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Indian Journal of Air Pollution Control Vol. IX No.

1 March 2009 pp130-136

Report & Recommendations of the Workshop


“Evolving Strategy for Improving Air Quality in Indian Cities”
Held on Wednesday 1st Oct., 2008
At Council Hall, CRRI Campus, New Delhi,
.

Report
The workshop was organized in collaboration with CPCB, CRRI, Envirotech and Italian Embassy. In
the workshop besides the Indian participants, foreign experts from Venice (Italy) and Brisbane
(Australia) had also presented their case studies. Dr Bhure Lal, Chairman Environmental Protection
and Pollution Control Authority graced the occasion as Chief Guest. During the deliberations he gave
his views on the subject and answered questioned put forward by the delegates.
After the brief inauguration and welcome of the delegates, the first technical talk in the day long
workshop was made by Professor Tullio Cigni of the IUAV University, Venice, Italy. The subject of
his talk was “Town Planning Strategies to Reduce Air Pollution – European Guidelines, Approaches,
Experience and Experiments.”
He started with the statement that in the conflict between man and nature for the last two
centuries, man has proved to be more destructive than nature. It is all due to population explosion.
Mankind had taken two million years to reach the first billion inhabitants in 1830, it had taken 100
years to reach the second billion, 30 years to reach the third, 15 years to reach the fourth, 12 years to
reach the fifth, just 10 years to reach the sixth billion in 1997, and it is expected to grow up to 11
billion inhabitants by the middle of this century. The corresponding growth of metropolis is as
uncontainable as the growth of population. All these together with the uncontainable consumer force,
result into devastating impacts on ecosystems and on un-governability of the shape and the growth of
towns.
In the above context, He quoted Professor P.J. Crutzen, the Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry
in 1995, who had remarked: “Over the latest century, the population of the world has increased four
fold, water is being used 9-times as much, fishing and industrial production have grown 40 times as
much, and electricity has been used 10 times more than over the latest millennium.”
The problems of urban areas can be thus summed up in the following 7 criticalities:
1. The Demographic Crisis
2. The Urban Crisis
3. The Ecological Crisis – Here in it is the toxic wastes, water pollution & land pollution due to
chemical fertilizers & pesticides, air pollution, car emissions, buildings, roads, depletion of
tropical forests, increase in carbon dioxide level and depletion of ozone layer, that tend to cause a
destructive impact on the ecosystems.
4. Energy Crisis – It is caused by the unbalanced use of energy. It has been seen that 15% of the
world’s developed population consumes 85% of energy resources.
5. The Crisis of Primary Sector – In this world of ours 1,300,000,000 people are estimated to be so
poor that they are not able to satisfy their primary needs of food and shelter.
6. The Crisis of Infra-structure – Expansion of urban areas coupled with the time wasted on
commuting and high expense of fuels etc., entails a continuous growth of road systems and other
facilities.
7. The Crisis of Town Planning – In town planning the role of politics and institutions comes as
change of engines. In this context he quoted Mahatma Gandhi, who has remarked: “In
democracy no event escapes from politics.” It is because the politicians have the power to make
the planning choices. Even though town planners prepare designs and outline possible options
and costs and benefits for all the options, never the less the final decision always lies with the
political power.

European Guidelines
The above stated criticalities are responsible for the emission of green house gases which ultimately
lead to Global Climatic Changes. Kyoto Protocol binds the most developed countries responsible for
70% emissions of green house gases to reduce 5.2% of their emission in comparison with the 1990
data by 2008/2012. As per this ‘The European Environmental Council of Ministers’ has decided to
keep on reducing green house gases even above the minimum target set by Kyoto agreement in order
to get a 20% reduction of emission by 2020. Keeping this guideline in view, Italy has issued her
guidelines for a 6.5% reduction of the emission of green house gases corresponding to 90 million ton
equivalent CO2.
The crucial point however is ‘How to involve the emergent economies of India and China.’ It
has been calculated that in less than 5 years, the increase of green house gases from China only will
be higher than the current one from USA. Most of the industrialized countries are for the reduction of
emission according to percentages starting from some date, developing countries, however, would
like different criteria in order not to be further disadvantaged remaining in a state of permanent
backwardness.
In the light of the above events/discussions, he stated the analyses of the problems of the
future developments as per Stern’s Report. In this report it is made out that as per Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): ‘we already possess the technologies and instruments to reach a
substantial reduction of CO2 in a reasonable gap of time’. The interventions are:
1. The diversification of energy sources, augmenting the use of renewable sources, of hydrogen and
of biomass in place of fossil sources.
2. The rationalization of the final usage of energy in the industrial sector
3. The reduction of consumption of energy in the civilian sector
4. The reduction of environmental impact in the transport sector (use of bio-combustibles,
hydrogen, railway transportation and sea freight instead of road haulage, optimization of transfer
of people and goods).

