Bs301 Radiance Study Guide

Building Science 321/301
Radiance Study Guide

School of Bui l t
Envi r onment
Bachel or of Appl i ed Sci ence
(Ar chi t ect ural Sci ence)
Archi t ect ure/
I nt eri or Archi t ect ure
EDI TI ON NO. 0013
!I OS "r o#i der ode 00301$
%/ 0&/ &01& 11' &(' )0 "*
Table of Content
Topic 1 Introduction to Linux and Radiance............................................................... 5
Overview................................................................................................................... 5
When to use Radiance............................................................................................ 8
Outcomes...................................................................................................................8
Requirements.............................................................................................................8
Objectives...............................................................................................................
Tutoria! "otes............................................................................................................
Linux......................................................................................................................
#oot $rocedure % &'p!a(er...................................................................................
)han*in* +creen Reso!ution..................................................................................
'ount o, ,i!e s(stems........................................................................................... 1-
Remove./mount o, ,i!e s(stems.......................................................................... 11
+hut down $rocedure............................................................................................11
0xercise................................................................................................................ 11
)reatin* 2o!ders................................................................................................... 11
)op(in* Tutoria! 2i!es .........................................................................................13
'anua! $a*es....................................................................................................... 13
4isp!a( a samp!e radiance object......................................................................... 15
Tas6...................................................................................................................... 15
Topic 1 2irst Room.................................................................................................... 17
Overview................................................................................................................. 17
Tutoria! "otes..........................................................................................................17
0xercise................................................................................................................ 17
Tas6...................................................................................................................... 18
Topic 3 TR94 and +un!i*ht...................................................................................... 18
Overview................................................................................................................. 18
Tutoria! "otes..........................................................................................................18
0xercise................................................................................................................ 18
Tas6 1................................................................................................................... 35
$!an &iew............................................................................................................. 37
)reatin* &iews direct!( in TR94........................................................................ 37
)reatin* &iew 2i!es in R&/................................................................................. 38
0!evation &iew..................................................................................................... 38
+un: +6( and ;round........................................................................................... 3
Tas6 1................................................................................................................... 5-
Topic 5 4a(!i*ht 2actors and 9rti,icia! Li*htin*.......................................................51
Overview................................................................................................................. 51
Tutoria! "otes..........................................................................................................51
9*in* Li*hts.........................................................................................................51
)o!oured Li*hts.................................................................................................... 51
Topic 5 Ima*es and $rojects...................................................................................... 57
Overview................................................................................................................. 57
Tutoria! "otes..........................................................................................................57
'appin* $ictures onto $o!(*ons % manua!!(....................................................... 57
$roject % ;a!!er(...................................................................................................... 7-
Other In,ormation.................................................................................................7-
Li*hts....................................................................................................................7-
+ubmission requirements<.................................................................................... 71
'ar6in* )riteria................................................................................................... 71
Radiance 9ssi*nment Tips................................................................................... 73
$roject = +tudio....................................................................................................... 7
+,!TIN ,NI-E!SIT. O/ TE0NO1O2.
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0xportin* 2rom +6etch/p................................................................................... 81
+ettin* Location and Orientation......................................................................... 81
Radiance >su1rad p!u*%in? Option........................................................................ 81
Other 2o!ders........................................................................................................ 8-
Renderin* with 9rti,icia! Li*ht............................................................................ 81
+ubmission requirements..................................................................................... 81
'ar6in* )riteria................................................................................................... 83
Radiance +tudio $roject Tips............................................................................... 83
+ettin* chan*es.....................................................................................................83
Li*ht 2ittin*s avai!ab!e ,rom the Internet.............................................................87
9ppendix = Renderin* +ettin*s................................................................................. 8
+ettin* Renderin* Options...................................................................................... 8
9RTI29)T+ 9++O)I9T04 WIT@ O$TIO"+..................................................... -
TI'I";+ 9++O)I9T04 WIT@ O$TIO"+..........................................................-
9ppendix = Importin* )94 ,i!es.............................................................................. 1
Which is better = )94 mode!s or $rimitives..........................................................1
3ds1m*, 2i!e )onverter........................................................................................1
dx,1rad 2i!e )onverter......................................................................................... 3
9ppendix = 4a(!i*ht 2actor.......................................................................................5
9ppendix = &'p!a(er............................................................................................... 8
+tartin* the #ui!din* +cience 9pp!iance.................................................................8
)onnectin* /+# devices......................................................................................
9ppendix = #oot ,rom )4RO'..............................................................................1-1
+tartin* the #ui!din* +cience ,rom )4RO'....................................................... 1-1
Re,erences................................................................................................................ 1-3
Index........................................................................................................................ 1-5
Table of !igure
2i*ure 1 )han*e screen reso!ution app!ication.......................................................... 1-
2i*ure 1 )onnect.4isconnect Removab!e 4evices....................................................1-
2i*ure 3 )onnect.4isconnect Removab!e 4evices....................................................11
2i*ure 5 Lo*out.+hutdown ...................................................................................... 11
2i*ure 5 )reatin* 2o!ders usin* the 2i!e 'ana*er.................................................... 11
2i*ure 7 2o!ders "ame...............................................................................................11
2i*ure 8 2i!e 'ana*er< )op( and $aste Options....................................................... 13
2i*ure 8 &irtua! Windows.......................................................................................... 13
2i*ure Objview o, the tab!e.................................................................................... 15
2i*ure 1- Radiance )oordinate +(stem.....................................................................18
2i*ure 11 4imensions ,or the room and its objects................................................... 18
2i*ure 11 Red #a!!..................................................................................................... 11
2i*ure 13 Room......................................................................................................... 11
2i*ure 15 Room with $!inth and Red +phere............................................................ 15
2i*ure 15 )r(sta! +phere........................................................................................... 15
2i*ure 17 )onditioned Ima*e.................................................................................... 18
2i*ure 18 Initia! TR94 = +cene................................................................................ 1
2i*ure 18 TR94< +cene 2i!e List.............................................................................. 1
2i*ure 1 TR94< +cene with >room.rad? added........................................................ 3-
2i*ure 1- Initia! Aone< Room3.ri,..............................................................................3-
2i*ure 11 Aone< room3.ri,..........................................................................................31
2i*ure 11 Trad< Options............................................................................................. 33
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2i*ure 13 TR94< &iews Initia! Window................................................................... 33
2i*ure 15 TR94< 9ction Window............................................................................. 35
2i*ure 15 TR94< Resu!t............................................................................................ 35
2i*ure 17 $!an &iew...................................................................................................38
2i*ure 18 "orth 0!evation &iew................................................................................ 3
2i*ure 18 TR94< Aone.............................................................................................. 51
2i*ure 1 TR94< Options..........................................................................................51
2i*ure 3- TR94< &iews............................................................................................ 53
2i*ure 31 Li*ht !eve! contours Bwith s6(!i*htsC.........................................................55
2i*ure 31 )omparison Lux )ontours........................................................................ 55
2i*ure 33 ;!are points shown ,or the s6(!i*hts......................................................... 57
2i*ure 35 Room 5 +cene Window............................................................................. 58
2i*ure 35 Initia! +cene Render.................................................................................. 5
2i*ure 37 TR94 Options Window............................................................................ 5-
2i*ure 38 Room 5 % 'edium Dua!it(........................................................................ 51
2i*ure 38 t6co!or % de,au!t @+# and the R;# co!our space......................................53
2i*ure 3 4i,,use Re,!ectance................................................................................... 55
2i*ure 5- +pecu!ar Re,!ectivit(................................................................................. 55
2i*ure 51 v1 ima*e.................................................................................................... 58
2i*ure 51 &anta*e $oint............................................................................................. 73
2i*ure 53 &anta*e $oint Location..............................................................................73
2i*ure 55 Tar*et $oint................................................................................................75
2i*ure 55 Tar*et Location.......................................................................................... 75
2i*ure 57 "ew view in Trad...................................................................................... 75
2i*ure 58 Li*ht !ocation.............................................................................................75
2i*ure 58 Li*ht re,!ected on the ,!oor be,ore an( rotations....................................... 77
2i*ure 5 +ensitivit( to chan*es in the ambient bounce Bindirect settin*C................78
2i*ure 5- +tudio.........................................................................................................8-
2i*ure 51 +tudio with +awtooth st(!e roo, !i*ht........................................................ 81
2i*ure 51 +tudio with +awtooth st(!e roo, !i*ht !i*ht !eve!s = 1pm Eune 11.............81
2i*ure 53 0xport = su1rad..........................................................................................83
2i*ure 55 0xport = Options........................................................................................85
2i*ure 55 0xport = Render Options........................................................................... 85
2i*ure 57 0xport = +6( Options................................................................................ 85
2i*ure 58 0xport = &iew Options.............................................................................. 87
2i*ure 58 0xport = 'ateria!s Options....................................................................... 88
