Chapter Fifteen

i) An electronic oscillator may be define in any one of the following four ways: It is a circuit which convert dc energy into ac energy at a very high frequency It is an electronic source of alternating current or voltage having sine, square or sawtooth or pulse shapes

Applications and Design of Integrated Circuits

ii)

iii) It is circuit which generates an ac output signals without requiring any externally applied input signal. iv)
1

It is an unstable amplifier.
2

Classification of Oscillators
Electronic oscillators may be broadly divided into following two groups:

i) sinusoidal (or harmonic) oscillators-which produce an output having sine wave form ii) non- sinusoidal (or relaxation) oscillatorsthey produce an output which has square, rectangular or sawtooth wave form, employ circuit building blocks known as multivibrators.
3 4

oscillations

The oscillation frequency of the phase shift amplifier is given by

Above equation By adding the Wien bridge, oscillator becomes sensitive to signal of only one Particular frequency. Hence we get an oscillator of good frequency stability.
9 10

Schmitt trigger
A Schmitt trigger circuit, which can be used for generating a class of waveform called multivibrators.There are three types of multivibrators are: Bistable Monostable Astable The basic circuit to build a bistable multivibrators is a comparator with positive feed back.
11

USES of multivibrators
As saw tooth generator As square wave and pulse generator As standers frequency source For many specialized uses in radar and TV circuits As memory element in computers

12

Comparator

13

14

Comparators in which crossover voltage is a function of resistor ratios

15

16

Bistable Multivibrator (BMV)

It is also called fip-flop multivibrators. It has two absolutely stable states. It can remain in either of these two states unless an external trigger pulse switches it from one state to other. Obviously, it does not oscillate.

17

18

As input voltage increases

19

20

21

22

Need for Hysteresis and applications

If the signal is having interference superimposed on it, then comparator would thus change state a number of times at each of the zero crossing points (it should chanage only one time) and our count would obviously Be in error.

23

Illustrating the use of hysteresis in the comparator characteristics as a means of rejecting interference.

24

Need for Hysteresis and applications

Astable multivibrator
It is also called free running relaxation oscillator. It has no stable state but only two quazi stable (half stable) between which it keeps oscillating continuously of its own accord without any external excitation.

25

26

Astable multivibrator

(a)

From the analysis of the astable circuit, the period of the oscillation T is given by

(b)
(a) Connecting a bistable multivibrator with inverting transfer characteristic in a feedback loop with an RC circuit results in a square-wave generator. (b) The circuit obtained when the bistable multivibrator is modified (c) Waveforms at the various nodes of the circuit in (b). This circuit is called an astable multivibrator.

27

28

In some applications the need arises for a pulse of known height and width Generated in response to a trigger signal. Such a standardized pulse can be generated by monostable multivibrators.

29

30

Trigger circuit

(a)

a) An op-amp monostable circuit. (b) Signal waveforms in the circuit of (a).

31

32