He discussed the design features of the energy efficient buildings. These combined technological
innovations with tradition to provide indoor comfort with improved performance in terms of energy
and light transmission, and thermal and acoustic insulation. It may be remembered that product
innovation is fundamental to maintaining industry competitiveness. Examples of innovative materials
of particular pertinence to the construction industry are natural composites, naturally water repellant
materials, thermo-regulating materials, flexible photovoltaic films, thermally conducting polymers
and metallic foams etc.
A very recent innovation is the introduction of phase change materials (PCM). These materials use
certain salts or paraffin whose change of state in the presence of heat, from solid to liquid or solid to
gel, causes delayed heat transmission, as a result insulation no longer depends exclusively on the
thermal inertia afforded by the mass of building components. The advent of PCM will transform
buildings from passive to reactive entities, since heat can be distributed as required on the basis of
external conditions and internal comfort requirements without adding to the weight and volume of
structural components.
Another recent innovation is Double Envelope System. It is an external covering made up of two
diaphragms one of which is a glazed surface that provides a range of complementary functions. A key
feature of these systems is that the all important control functions, although complex, are ensured by
simple high performance mechanisms not requiring the use of artificial energy.
We are thus coming across a new series of different products using diverse forms and technologies
that are more suitable to meet the wide range of different climatic, cultural and economic conditions.

The second speaker was Dr A. Benassi again from Venice, Italy. The title of his talk was “Beyond Air
Quality riteria: Real Cases and Applications, the Present and the Future in European Union – Italian
Legislation.” He started his talk by naming the various EU directives and the respective pollutants for
air quality assessment. As per these directives the various pollutants are SO2, NOx, PM10, Pb, CO,
Benzene, Ozone, Benzo-pyrene as a PAH marker, As, Cd, Ni, Hg, Evaluation of PM2.5 levels. Then he
presented the levels of pollution in respect of NO2, PM10, Ozone in the various countries of Europe.
He made out that pollution in the PO Valley deserves a special mention since it represents a particular
zone of Europe with significant problems of air pollution. Pollution here is due to environmental
causes (Morphology i.e., semi-closed valley, Meteorological-climatic conditions like frequent winter
thermal inversions), and Anthropogenic causes (high level of urbanization, abundance of production

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settlements). He described in detail the air quality assessment tools used here. In this respect emission
inventory is of particular importance since it helps to describe emission situation by bringing into
focus the weight of singular sources into the air quality scenario and thus to manage air quality.
He stated that wood combustion in Italy is an unsuspecting protagonist. Results of model simulations
when compared with monitoring data outline a general over-estimation of Benzene and under-
estimation of PM10 levels. Suggesting various modes of reduction of pollutants, he made out that the
final goal of the various actions of air quality protection shall be economic sustainability linked
through Plan Actions. He informed that traffic restrictions alone bring about a 50% reduction in
benzene emission and 20-30% primary PM10 reduction.
He also gave the details of the PARFUM Project, which is concerned with the impact of traffic on the
urban environment focused on PM10 and PM2.5 emissions. This project was applied in PADUA
(Veneto). Another Action Plan he described in details was SIMAGE Structure for Venice. Venice city
is in the proximity of Porto Marghera which is quite a unique complex integrated chemical site
located inside Venice Lagoon, a very sensible environmental area. At Porto Marghera many plants are
tightly tied together for raw materials/products, utilities, storage areas, services etc. It is a highly
populated industrial zone. The SIMAGE system consists of air quality monitoring network,
management structure and communication network. The various equipments/instruments used were
displayed with the instruction that it is simpler to buy instruments than to make them working well
for your purposes. In his talk he gave details of monitoring systems, air quality assessment tools,
emission inventory and Actions for road transport.