2i*ure 5 0xport = +6( Options................................................................................ 88
2i*ure 7- Trad 2a!seco!or % Options.......................................................................... 8-
2i*ure 71 Trad 2a!seco!or &iews............................................................................... 81
2i*ure 71 +tudio 4imensions.....................................................................................85
2i*ure 73 Aumtobe! Duic6 )a!c................................................................................ 88
2i*ure 75 +ensitivit( to chan*es in the ambient bounce Bindirect settin*C................88
2i*ure 75 &'p!a(er 9uthorisation............................................................................ 8
2i*ure 77 &'ware //I4.......................................................................................... 8
2i*ure 78 &'ware app!iance +tart /p......................................................................
2i*ure 78 &'ware runnin* app!iance.......................................................................
2i*ure 7 #oot Options............................................................................................1-1
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BA (Interior Architecture) / B. App. Sc (Architectural Science)
Buildin7 Science 3&1/301 !adiance Stud6 2uide
Inde8 Nu93er 5 (::) To"ic 1 #ntroduction to $inu% and Radiance&
To"ic 1 #ntroduction to $inu% and
Radiance
O#er#ie;
Radiance is a collection of fifty-odd programs that do everything
from object modelling to point calculation, rendering, image
processing, and display. The system was originally developed as a
research tool to explore advanced rendering techniques for
lighting design. It has evolved over the years into a highly
sophisticated lighting visualization system !adiance is unique
in its ability to accurately simulate light behaviour in competitive
environment, which means two things" correct numerical results,
and rendering that are indistinguishable from photographs.
#$arson and %ha&espeare '((), xviii*
!endering is the process of ta&ing a +, geometric description and
ma&ing a -, image from a specific view. This term is ta&en from
traditional practice in architectural and artistic drawing, whose
rules of perspective were developed centuries ago. These rules
have been elaborated, refined, and codified in modern computer-
aided design #./,* software. 0ore recent advances in computer
lighting models #called !oca! and *!oba! i!!umination models* have
developed further into the field &nown as photorea!istic rendering.
In most cases, we call and image photorealistic if it 1loo&s as real
as a photograph.2 /lthough this is a laudable goal, there is still a
big difference between something that loo&s real and something
that is a good reproduction of reality. #$arson and %ha&espeare
'((), 3*
The 6e( di,,erence between photorea!istic renderin* and !i*htin* visua!isation is that
photorea!istic renderin* is use,u! in situations where (ou want to deceive the
audience into thin6in* the renderin* is rea!: whi!e !i*htin* visua!isation matches the
appearance o, the renderin* to the rea!it( o, the ph(sica! conditions. 9s Larson and
+ha6espeare BLarson and +ha6espeare 18: 5C write: most o,ten !i*htin*
visua!isation !oo6 rea!istic as the ima*e corresponds much better to rea!it(.
4hotorealistic #sic* based rendering is the process of developing
elements of reality only to the degree necessary to convey an idea.
It places total emphasis on the final image itself, rather than the
techniques used to produce it. There is no attempt, for example, to
correlate any physical values with the model being rendered.
5ften materials or lights sources are given physically impossible
values. 6or example a light source may be made invisible and
placed in a corner that previously appeared too dar&. /mbient
light that originates from nowhere often plays a large role in many
illusion-based images. The advantage of this technique is that
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Inde8 Nu93er 5 (::) #ntroduction to $inu% and Radiance
results may be obtained very quic&ly and easily without fully
describing the exact physical characteristics of material. /lso it is
possible to render images that are beyond the realm of physical
techniques $ighting #sic* based rendering however, involves the
strict adherence to rules of physics and geometry. It traces as
closely as possible the physical behaviour of light over or through
physical materials to generate an image. The closer the simulation
is to the real world physical model, the less flexible the processed
image becomes. The emphasis is on numeric simulation not on an
artistic impression. This technique has the advantage of producing
images that can be analysed. 7seful meaningful data can be
extracted #not only presented as a picture*, and used to evaluate
the performance of a specific scene. #.rone '((-, 389*
9xe! Eacobs B1-11a: 8=C compares the radiance approach to that used in $O&:
34+tudio 'ax and &IA<
!adiance employs bac&ward ray-tracing algorithms. This means
that the light 2rays2 are traced bac& from the point of measurement
or view to the light source. There are a number of other ray-
tracers on the mar&et because the basic principle is relatively
simple to implement on computers. :owever, where !adiance
stands out is its ability to handle diffuse inter-reflections between
objects. ;ery efficient algorithms together with caching are
applied for this. 5ther pac&ages usually try to equate for indirect
contributions by defining the 2ambient2 light that has no real
source and somehow is everywhere. <xamples for other ray-
tracers include 45; or +,%tudio 0ax.
=ecause the calculations are started from the view point, an
entirely new calculation has to be done for each individual view.
>al&-throughs and videos are therefore extremely resource-hungry
requiring fast computers and a lot of time.
There is another conceptually different approach to compute light
distributions. This method is called radiosity. !adiosity-based
algorithms start off with the energy that is radiated from the light
source. /ssuming diffuse reflectance properties of the objects, the
incoming energy is then modified by the material2s reflective
properties and bounced bac& into the room. This is done until the
contribution of the reflected light towards the average illuminance
in the scene becomes insignificant.
The energy distribution of the entire scene is calculated and
stored. This means that once all the calculations are done, new
view points can be created in no time at all. This ma&es the
radiosity solutions ideal for the creation of virtual worlds such as
;!0$. %cenes created this way can usually be told because of
their lac& of reflective and transparent surfaces, although newer
software implements get-arounds to these problems. / typical
example of a simulation pac&age that uses radiosity is ;I? #ex
$ightscape* by /uto,es&.
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Fou wi!! need much more memor( to run G
windows and the Radiance so,tware
The renderin* s(stems that are avai!ab!e at )urtin 2acu!t( o, the #ui!t 0nvironment:
9rt and 4esi*n: 4epartment o, 9rchitecture.Interior 9rchitecture: name!(
9rchi)94 and 9rt!antis +tudio a!! use the photorea!istic method o, renderin*. 2or
the purposes o, this unit we wi!! be usin* the radiance renderin* s(stem. The main
author o, the Radiance so,tware is ;re* Ward Larson: initia!!( at #er6e!e( "ationa!
Laborator( L#"L B)a!i,orniaC: 0co!e $o!(technique 2edera!e de Lausanne
B+witHer!andC: then +;I: now runnin* 9n(here +o,tware: thou*h this so,tware was
started b( him when a sta,, scientist at the Lawrence #er6e!e( "ationa! Laborator(
L#"L in )a!i,ornia and $2L in +witHer!and.
)urrent!( radiance operates most e,,ective!( on computers usin* a /"IG operatin*
s(stem. /"IG is avai!ab!e on main,rame computersI hi*h%end *raphic wor6stations:
'acintosh computers BO+.GC and $) compatib!e computers with operatin* s(stems
such as Linux: +o!aris or other /"IG derived s(stems. There is an o!d version o,
radiance: which wor6s under them '+4O+ ca!!ed 9de!ine. 0xperience at )urtin has
shown that 9de!ine: in its !ast version runs quite s!ow!( and has numerous prob!ems.
This unit wi!! be based on the Linux version o, radiance not the '+4O+ 9de!ine
version.
"OT0
4es6top Radiance ,or windows 5.8."T.1---.G$ version is no !on*er active!(
under deve!opment. This pac6a*e was aimed at the 9uto)94 user. )hec6 the
$aci,ic 0ner*( )enter web pa*e http<..www.p*e.com.pec.da(!i*ht.destoo!1.htm! ,or
current speci,ics. There is another version avai!ab!e under the banner o, Ra(,ront.
+ee http<..www.schorsch.com. ,or more in,ormation and pricin*.
2or those students who are interested (ou can purchase the Linux operatin* s(stem
,or $) computers at ver( !itt!e char*e. The basic Linux so,tware is ,ree via the
Internet: thou*h it is more convenient and cheaper to purchase a J1- )4RO' than
to down!oad such a !ar*e co!!ection o, so,tware. B+ee http<..www.!s!.com.au.C. 9
minimum recommended speci,ication: to run Linux: ,or the $) is at !east a 387 with
118'# o, memor( and a )4RO': thou*h the per,ormance wi!! be disma!!( s!ow.
In rea!it( a ,aster processor and a !itt!e more memor(: such as in t(pica! computers
o, the !ast ,our (ears per,orm si*ni,icant!( better. ;raphics hardware shou!d support
at !east 157 co!ours. In practice Linux can coexist with Windows
5.8.'0.1---.G$.&I+T9.Win8 thou*h it is more e,,icient to have Linux on a
separate partition o, the dis6.
2or students enro!!ed in this course: a )4RO' has been deve!oped which inc!udes a
!ive Linux ,i!e s(stem and a!! the required so,tware. The current )4RO' is a!so
avai!ab!e ,or down!oadin* ,rom the student computer !aboratories. 9nother option is
to use &'p!a(er B,ree down!oad ,rom http<..www.vmware.com.products.p!a(erC.
This is a virtua!isation pro*ram which a!!ows another operatin* s(stem to run as a
*uest within (our host operatin* s(stem. 2or examp!e< a s(stem runnin* 'icroso,t
G$.&ista.Windows 8.Linux can host a Linux Bor otherC *uest s(stem provided (ou
have su,,icient memor(. In practice I have ,ound an G$.Windows 8 s(stem with
1;# can happi!( host the Linux )4RO' we use ,or radiance. 4etai!s on settin* up
and runnin* such a s(stem are outside the scope o, this document. 2or users o, Inte!
based 'acintosh = Radiance as a native app!ication is avai!ab!e ,or the 9pp!e O+.G
s(stem: which is basica!!( a /"IG operatin* s(stem: so (ou do not need to use an(
virtua!isation so,tware such as &'%2usion: $ara!!e!s or &irtua!#ox.
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The radiance so,tware is a!so ,ree ,rom http<..radsite.!b!.*ov.radiance. I wou!d
persona!!( recommend that the boo6 KRenderin* with RadianceL be purchased. This
boo6 is the de,initive re,erence and incorporates a )4RO' cop( o, the radiance
source B/"IG.LinuxC so,tware and Radiance web site. )urrent!( there are no
restrictions or warranties on the radiance so,tware. It ma( be used commercia!!(
pub!ic!( and private!( at no cost.
When to use Radiance
)har!es 0hr!ich
1
su**est when two or more o, the ,o!!owin* conditions are met:
then !adiance is the appropriate architectura! simu!ation too!<
.oncern about the distribution of light from a specific luminare within a
specific illuminated environment
.oncern about the physical accuracy of the image
.oncern about the human visual performance, including visual discomfort
and glare
6or simulations" complexity beyond the capabilities of radiosity-based
simulation tools
6or renderings" complexity beyond the capabilities of other powerful
rendering tools
/ desire to learn something about light and architecture #and !adiance*
and sufficient time to do so
7nwillingness to spent thousands of dollars on software that does not
perform all the necessary tas&s involved in accurate lighting design and
analysis
Outco9e4
This *uide aims to provide the student with an<
+u,,icient 6now!ed*e o, Linux to be ab!e to navi*ate around the ;raphica!
/ser Inter,ace.
/se command !ine commands.
#asic ,i!e mana*ement under Linux.
#asic understandin* o, the mechanics o, runnin* radiance simu!ations.
Mnow!ed*e to manipu!ate materia! properties: insert !i*ht ,ittin*s: add
da(!i*ht to scenes: move the vanta*e point around within the scene:
*enerate arbitrar( views and perspectives.
#asic understandin* o, the contro!s ,or renderin*.
!e<uire9ent4
0ach topic provides wor6 that requires comp!etion prior to be*innin* the ,o!!owin*
topic. It is essentia! that this wor6 is comp!eted and understood be,ore startin* !ater
topics. The project at the comp!etion o, the topics wi!! require a si*ni,icant time
commitment.
1
N)itationO
BLarson and +ha6espeare 18: 187=8C
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+ome wire!ess 6e(boards B'icroso,t
Wire!ess )om,ort Me(board 1.-9 ,or
examp!eC ma( need the /+# contro!!er to be
connected via the $+.1 connectors
+ee 9ppendix = &'p!a(er on pa*e 8 ,or
speci,ic detai!s about &'p!a(er
Objectives
9,ter comp!etin* this session: (ou shou!d be ab!e to<
To start up the Linux s(stem
Lo* in to Linux
$er,orm basic ,i!e manipu!ation
#e*in usin* some o, the Radiance so,tware to render and disp!a( an object.
Tutorial Note4
Linux
The computers in the computin* !aboratories at the 4epartment o,
9rchitecture.Interior 9rchitecture at )urtin are a!! $)?s con,i*ured with 'icroso,t
Windows.
To ,aci!itate the stud( o, !i*htin* in bui!din*s via simu!ations: a )4RO' has been
deve!oped. The )4RO' has a comp!ete Linux operatin* s(stem p!us a!! the
radiance so,tware necessar( ,or the simu!ations. The characteristics o, the )4RO'
are as ,o!!ows<
#ased on the /buntu version.
;nome *raphica! des6top
To use this )4RO' e!sewhere: (ou wi!! need the ,o!!owin* minimum
con,i*uration<
Inte! $) $entium I& or better:
385'# memor( ,or the *raphica! user inter,ace.
)4RO' i, bootin* ,rom )4RO'
Me(board: either /+# or conventiona!
'ouse Bseria!: $+.1 or /+#C with or without a scro!! whee!.
;raphics card with a minimum capacit( o, 8-- x 7--.
+ome stora*e medium: e.*. a /+# memor( device or a drive compatib!e
with 'ac O+.G: 'icroso,t G$.&ista.Win 8 B,ormatted ,or use in Windows
= note ,or /+# stic6s with securit( so,tware: (ou wi!! on!( be ab!e to
access the pub!ic portion o, the /+# deviceC.
#oot $rocedure % &'p!a(er
Close all applications which are using any USB devices.
+tart &'p!a(er and navi*ate to the C:\VMWARE ,o!der.
4oub!e c!ic6 the Semester 1 - 2012.vmx.
/"IG and Linux s(stems *enerate man( messa*es durin* the Operatin*
+(stem boot process. There is no action norma!!( necessar(.
+ee 9ppendix = #oot ,rom )4RO' on pa*e 1-1 ,or the bootin* procedure
when startin* ,rom )4RO'.
)han*in* +creen Reso!ution
The s(stem has been deve!oped to uti!ise the advanced characteristics o, &mware
which inc!ude<
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ResiHin* the screen within the host operatin* s(stem Bdo this a,ter the *uest
s(stem has ,u!!( startedC.
)ut and paste between the host and *uest s(stems
/se the host s(stems printers
+hare ,o!ders between the host and *uest s(stems Bon the Linux host the
shared ,o!der is ,ound at .mntC
+(nchronise the c!oc6s
To chan*e the screen reso!ution c!ic6 on the >System? menu button then
>Preferences | Mn!trs?.
2i*ure 1 )han*e screen reso!ution app!ication
'ount o, ,i!e s(stems
To use mounted /+# devices in the host operatin* s(stem: (ou wi!! ,irst need to quit
a!! pro*rams accessin* the drive. Then (ou need to *ot to the VMP"#yer | V!rt$#"
M#c%!ne | Remv#&"e 'ev!ces menu item. +e!ect (our required /+# device and
c!ic6 on Cnnect ('!scnnect frm %st) to swap the device to the *uest
s(stem.
2i*ure 1 )onnect.4isconnect Removab!e 4evices
The avai!ab!e /+# devices can easi!( be seen b( c!ic6in* on the P"#ces |
Cm*$ter in the top menu bar.
2i*ure 3 )onnect.4isconnect Removab!e 4evices

