rate we use timer 1. As our microcontroller P89V51RD2 divides the crystal frequency by 12. We get machine cycle frequency of 921.6 kHz. UART which is in-build here divides this by 32 and then used by timer 1 to set baud rate. So 921.6 kHz divide by 32 gives 28,800 Hz. Now to get 9600 we need to divide by 3. So load timer registers by FD in TH1 and use timer1 in auto-reload mode. Now SBUF register used for only serial communication and byte of data to be transferred via TXD line, placed in SBUF. Similarly SBUF holds byte of data when it is received by controllers RXD line. SCON register is used to program start bit, stop bit and data bits of data framing.

SCON Register:

We use mode 1 here. In this mode data bits are 8, 1 stop bit, 1 start bit. SM0 and SM1 for mode select. REN is for receiver enable. TI is set when transmission for 8 bits are done. Similar to TI, RI is set when transmission for 8 bits are done. So we need to pole it continuously after set timer and communication conditions. Other application in MAX 232 required is as follows:

Any System Requiring RS-232 Communication Ports Computer - Portable, Mainframe, Laptop Peripheral - Printers and Terminals Instrumentation Modems