The next speaker was Dr David Wain-wright from Australia. His topic was “Clean and Healthy Air
for Brisbane: A Case Study for Managing Air quality.” Giving information about Brisbane, its
climate, location, industrial structure etc., he presented its SEQ emission inventory. His findings
were:
1. Motor vehicles are the main source of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide in the region (45%);
2. Biogenic emissions are the major source of volatile organic compounds (20%);
3. Vegetation burning contributes the most emissions of particulates as PM10 to the region (15%);
4. Industry is the major emitter of SO2 in the region (10%);
5. Area based and other mobile units contribute another 10%.

The following steps were suggested to improve the air quality:


• Traffic flow made smooth by reducing stop-start points and removing congestion as for as
possible.
• Vehicles should be maintained better. For this vehicle testing programmes may be launched.
• Burn cleaner fuels. They have lower emissions.
• Tighten emission standards especially for new vehicles.
• Encourage more public transport for mass movement.
• Manage a control on burning activities to minimize impact on populated areas.
• Encourage industries to adopt cleaner production and appropriate best activities.
• Adopt integrated air quality management across SEQ.
The advantages from the above activities in terms of reduction of pollutants were discussed.

The next speaker was Dr S. Guttikunda from Delhi, India. He spoke on the topic “Three
Causes, One Consequence: AQM in Ulaanbaatar, Hanoi and Hyderabad.” He discussed the causes of
air pollution due to residential, industrial and transport sources in all the three cities and came to the
same conclusion for all of them.
At the outset he stated that cities as well as population are growing at a very fast pace. The
problems of the cities are Energy Demand, Industries, Waste Disposal, Transport and Domestic
Emissions. The solutions are Renewable Sources, Efficiency, Management, Buses/NMT and Clean
Fuels. He talked about 3 Ds of AQM – Dispersion Modeling, Dialogue among Stake holders, and
Decision Making. Act sooner with informed decision making in terms of environmental, social and
economic benefits. The goal should always be to reduce pollution below standard, cost effectively

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and fast. He studied the problems of pollution in three cities with three sources of pollution. The
following are his studies:

Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia:
Here dispersion in the winter season is a problem. The sources of emissions are Fly ash from power
plants, Garbage burning, Brick industry, Fugitive dust, Traffic, Households (cooking and heating).
PM10 emissions are @98.5 ktons (annual).

Hanoi, Vietnam:
Pollution sources are large Industry, Domestic, Coal Mining, Power plants and Transport vehicles.
NOx and SO2 are approximately two times the standard. PM10 emissions are @23.5 ktons (annual).
Hyderabad, India:
PM10 emissions here due to the various sources are @30.5 ktons (annual).

The steps taken to reduce emissions were discussed.

The next speaker was Dr B. Sengupta of CPCB. His subject was “Strategies for Improving Air
quality in Indian Cities.” He discussed Action Plan under the heads Air Quality Concerns, Current
Status of AQM, Air Quality Trends, Thrust Areas, and Way forward. Under the Air quality concern
were the metro cities/urban areas, critical/polluted areas, and rural areas. Assessment of air quality is
being carried out in these areas through monitoring, emission inventory, source apportionment,
pollution exposure and health impacts. As control strategies, city specific AQM action plans are being
carried out in cities of Kolkata, Bangalore, Ahmedabad and Hyderabad. Epidemiological studies are
being conducted in Delhi. For improvement of air quality new air quality standards have been
developed. He ended his talk by citing certain conclusions of his studies and conclusions.