Remove./mount o, ,i!e s(stems
9dvanced operatin* s(stem cache access to s!ow devices to speed up computer
operations. Linux is no exception to this practice. This means that the device is in
use and must be >unmounted? be,ore remova!. To do that (ou ri*ht c!ic6 on the
device?s icon on the des6top and se!ect >S#fe"y Remve 'r!ve? or ,rom the ,i!e
mana*er >+#$t!"$s? c!ic6 on the s(mbo! beside the device to be removed.
Remember: i, there are an( ,i!es open on that device: (ou wi!! not be ab!e to
>E,ect?.>S#fe"y Remve 'r!ve?. This inc!udes havin* the >-erm!n#"? Bwhich we
wi!! be usin* throu*hout this course: in a ,o!der on that device. Eust to be sure use
the chan*e director( command ,irst to move bac6 to the home ,o!der or c!ose the
>-erm!n#"? window ,irst.
c.
"OT0
"ow it is sa,e to remove the device. The boot )4RO' cannot be ejected unti! the
computer is rebooted: as it contains the runnin* ,i!e s(stemP
+hut down $rocedure
Li6e 'icroso,t Windows: Linux uses a cache to enhance per,ormance o, the dis6
drives. This resu!ts in ,i!es residin* in memor(. 9t some !ater sta*e the operatin*
s(stem wi!! write the ,i!es to dis6. There,ore it is essentia! to observe the correct shut
down proceduresI otherwise the ,i!es in memor( ma( not be written to dis6 and wi!!
be !ost.
To c!ose down c!ic6 on the >O,,? button on the top ri*ht menu.
2i*ure 5 Lo*out.+hutdown
9t the end o, the shut down procedure a messa*e is disp!a(ed to remove the
)4RO' be,ore the computer powers o,,.
0xercise
+tart Linux as per the instructions above.
)reatin* 2o!ders
9ttach (our /+# device and connect it to the >&irtua! 'achine?. To >open?
the device (ou can doub!e c!ic6 on the device?s icon or a quic6er method id
to *o to the >$!aces? menu item and c!ic6 on the device.
Ri*ht c!ic6 in the ,i!e area: but not on top o, an( existin* ,i!es or ,o!ders.
+e!ect Cre#te /".er ,rom the avai!ab!e !ist o, options.
2i*ure 5 )reatin* 2o!ders usin* the 2i!e 'ana*er

0nter >R#.!#nce? as the ,o!der name.
2i*ure 7 2o!ders "ame

)!ic6 on the new ,o!der R#.!#nce.
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)op(in* Tutoria! 2i!es
+hrin6.move the ,i!e mana*er down so the 'es0t* ,o!der is visib!e. )!ic6 on the
R#.!#nce -$tr!#"s ,o!der.
Ri*ht c!ic6 on the >t$tr!#"11? ,o!der and se!ect the 1c*y2 option. )!ic6 bac6 into
the >R#.!#nce? ,o!der on (our /+# device and 1*#ste2 1t$tr!#"112 the ,o!der
usin* either the E.!t | P#ste menu item or the ri*ht c!ic6 4aste context menu.
2i*ure 8 2i!e 'ana*er< )op( and $aste Options

'anua! $a*es
'ost commands in /"IG have a he!p pa*e. This he!p s(stem is 6nown as the man
or manua! pa*es.
)hoose virtua! window 1: as shown be!ow: on the bottom ri*ht o, the screen. )!ic6
on the 1R#.!#nce m#n *#2es2 icon in the >R#.!#nce -$tr!#"s? ,o!der on the
des6top. This wi!! ta6e a !itt!e time to !oad the browser. I, (our virtua! machine has
more than 1;# o, memor(: (ou can !eave the browser runnin* ,or re,erence and
c!ic6 bac6 to virtua! window 1 to continue.
/se this window to !oo6 up in,ormation on the commands in the next section.
Rese!ect the 1
st
virtua! window.
2i*ure 8 &irtua! Windows
Single c!ic6 on the >t$tr!#"11 ,o!der icon to move into that ,o!der on
(our /+# memor( device.
"ext we need to >*en? the >term!n#"? window. This can be done two
di,,erent wa(s< $ress the C-R3: A3- and - 6e(s simu!taneous!(: or ,rom
the A**"!c#t!ns | Accessr!es | -erm!n#" menu item.
"OT0
On the 9pp!e 'acintosh (ou wi!! ,ind the >Term!n#"? in the app!ications ,o!der. 2or
quic6 re,erence: dra* it on to the >'c0?.
The next most import step is to chan*e the termina!?s current director( to the
radiance tutoria!Q1 ,o!der on (our /+# device. The easiest method Bthis wor6s on
9pp!e 'acintosh s(stems as we!!C is as ,o!!ows<
In the >-erm!n#"? window t(pe c. ,o!!owed b( a space
2rom the f!"e m#n#2er window o, (our /+#: dra* the ,o!der name: in this
case tutoria!Q1: on to the >-erm!n#"? window. Fou shou!d now see the ,u!!
path name to (our /+#?s tutoria!Q1 ,o!der disp!a(ed on the !ine.
)!ic6 bac6 into the >-erm!n#"? window and press the >Enter? 6e(. In m(
case the >-erm!n#"? now shows<
$&$nt$4$&$nt$:56 c. 78me.!#89:+;S-<+8R#.!#nce8t$tr!#"117
$&$nt$4$&$nt$:8me.!#89:+;S-<+8R#.!#nce8t$tr!#"116
The second !ine shows the current director( in the prompt.
4isp!a( a samp!e radiance object
In the >-erm!n#"? window: enter the ,o!!owin* command<
&,v!e= f$rn!t$re.m#t t&"e21c1.r#.
This pro*ram uses the rv$ pro*ram to render an ima*e: *radua!!( improvin* the
reso!ution o, the disp!a( up to the reso!ution o, the *raphics disp!a(.
9 sma!! subset o, the commands which can be used inside the rv$ command<
)ommand +hort ,orm 0xp!anation
aim a Aoom in or out: p!us dra* the view point around the
scene
exposure e 9djust the exposure o, the ima*e
!ast ! Restore the previous view
move m 'ove the camera
pivot p $ivot the view about a se!ected point
RR )TRL R Redraw the ima*e
rotate r Rotate the camera
set set +et.chec6 variab!e va!ues
write w Write the picture to ,i!e
quit q Duit the pro*ram
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Fou can view the hdr ima*e ,i!es b( usin*
the xima*e pro*ram ,rom the termina!
window<
x!m#2e frnt.%.r
+ee the manpa*e o, &,v!e= and rv$ ,or a description o, the various commands
avai!ab!e.
2i*ure Objview o, the tab!e

T(pe >$!t to exit.
Tas6
+tart up the &,v!e= Bsee the command ,or objviewC and move around the object:
Hoom in and out: etc.
To ma6e the ima*e !ar*er: simp!( dra* the bottom ri*ht corner o, the
window. $ress CTRL R to redraw the view.
/se the =r!te command within &,v!e=.rv$ to save three di,,erent
ima*es. B)annot be done ,rom the *!rad pro*ramPC The ima*es shou!d a!!
be hdr ,i!es. 0* front.hdr: bac&.hdr etc. Fou wi!! be shown how to convert
these to other ima*e ,ormats !ater.
)!ose down the s(stem. 4on?t ,or*et to retrieve (our )4RO' and /+#
memor( device. Review pa*e 11 ,or the >S%$t.=n *rce.$re?.
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9t this sta*e: (our >wor6 area? shou!d have
been >mounted? and (our current path
chan*ed to that area. Re,er to )hapter 1 ,or
detai!s.
Inde8 Nu93er 5 (::) !irt Room
To"ic 2 !irt Room
O#er#ie;
#ui!d a simp!e mode! room with a sin*!e !i*ht.
Render the mode!.
/se se!ected radiance pro*rams to bui!d: move and sca!e objects.
9!ter the co!ours o, objects.
Tutorial Note4
Radiance uses simp!e text ,i!es as its input ,or both the *eometr( and materia!s
descriptions. 'ost common!( )94 pro*rams are used to *enerate the basic
*eometr( descriptions.
2or the purposes o, this tutoria! and to deve!op a basic understandin* o, the concept
invo!ved in the manipu!ation and deve!opment o, objects: we wi!! code a simp!e
room with a sin*!e !i*ht and a red ba!! restin* on a p!inth: usin* a text editor.
0xercise
+tart Linux as per the instructions *iven previous!(.
9ttach (our /+# memor( device.
)han*e to the R#.!#nce ,o!der created in the ,irst tutoria! on (our /+#
memor( device.
)reate a sub ,o!der ca!!ed t$tr!#"12 b( the ri*ht c!ic6in* mouse button in
the radiance ,o!der. +e!ect the Cre#te /".er option.
)han*e into the new ,o!der.
Open the >-erm!n#"? window as shown in KTopic 1L.
The room bein* constructed is shown in be!ow BLarson and +ha6espeare
18: 11C.
The coordinate s(stem shou!d be a!i*ned as ,o!!ows<
G axis points 0ast
F axis points "orth
A axis points upwards to the Henith
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2i*ure 1- Radiance )oordinate +(stem
BEacobs: 9xe! 1-11a: 13C
2i*ure 11 4imensions ,or the room and its objects
BLarson and +ha6espeare 18: 11C