Professor Dr G.D. Agrawal was the next speaker. He spoke on the subject “Developing Strategies
for Management of Ambient Air Quality of Indian Cities”. He drew attention to the fact that air
quality is being poorly managed in the small-scale industrial sector which can be a big factor for the
deteriorating air quality in Indian cities. The small scale industries give rise to mixed land use pattern
everywhere, whereby it is difficult to distinguish between the area classifications for the application
of air quality standards. It is thus very much desirable that we should do away with the area
classification of air quality standards. The same standard should be applicable for residents of all
areas. To work out the standard to be applied, developing good statistical data and relationship
between air quality and health risks has to be a key step in the air quality management strategy.
He told that as a result of the various steps adopted to control pollution due to motor vehicles,
analysis of the monitoring data at Delhi and Bangalore shows that SO2 has shown definite decline, but
there is hardly any effect on PM10 and NOx, rather NOx seems to be steadily increasing. It is thus
necessary to develop proper Ambient Air Quality management strategies for each individual city /
habitat based on its practical scenario of existing air quality. The following are the necessary steps:
1. Clear identification and delineation of the problem of poor air quality based on impacts,
comparison with standards and/or experience.
2. A reconnaissance monitoring to identify the most likely sources and/or mechanisms and
phenomena that could be causing the problem.
3. A technical appraisal of the identified priority/critical sources or mechanisms to look for various
control options.
4. Selecting the best or most preferred options and drawing up detailed action plans accordingly.

The above will require an in depth analysis. The example of Delhi was taken to elucidate this point.
We know that NO2 is on the increase year after year in Delhi. The sources identified are diesel
vehicles and D.G. sets. Two-way catalytic converter is the answer to reduce NO2. Other problems
faced are of RSPM and PM10. For RSPM the source appears to be primarily secondary particles
formed from emissions again from diesel vehicles, D.G. sets and other internal combustion engines.
The solution is again the same i.e. the use 2-way catalytic converters. High SPM concentrations can

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be, however, due to bad road conditions. The solution lies in better maintenance of road surfaces
especially in industrial and commercial areas where vehicle movement is very high.

The next speaker was Dr Anuradha Shukla from CRRI, Delhi. The topic was “Transport and Air
Quality in Delhi: Characterization of Real World on Road Vehicular Emissions under Dynamic Urban
Conditions.” She stated that growing urbanization and faster motorization are the two main causes of
air pollution in urban areas. Although in the recent past various vehicular pollution control measures
have been taken in Delhi, however, the increase in the number of vehicles over the years have out-
matched the decrease in pollution due to the various measures adopted so far.
According to her the solution lies in the improved understanding of the underlying emission
mechanisms. This can help at traffic planning stage to assess environmental impacts and in the design
of more efficient air quality management methods. Existing planning tools do not adequately
represent the variables and transient nature of pollutant emission rates from vehicles. A real world
Emission Inventory is needed under actual and local conditions describing the effect of infra-
structure, vehicle technology, behaviour and ambient conditions on pollution emission.
It was informed that higher acceleration produces higher emissions, and moderate acceleration
reduces emissions. Other factors that affect emissions are aggressiveness, vehicle load, road grade, air
conditioning use etc. There are emission hot spots in all cities. These are locations of higher than
average emission. These hot spots are typically associated with a signalized intersection. Fine
particulates are higher for the CNG vehicles, while TSP is the highest for diesel vehicles.

Rakesh Agrawal of Envirotech presented “Analysis of Air Quality Data from CAAQMS,
Hyderabad”. He started by describing the structure of the Online System installed there, its data
capacity and analysis of data obtained during the last two years. He informed that concentrations of
PM10 and PM2.5 are far beyond the specified standards. The following was his specific analytical
information:
• A built of pollutants occurs during winter nights.
• Data shows a clear correlation with Met Parameters.
• Temporal variations indicate that pollutants are from traffic based sources.
• Concentration of CO is generally within standard limits, but sometimes it is far more than it.
• Concentration of NO2 is just at the critical level.
• Concentration of Benzene is a little higher than the prescribed standard.
• Ozone level is tolerable.

In the end he enumerated the steps required to ensure good data capture performance. He emphasized
that an air quality monitoring station is incomplete without Met Data for at least wind speed, wind
direction, temperature and rainfall.