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Radiance uses a sca!e o, - to 1 ,or its
description o, the components in the red:
*reen and b!ue. #!ac6 wou!d use - ,or the
red: *reen and b!ue components. White on
the other hand wou!d use 1 as the red: *reen
and b!ue components.
In *enera! the basic primitive ,ormat is<
S modi,ier TF$0 identi,ier
S numberQstrin*Qar*uments Nstrin*
ar*uments...O
S numberQinte*erQar*uments Ninte*er
ar*uments...O
S numberQrea!Qar*uments Nstrin* rea!...O
Radiance descriptions require the de,inition o, a materia! prior its use. Radiance has
15 materia! t(pes and various modi,ier t(pes. Larson and +ha6espeare B18: 13=15C
describe a ,ew o, the materia! t(pe choices<
In order to de,ine a white co!oured !i*ht source we wou!d need to speci,( the
radiance va!ues o, the !i*ht in three components red: *reen and b!ue.
$ight" $ight is used for an emitting surface, and it is by material
type that !adiance determines which surfaces act as light sources.
$ights are usually visible in a rendering, as opposed to many
systems that employ non-physical sources, then hide the evidence.
/ pattern is usually associated with a light source to give it the
appropriate directional distribution. $ights do not reflect.
Illum" Illum is a special light type for secondary sources,
sometimes called impostors. /n example of a secondary source is
a window where s&ylight enters a room. %ince it is much more
efficient for the calculation to search for light sources, mar&ing
the window as an illum can improve rendering quality without
adding to the computation time.
4lastic" ,espite its artificial-sounding name, most materials fall
into this category. / plastic surface has a color associated with
diffusely reflected radiation, but the specular component is
uncolored. This type is used for materials such as plastic, painted
surfaces, wood, and nonmetalic roc&.
0etal" 0etal is exactly the same as plastic, except that the
specular component is modified by the material color.
,ielectric" / dielectric surface refracts and reflects radiation and
is transparent. .ommon dielectric materials include glass, water,
and crystals. / thin glass surface is best represented using the
glass type, which computes multiple internal reflections without
tracing rays, thus saving significant rendering time without
compromising accuracy.
Trans" / trans material transmits and reflects light with both
diffuse and specular components going in each direction. This
type is appropriate for thin translucent materials.
Larson and +ha6espeare
1
describes some o, the *eometr( modi,iers<
Polygon: /n n-sided planar polygon, with no fewer than three
sides. / polygon may be concave or convex as long as it is a well-
defined surface #i.e., no two sides may intersect, though they may
coincide*. %urface orientation is determined by vertex ordering.
;ertices read counter cloc&wise from the front. :oles in polygons
are represented using seams. If the vertices are nonplanar, a
1
Ibid.: 1-.B18: p. 1-CB18: p. 1-CB18: p. 1-CB18: 1-CB18: p. 1-C
B18: 1-C
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In the red_plastic_material de,inition
above the rea! ar*uments are !ed @reen
=lue %pecularity !oughness
9!! materia! de,initions must appear before
the( can be app!ied Bmodi,iesC to a
construction propert(.
warning is issued and the average plane is used, which may result
in crac&s in the rendering of adjacent surfaces.
Sphere: ,efined by a center and a radius. Its surface may point
outward or inward.
Cone: Includes the truncated right cone, the truncated right
cylinder, and the ring #a dis& with an inner and an outer radius*.
9 15-- !umen !i*ht bu!b *ives a radiance va!ue o, 11.7 watts.steradians ,or
a bu!b with a radius o, -.115m. To ca!cu!ate the radiance R;# va!ues to use
,or this !i*ht source: use the !ampco!or pro*ram ,rom the >-erm!n#"?
window as ,o!!ows<
"#m*c"r
Pr2r#m t cm*$te "#m* r#.!#nce. Enter 7?7 fr %e"*.
Enter "#m* ty*e @WA:-EB:
Enter "en2t% $n!t @meterB:
Enter "#m* 2emetry @*"y2nB: s*%ere
S*%ere r#.!$s @1B: 0.12C
Enter tt#" "#m* "$mens @0B: 2C00
3#m* c"r (R;D) E 22.FG1F0G 22.FG1F0C 22.FG1F0C
Enter "#m* ty*e @WA:-EB:
"OT0
/se C-R3 C to exit the !ampco!or pro*ram.
In the ,i!e mana*er: create a new text ,i!e rm.r#. b( ri*ht c!ic6in* in
the new ,o!der. +e!ect Cre#te 'c$ment | Em*ty /!"e. Labe! the ,i!e
rm.r#..
Open the new rm.r#. ,i!e b( a doule !e,t mouse c!ic6 on the ,i!e just
created. "ote it ma( ta6e a !itt!e whi!e to !oad the *edit app!ication ,rom the
)4RO'. The second and subsequent times are usua!!( a !ot ,aster.
The de,inition o, the !i*ht source: which we wi!! ca!!
&r!2%t1s$rce1m#ter!#" is then entered into our new rm.r#. ,i!e<
v!. "!2%t &r!2%t1s$rce1m#ter!#"
0
0
H 22.F 22.F 22.F
"ote the p!acement o, the resu!ts o, the !ampco!or ca!cu!ation in the !ast
!ine o, de,inition above.
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Radiance pro*rams are ver( strict on the
s(ntax. 2or examp!e a simp!e t(pin* error in
the text ,i!e mi*ht resu!t in an error messa*e
such as<
oconv" fatal 8 #room.rad* bad
arguments .
)are,u! chec6 (our text and correct be,ore
tr(in* the oconv command a*ain.
We wi!! de,ine the cr(sta! ba!! as a re.1*"#st!c1m#ter!#" ba!!. The
de,inition o, the materia! is<
v!. *"#st!c re.1*"#st!c1m#ter!#"
0
0
C 0.I 0.0C 0.0C 0.1 0.1
"ext is the de,inition o, the two spheres. 9 sphere is de,ined as havin* 5
rea! ar*uments<
G centre
F centre
A centre
Radius
The ,irst sphere is ,or the !i*ht ,ixture< $!ace these construction de,initions
after materia! de,initions.
&r!2%t1s$rce1m#ter!#" s*%ere "!2%t1f!xt$re
0
0
G 2 1 1.C 0.12C
The next sphere is the ba!!<
re.1*"#st!c1m#ter!#" s*%ere &#""
0
0
G 0.I 1.12C 0.F2C 0.12C
+ave the room.rad ,i!e.
+witch to the >Termina!? window.
To chec6 our ,i!e usin* the interactive viewin* pro*ram rv$! we ,irst need
to compi!e radiance source ,i!e >room.rad? usin* the cnv pro*ram.
cnv rm.r#. J test.ct
In this !ast command: we have compi!ed the rm.r#.? ,i!e and piped the
resu!ts BTC to the octree ,i!e test.ct?.
#e,ore we start renderin*: we need to determine the point in space to view
,rom and the direction to !oo6.
The vanta*e point is shown in 2i*ure 11 as B1.15: -.385: 1C.
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When radiance reads a >S? s(mbo! at the
be*innin* o, the !ine it treats the comp!ete
!ine as a commentP
The view direction is *iven b( speci,(in* the direction in x: ( and H o, a
viewin* vector startin* ,rom the vanta*e point. It is perhaps easier to
visua!ise a cube: with the vanta*e point at one o, the corners and the view
!ine bein* the dia*ona! !ine. 2rom this representationa! ,orm the x: ( and H
va!ues can easi!( be determined.
The extended rv$ command to produce 2i*ure 11 is *iven be!ow.
rv$ -vtv -v* 2.2C 0.HIC 1 -v. -0.2C 0.12C -0.12C test.ct
Where vtv speci,ies a >perspecti&e? view.
Where v. is the view direction vector ,rom the v* Bvanta*e pointC to the
object. To compute this direction ,rom a >!oo6%at? point: simp!( subtract the
camera ,rom the !oo6ed%at point.
The v. vector is a norma!ised vector. 2or convenience the va!ues can be
reduced to a ran*e between =1 and 1.
2i*ure 11 Red #a!!

$ress > to quit rvu.
"ext we add the room to our *eometr( ,i!e.
2irst!( we must de,ine the sur,ace materia!s and co!ours: hence the p!astic
materia! and the 2r#y1*#!nt de,inition.
The room sur,aces are de,ined usin* the specia! 2en&x pro*ram. Its
parameters are materia! name ,o!!owed !en*th width and hei*ht. The
command is started usin* >P?. The !ast parameter is >%i? means invert the
sur,aces so that their norma!s are ,acin* inwards not outwards. 0nter the
,o!!owin* text the end o, the >rm.r#.? ,i!e and then save the ,i!e.
v!. *"#st!c 2r#y1*#!nt
0
0
C 0.C 0.C 0.C 0 0
K # &x s%#*e. rm
L2en&x 2r#y1*#!nt rm H 2 1.IC -!
2i*ure 13 Room

To disp!a( the new room as above: (ou must ,irst re%compi!e the octree Bsee
cnv aboveC and run rv$ as be,ore. B@int< (ou can use the arrow 6e(s on
the 6e(board to c(c!e throu*h previous entered commandsPC
The ima*e *enerated b( radiance can comprise a ver( !ar*e d(namic ran*e
o, !i*ht !eve!s. In rea!it( the e(e wou!d adjust to the *iven !i*ht !eve!s in a
scene b( contractin* or expandin* the iris in much the same wa( as a
photo*rapher wou!d adjust the aperture settin*s on a camera to contro! the
amount o, !i*ht hittin* the ,i!m. In radiance we use a settin* ca!!ed
exposure ,or the same e,,ect.
Within rv$: adjust the exposure !eve! as be!ow<
e E C
Duit rvu as be,ore.
"ext is to add a b!ue p!inth and a chrome rod to suspend the !i*ht ,ittin* to
the rm.r#. ,i!e.
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"orma!!( the >%s? and >%r? options are used
e"ore the >%t? optionP
In the next usa*e o, 2en&x the command is sp!it over two !ines. The >U?
character is used to indicate the command continues onto the ,o!!owin*
!ine. The output is then piped into the xfrm pro*ram to position it in its
,ina! !ocation.
xfrm pro*ram has a number o, ver( use,u! options<
-t x y M -r#ns"#te t%e scene #"n2 t%e vectr x y M.
-rx .e2rees Rt#te t%e scene .e2rees #&$t t%e x #x!s. A
*s!t!ve rt#t!n crres*n.s t c$nter-
c"c0=!se =%en "0!n2 .=n t%e #x!s.
-ry .e2rees Rt#te t%e scene .e2rees #&$t t%e y #x!s.
-rM .e2rees Rt#te t%e scene .e2rees #&$t t%e M #x!s.
-s f#ctr Sc#"e t%e scene &y f#ctr.
-mx M!rrr t%e scene #&$t t%e yM *"#ne.
-my M!rrr t%e scene #&$t t%e xM *"#ne.
-mM M!rrr t%e scene #&$t t%e xy *"#ne.
-! c$nt :ter#te (re*e#t) t%e f""=!n2 tr#nsfrm#t!n
($* t t%e next N: *t!n) c$nt t!mes. -%!s
*t!n !s *r!m#r!"y t s$**rt t%e N# *t!n
0nter the ,o!!owin* text at the end o, the >rm.r#.? ,i!e and save the ,i!e.
K # s%!ny &"$e &x
v!. *"#st!c &"$e1*"#st!c
0
0
C 0.1 0.1 0.F 0.0C 0.1
L2en&x &"$e1*"#st!c &x 0.C 0.C 0.C \
| xfrm -rM 1C -t 0.C 0.IC 0
K # c%rme r. fr "!2%t f!tt!n2
v!. met#" c%rme
0
0
C 0.O 0.O 0.O 0.P 0
c%rme cy"!n.er f!xt$re1s$**rt
0
0
I
2 1 1.C
2 1 1.IC
0.0C
The p!inth was constructed at B- - -C then rotated b( 15V then shi,ted
Btrans!atedC to a new !ocation B-.5 -.85 -C. The chrome c(!inder was
constructed in p!ace with the bottom centre at B1 1 1.5C: top centre at
B1 1 1.85C and a radius o, -.-5.
9*ain re%compi!e the ctree and run rv$. The resu!ts shou!d be simi!ar to
2i*ure 15.
2i*ure 15 Room with $!inth and Red +phere

9dd a new materia! de,inition to the 1rm.r#.2 ,i!e immediate!( prior to
the de,inition ,or the re.1*"#st!c1m#ter!#".
v!. .!e"ectr!c cryst#"
0
0
C 0.C 0.C 0.C 1.C 0
)omment out the de,inition ,or the red ba!! to a cr(sta! materia! b( addin* a
>S? s(mbo! at the be*innin* o, the modi,ier as shown be!ow.
Kre.1*"#st!c1m#ter!#" s*%ere &#""
9dd the new !ine direct!( be!ow the re.1*"#st!c1m#ter!#" sphere ba!!
!ine.
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rvu is the interactive pro*ram whi!e rpict is
its bi* brother and does >rea!? wor6P
cryst#" s*%ere &#""
The cr(sta! materia! de,inition must be !ocated be,ore app!(in* to the ba!!.
"otice that the existin* re.1*"#st!c s*%ere &#"" !ine has been converted
to a comment and a new !ine cryst#" s*%ere &#"" has been added. +ee the
,i*ure be!ow ,or the cr(sta! sphere ima*e.
2i*ure 15 )r(sta! +phere

To save a number o, di,,erent vanta*e points to ,i!e: rather than continua!!(
t(pin* them on the command !ine or usin* the >v? command: ,rom rv$ and
enter v f!"en#me to save the view data.
Run rv$ enter the ,o!!owin* command to save the current view in,ormation
in the ,i!e v!e=.vf
v v!e=.vf
Duit rv$.
To *enerate a better qua!it( ima*e !ar*e than these ima*es and suitab!e o,
printin* etc: it is necessar( to use the r*!ct pro*ram.
The r*!ct pro*ram uses the same parameters as rv$: p!us more.
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r*!ct -vf v!e=.vf -x F00 -y F00 -#v 0 0 0 test.ct J r*1.%.r
This te!!s r*!ct to read the view data ,rom the ,i!e v!e=.vf and then to
create the required ima*e in r*1.%.r: which is 7-- b( 7-- pixe!.
The ima*e can be viewed usin* the x!m#2e pro*ram as be!ow<
x!m#2e r*1.%.r
The ima*e needs to be ,i!tered and conditioned Bsee be!owC ,or the required
exposure !eve!s ,or disp!a( purposes. To do this: use the *f!"t and
*cn. pro*rams. These pro*rams have a number o, use,u! ,unctions.
B+ee the re!ative manpa*e entriesPC
*f!"t -1 -e C r*1.%.r J r*2.%.r
*cn. r*2.%.r J r*2-cn.!t!ne..%.r
"OT0
I, (ou don?t 6now what is an appropriate exposure !eve!: (ou can !et *f!"t
decide b( usin* the ,o!!owin* commands<
*f!"t r*1.%.r J r*2#.%.r
*cn. r*2#.%.r J r*2#-cn.!t!ne..%.r
)ompare the two conditioned ima*es usin*<
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4on?t ,or*et to re%compi!e the rad ,i!e a,ter
each and ever( chan*e: otherwise the
>octree? is not updated and (ou won?t see the
chan*es in the ima*e.
x!m#2e r*2Qcn.Q.%.r
2i*ure 17 )onditioned Ima*e

To view a!! W%.rW ima*es with one command use the ,o!!owin* command<
x!m#2e Q%.r
Tas6
9dd a second p!inth and ba!! to the scene !ocated at a di,,erent an*!e and to the !e,t
o, the ori*ina! p!inth. This new p!inth must be a!tered ,rom the ori*ina! and add a red
ba!! on top. ;enerate a qua!it( ima*e o, at !east 7-- b( 7-- pixe!s usin* the
techniques covered above. The ima*e must be ,i!tered and conditioned suitab!( ,or
disp!a(.
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chan*ed to that area.
Inde8 Nu93er 5 (::) TR'( and Sunlight
To"ic 3 TR'( and Sunlight
O#er#ie;
/se -RA' to mana*e the render in,ormation.
+et up ortho*raphic views ,or p!an: e!evation.sections: etc.
Tutorial Note4
Radiance uses simp!e text ,i!es as its input as seen in chapter 1: ,or both the
*eometr( and materia!s descriptions. These input ,i!es must be converted into
ctrees be,ore renderin* with rv$ or r*!ct.
The Radiance deve!opers have provided a mechanism b( which a!! ctrees are
automatica!!( updated prior to renderin*. In addition this mechanism a!!ows a!! input
,i!es to be co!!ected. The contro!!in* pro*ram ,or this mechanism is the r#.
pro*ram. It uses a r!f contro! ,i!e. The r!f ,i!e ,ormat is a simp!e text ,i!e: which can
be manua!!( created or created b( the tr#. s(stem.
The r#. pro*ram can be started ,rom the >-erm!n#"? prompt or b( usin* the tr#.
*raphica! user inter,ace.
0xercise
memor( device.
)op( the t$tr!#"1H ,o!der to (our /+# memor( device in the same wa(
as done in KTopic 1L.
)han*e into the Rt$tr!#"1HS ,o!der
The mode! Brm-=!n.=.r#.C we wi!! use ,or the sun stud( is an
extension o, the previous mode! in that the room has been converted ,rom a
2en&x command to individua! sur,aces. 9 window openin* has been cut
into one wa!! to a!!ow a view o, the s6(.
TR94
+tart the trad pro*ram b( t(pin* in the termina!<
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The >X? character is used to in,orm the
operatin* s(stem to execute the command in
the bac6*round. "otice that the >J? prompt
has returned immediate!(.
tr#. rmH.r!f T
Ri*ht c!ic6 on the b!ue >TR94? tit!e bar. +e!ect the Mve - option and
mode tr#. to virtua! window 1.
2i*ure 18 Initia! TR94 = +cene

)!ic6 on the scene button on le"t o, the ,i!e !ist windows: to add the r#.
,i!es to the !ist o, scenes: which comprise this project. The pro*ram pops up
a ,i!e pic6er window to enab!e choosin* the correct ,i!es.
2i*ure 18 TR94< +cene 2i!e List