The last lecture was by Professor Dr Mukesh Sharma of IIT Kanpur. His topic was “Bad Air
Quality: Do not be Freightened. Do Something about it. (A Composite Solution).” He presented a
comparative study of pollution and polluting sources in the cities of Delhi and Kanpur. Pollution load
in Kanpur is one-fifth of that in Delhi. Vehicles are far more in Delhi compared to Kanpur. Kanpur
has far more silt load on GT road than anywhere in Bangkok or California. The problem in the Indian
cities is due to indiscipline on road, attitude, encroachments and congestion.
Technological interventions, science application, Modeling and Planning can help reduce pollution.
At present CNG is the hope, however, it may be remembered that diluted use produces 10 times more
particulates. All fractions of EC (Elemental carbon) and OC (Organic Carbon) are less in CNG
exhaust. Air Quality model, Emission model, Meteorology model, Emission inventories and Control
Strategy development are the solutions. He finished his talk by summing up the Recommendations of
the workshop.
Recommendations

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The following options / responsibilities came out for a follow up action to improve air quality of
Indian cities.

1. Non-Engineering – Management Options/Responsibilities

• Investment should necessarily be made in Environmental Education for both Young and Adults.
• Enforcement of Civil Regulations may be made with stringency. In this respect Encroachment
Prevention can go a long way to control pollution.
• Traffic Management plays a major role to reduce pollution. It may be modernized keeping an eye
on the local conditions. Movement of cycle rickshaws may be adopted with dignity and due
returns. Only trained operators may be allowed to drive cycle rickshaws.
• Road maintenance and road drainage is a must.
• Steps may be taken to decongest the congested areas. It can be achieved by moving whole sale
markets to the outskirt areas of the city. Super markets must not be allowed to operate in
congested areas. It should be watched that super markets should have enough parking space and
at the same time they should be well connected with public modes of transport.
• Delineate low emission zones to keep these areas clean.
• For the above management options, the Municipality and the Development Agencies are required
to play a major role.

2. Engineering Management Options

The following points need to be looked after. Regulations on Energy Efficient Buildings and
Structures may be adopted at the earliest possible, and use of Green Materials may be encouraged
with an eye on carbon trading.
• Government Subsidy for Green Buildings may be granted.
• Use state of the art model for Air Quality Modeling (AQM). May be for this purpose dedicate
Meteorological Network be laid down in the ready to go format in these modeling studies.
• Air Quality Monitoring network may be redesigned at Local Back-ground stations, Regional
Background stations and Hot Spot stations
• Proposed new air quality standards may be notified at the earliest to get rid of area classification
clause for air quality standards.
• Advanced, Online Air Monitoring Network may be adopted for future studies along with the
present chemico-analytical methodologies to get short term hourly information along with long
term data.
• In the above respect a good enough role can be played by the state government and central
government.

3. Transport Sector

A lot more can be done in this sector to reduce air pollution. The following are the steps:
a. Use Cleaner fuel, CNG/LPG etc.
b. Use the latest technology vehicles to reduce fuel consumption and auto emissions.
c. Adopt stringent auto standards.
d. Reduce VKT to nullify increase in vehicles.
e. Higher taxation on big inefficient cars may be imposed.
f. Diesel filter is a must in the diesel driven vehicles.
g. The state governments with the help of the authorized agencies can implement.

4. Industry

This is a very big culprit for pollution. It may be given special attention. The following can be done.
* Coal has to go from SSI as small scale industries are poorly managed and use poor technology.

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* Fuel standards for industry are a must. Inefficient fuels must not be used at any cost.
*Industrial waste burning is the most harmful activity and must be stopped immediately.

5. Planning Activities Related to Air Pollution Control

• Use state of the art models (e.g. CMAX) so that these models can provide hourly or minute to
minute concentration.
• It should be possible to model the formation of secondary particles (ozone and organic aerosols)
with respect to the contribution of sources in question.
• Make a Change in EIA approach. Move to SEIA.
• Regulatory Authorities should be compliance-centric rather than reaction oriented.
• Planning should be action-oriented.
• Desired Air Quality must be made a mandatory requirement for planning new urban habitats or
modifying or developing Master plans of existing cities.

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