+e!ect Bdoub!e c!ic6 with the !e,t mouse buttonC the Rm.r#. ,i!e and
press 0. Rm.r#. shou!d now appear in the !ist o, scene ,i!es. )!ic6
the <9 button to c!ose the ,i!e pic6er.
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2i*ure 1 TR94< +cene with 1room.rad2 added

9t this sta*e de!ete the ctree ,i!e name entr(. B)!ic6 on the name
rmH.ct and then use the bac6space 6e( or the de!ete 6e( to de!ete the
entr(.
)!ic6 on the U<+E icon on the ri*ht. This screen is used to set the
renderin* t(pe Binterior or exteriorCI dimensions o, the vo!ume (ou require
to visua!ise: exposure va!uesI re!ative !eve! o, *eometric detai! in this HoneI
the importance o, indirect i!!uminationI an indication o, how !i*ht varies in
ma*nitude over sur,acesI
2i*ure 1- Initia! Aone< Room3.ri,

+ave the r!f ,i!e ,rom the /:3E icon ,irst and then se!ect the ,i!e
rmH.r!f and re#load b( se!ectin* the rmH.r!f entr( and c!ic6 3#.S.
On occasions tr#. wi!! ,ai! when !oadin* a r!f ,i!e. This usua!!( resu!ts
,rom an error in one o, the ,i!es. To attempt to determine the !ocation o, the
error: run the r#. pro*ram on the r!f ,i!e.
r#. rmH.r!f
This command wi!! attempt to create an( ima*es speci,ied within the r!f
,i!e and disp!a( an( errors.
#e care,u! with the auto settin*: as it ma(
,reeHe tr#. i, there are an( errors in the
1r#.2 ,i!eP
)!ic6 on the U<+E icon on the ri*ht. "otice the Hone dimensions have
been entered automatica!!( upon !oadin* the project.
)hoose the :nter!r Hone view. The Hone window shou!d be simi!ar to the
,i*ure be!ow.
2i*ure 11 Aone< room3.ri,
The exact values of these #zone* coordinates are not
terribly important, as they are only used to guide the
setting of certain rendering parameters and standard
view positions. It does not matter for instance whether
the values lie on the inside or the outside of walls, or if
there are non-rectilinear geometries defining the space
perimeter. In fact, the whole space may not even be
aligned with the A, B, and ? axes, and a very approximate
box may be given. In this case, the standard views may
not be very intelligent or useful, but the rendering
parameters will still be satisfactory so long as the overall
size of the given box is close to the overall size of the
space.
+
The automatic settin* runs the 2et&&x command on (our chosen rad
,i!e. Tr( runnin* this command ,rom the prompt in Termina! with<
2et&&x rm.r#.
+et 'et#!" to "= ,or this render.
If the zone is empty except for a few large pieces of furniture, a
1$ow2 setting is indicated. #6or an exterior zone, low detail would
mean that the object is relatively simple.* If the zone contains a
usual amount of furniture and clutter, a 10edium2 setting is
appropriate. If the zone contains a great many small objects or
protrusions, a setting of 1:igh2 is indicated.
3

3
TR94 @e!p screen< Aone< Aone
5
TR94 @e!p screen< Aone< 4etai!
+et :n.!rect to Mer.
/ setting of 1C2 means that most light falls directly on visible
surfaces, and this setting can be used in most cases. / setting of
1'2 means that most objects are not directly illuminated by light
sources, but receive light only after it has bounced once off some
other surface, such as the ceiling. $i&ewise, a setting of 1-2 means
that light must reflect twice off other surfaces before reaching
most objects of interest.
9
+et V#r!#&!"!ty to "=.
In a typical direct or indirect lighting situation, this variable
would be set to 1$ow2, indicating that light is fairly uniform
throughout the space. If there are some areas that are much better
lit than others, such as des&s with powerful tas&s lights in a room
with dimmer ambient lighting, a 10edium2 setting is appropriate.
If there is direct sunlight entering the room, casting bright patches
on some surfaces and not others, then a setting of 1:igh2 is
indicated.
This variable spea&s to the magnitude of light variations more
than the patterns of light. It may well be that the light is casting
interesting patterns such as scallops on the walls or something,
but as long as the variations in brightness are less than an order
of magnitude or so, it is a low variability situation. The high
variability example given above of direct sun entering a space
corresponds to a variation in brightness of about three orders of
magnitude, or ',CCC to 'D
E
We wi!! set some de,au!t renderin* options via the <P-:<+S screen.
0nter the ,o!!owin* in the ren.er *ts: box. The two options<
-= turns o,, warnin* messa*es
-#v 0 0 0 sets the ambient va!ue to Hero ,or the red,
blue and green channe!s.
Ta6e care = there is no spaces between the - and the = or #v. 9 sin*!e
space a,ter the = and be,ore the next parameter?s -. 0.*. -= -#v 0 0 0
5
TR94 @e!p screen< Aone< Indirect
7
TR94 @e!p screenI Aone< &ariabi!it(
2i*ure 11 Trad< Options

+ave the 1r!f2 ,i!e ,rom the /:3E icon. )!ic6 on the V:EWS icon. The
V:EWS windows shou!d be simi!ar to the ,i*ure be!ow.
2i*ure 13 TR94< &iews Initia! Window

This window provides the mana*ement too!s to a!!ow mu!tip!e views to be
set up and manipu!ated.
F<ach view has a unique name, which may be chosen at the user2s
discretion or ta&en from a list of standard views /n invented name
should be &ept as short as possible, since it is added to the picture file
name along with the standard F.hdrG suffix.G
$ever use spaces or %! & characters in the name'
+e!ect the de,au!t view named V and delete itP
In +#me enter the new view as v!e=1. B"o spaces in the namePC
The <*t!ns wi!! be the same as used in tutoria!Q1. 9 vanta*e point o,
B1.15 -.385 1C and a view direction o, B%-.15 -.115 %-.115C
I, the 1!ender in bac&ground2 Start button is
*re(ed out immediate!( a,ter the 1rif 2 ,i!e
has been !oaded: then de!ete the 1err2 error
,i!e usin* the ,i!e mana*er.
-vtv -v* 2.2C 0.HIC 1 -v. -0.2C 0.12C -0.12C
$ress the A.. icon to add this view to the !ist.
+9&0 the >r!f? ,i!e ,rom the /:3E icon. )!ic6 on the AC-:<+ icon. The
shou!d action windows shou!d be simi!ar to the ,i*ure be!ow.
2i*ure 15 TR94< 9ction Window

This is the business end o, the process. 9s can be seen above: contro! over
the project?s octrees is a simp!e push button. -RA' automatica!!( 6eeps
tabs on whether the octrees are up to date and wi!! re%compi!e them i, notP
Interactive render Brv$C and bac6*round renders Br*!ctC are a*ain a simp!e
push button. Fou choose the required view b( c!ic6in* on the appropriate
>v!e=? button Binteractive or bac6*roundC and then se!ectin* the view ,rom
the drop down !ist. BFou need to have previous!( created each view ,rom
the >V!e=? windowPC
To chec6 on pro*ress and ,or an( errors: c!ic6 the 1C%ec0 errrs2 button.
This disp!a(s the error report. On occasions the r#. pro*ram ma( report
Ferror in overture for view G. This is norma!!( a resu!t o, the ambient ,i!e
previous!( created bein* >out o, step? with the current view. 4e!ete the
ambient ,i!e or /rce the recompi!ation o, the octree = This a!so de!etes
the ambient ,i!e.
When bac6*round renders are in process: the Res$"ts screen can be
se!ected.
Tab!e 1< $ara!!e! &iews<
%vd %vu
$!an - - %1 - 1 -
Loo6in* "orth - 1 - - - 1
Loo6in* "W %1 1 - - - 1
Loo6in* "0 1 1 - - - 1
Loo6in* +outh - %1 - - - 1
Loo6in* +0 1 %1 - - - 1
Loo6in* 0ast 1 - - - - 1
Loo6in* +W %1 %1 - - - 1
Loo6in* West %1 - - - - 1
'ode! orientated so that YF points north.
The e!evations =vd can be ca!cu!ated b(<
cosineBan*!eC sineBan*!eC - where Yve G
equa!s - de*rees.
2i*ure 15 TR94< Resu!t

9n( un,inished renders are !isted on the ri*ht and ,inished ones to the !e,t.
$ress the Resc#n? button to update the disp!a(.
+e!ectin* the required view and pressin* the >'!s*"#y? button can disp!a(
ima*es usin* the x!m#2e pro*ram.
)!ic6in* on the required view and se!ectin* the appropriate ima*e ,ormat
accomp!ishes the conversion o, the ,ina! ima*e to a standard ima*e ,ormat
such as 12!f2
8
or uncompressed 1t!ff-2G &!t2
8
. The ima*e conversions use
the appropriate r#1 pro*ram. 2or examp!e to convert a %.r ima*e to
t!f ima*e the r#1t!ff pro*ram wou!d be used. /n,ortunate!( there is
!itt!e scope to add an( additiona! commands such as compression B-MC to
the !ine. 2or that (ou wi!! need to run the actua! pro*ram ,rom the
command !ine prompt e.*.<
r#1t!ff -M rmH1v!e=1.%.r rmH1v!e=1.t!f
In this instance the ,i!e siHe comparison is 87.1M# to 187M# ,or the
compress t!f. To convert the t!f to ,*2 use the ,o!!owin* command<
cnvert rmH1v!e=1.t!f rmH1v!e=1.,*2
Tas6 1
The views that we have been usin* thus ,ar have been perspectives. In
rv$8r*!ct termino!o*( this is 6nown as >view t(pe?. The de,au!t view t(pe
is perspective B-vtvC. Radiance can a!so provide para!!e" views B-vt"C:
%emispherica! ,ishe(e view B-vt%C and an*u!ar ,ishe(e distortion B-vt#C
views.
8
*i, Z )ompuserve ;i,,
8
ti, Z 9!dus? Ta**ed Ima*e 2i!e 2ormat TI22
+ee the Une tab ,or the maximum and
minimum dimensions o, the mode!
9 hemispherica! ,ishe(e is a projection o, the hemisphere onto a circ!e. The
maximum view an*!e B-v% and -vvC ,or this t(pe is 18- de*rees. 9n an*u!ar ,ishe(e
view is de,ined such that distance ,rom the centre o, the ima*e is proportiona! to the
an*!e ,rom the centra! view direction. 9n an*u!ar ,ishe(e can disp!a( a ,u!! 37-
de*rees.
$ara!!e! views can be used ,or p!an: sections and e!evations.
$!an &iew
2or a p!an view: the >vanta*e point? B-v*C wi!! be the centre o, the room B1.C 1 1.IC
and just be!ow the cei!in*.
The view direction B-v.C wi!! be B0 0 -1C . FTo compute this direction from a 1loo&-
at2 point, simply subtract the eyepoint from the loo&-at point. F
The view up B-v$C va!ue is best visua!ised as bein* the direction that the top o, the
observer?s head is pointin*. In this case the view up is in the F direction: thus has a
va!ue o, B0 1 0C. T(pica!!( drawin*s are orientated with "orth at the top o, the pa*e.
"OT0
)orrect orientation is important when usin* sunn( s6ies. In these cases orientate the
mode! so that YF points towards the north.
2or para!!e! views the %oriHonta! B-v%C and vertica! B-vvC view siHe are the ima*e
p!ane siHe in wor!d coordinates. In this case we wi!! ma6e the ima*e p!ane a !itt!e
!ar*er than the p!an to *ive a b!ac6 border around the ima*e: see the ,i*ure be!ow.
In perspective views the Nv% and Nvv parameters correspond to ,u!! camera an*!es in
de*rees.
There are two wa(s in which we can create the new view<
0nter the detai!s direct!( into the view section o, tr#.: or
)reate a v!e= f!"e via rv$ and add the new view in tr#..
)reatin* &iews direct!( in TR94
2rom the V!e= tab: create a new view ca!!ed *"#n.
+et the options to<
-vt" -v* 1.C 1 1.I -v. 0 0 -1 -v$ 0 1 0 -v% H.C -vv 2.C
$ress the A.. button to save the view. The resu!tin* view via rv$ shou!d
be simi!ar to the ,i*ure be!ow.
TR94 @e!p ,i!e< &iews< Options

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The various avai!ab!e view t(pes are
perspective B-vtvC para!!el B-vt"C:
hemispherica! ,ishe(e B-vt%C and an*u!ar
,ishe(e distortion B-vt#C.
I, the text at the bottom o, the rv$ ima*e is
not c!ear: then s!i*ht!( resiHe the rv$ b(
dra**in* an ed*e o, the window and then
pressin* the KenterL 6e( to redisp!a( the
ima*e.
2i*ure 17 $!an &iew

)reatin* &iew 2i!es in R&/
2rom the Act!n tab o, tr#.: start rv$. $ress the !etter v to de,ine a new view.
$arameter one< view t(pe BNvt parameterC.
"
$arameter two< view point B-v* parameterC.
1.C 1 1.I
$arameter three< view direction B-v. parameterC.
0 0 -1
$arameter ,our< view up B-v$ parameterC.
0 1 0
$arameter ,ive< view horiHiHonta! and vertica! siHe -v% and -vv parameters.
H.C 2.C
$arameter six< ,ore and a,t c!ippin* p!ane
0 0
$arameter seven< view shi,t and !i,t
0 0
+ave the view usin* the v n#me.vf command
v *"#n.vf
Duit ,rom rv$ with the > command
2rom the V!e= tab: create a new view ca!!ed *"#n. +et the options to<
-vf *"#n.vf
$ress the A.. button to save the view. The resu!tin* view via rv$ shou!d
be simi!ar to the ,i*ure above.
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0!evation &iew
2or an e!evation view o, the north wa!!: the >vanta*e point? B-v*C wi!! be the centre
o, the south wa!! B1.C 0 0.OICC.
The view direction B-v.C wi!! be B0 1 0C. This is to !oo6 in the YF BnorthC direction.
To !oo6 south use B0 -1 0C: ,or east B1 0 0C etc.
The view up B-v$C va!ues are B0 0 1C: that is the top or the observer?s head is
pointin* in the A direction.
The horiHonta! B-v%C and vertica! B-vvC view siHe is the ima*e p!ane siHe in wor!d
coordinates. The ima*e p!ane wi!! be a made a !itt!e !ar*er than the wa!!.
/se rv$ option and the v method to create the new view ,i!e
e-nrt%.vf.
+et the v options to<
"
1.C 0 0.OIC
0 1 0
0 0 1
H.C 2.CH
0 0
0 0
v e-nrt%.vf
Duit rv$.
"ow create the new view e-nrt%.vf in the v!e=s with the >*t!ns?
B%vf e-nrt%.vfC. $ress A.. button to save the view. The resu!t shou!d be
simi!ar to the ,i*ure be!ow.
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2or southern !atitudes and east !on*itudes
use ne*ative va!ues.
To use local time: use a ( s(mbo!
immediate!( be,ore the time i.e. Y11<--
The scenes are required to be entered in
strict order. The definitions must come prior
to their useD The ,i!e s)y.rad *enerates the
s6( data: which is then app!ied to the s6(
dome and *round p!ane in the outside.rad
,i!e.
2i*ure 18 "orth 0!evation &iew

)reate the other ortho*ona! views in the same wa(.
+ave the >r!f? ,i!e.
+un: +6( and ;round
The 2ens0y pro*ram is used to *enerate s6( data. This pro*ram has a number o,
options Bsee the appropriate manpa*eC.
To *enerate 1sunny s&y with sun2 data ,or 'a( 5: 11am Bso!ar timeC: $erth:
!atitude 31 de*rees south: !on*itude 117 de*rees east: re,erence !on*itude
11- de*rees east use the ,o!!owin* command in the -erm!n#" window<
2ens0y C G 11:00 -# -H2 - -11F -m -120 Ws J s0y.r#.
2or !oca! time speci,( the time with a W immediate!( prior to the hour<
2ens0y C G W11:00 -# -H2 - -11F -m -120 Ws J s0y.r#.
in the /!"e dia!o* o, -RA': chan*e the >/!"e? to >rmH-s$n.r!f?. $ress
new r!f ,i!e ca!!ed rmH-s$n.r!f
9dd the scenes s0y.r#.X $ts!.e.r#. and rm-=!n.=.r#. in that strict
orderP
4on?t ,or*et to add the render options as on pa*e 33. Fou can cop( the
options ,rom other r!f ,i!es b( usin* the c*y button in the <P-:<+S
window.
)op( the views ,rom other r!f ,i!es b( usin* the c*y button in the
V:EWS window.
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Tas6 1
/sin* the rmH-s$n.r!f project: experiment with the >variabi!it(? settin*s
o, !ow: medium and hi*h. +ave a >p!an? view ima*e o, each settin*. These
ima*es shou!d be ,urther processed throu*h p,i!t and pcond pro*rams to
correct ,or exposure.
Loo6 around the room and ,ind the openin* in the wa!! and save the view in
the r!f ,i!e.
)reate east: west and south e!evation views and save the resu!tant ima*es.
These ima*es shou!d be ,urther processed throu*h p,i!t and pcond
pro*rams to correct ,or exposure.
9!ter the s0y.r#. ,i!e ,or other times to shi,t the sun patch on the ,!oor.
+ave a new *"#n ima*e showin* (our resu!ts.
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The >X? at the end o, the command: instructs
the s(stem to run the command as a
bac6*round tas6. In other words: start the
>trad? pro*ram and immediate!( return to the
command !ineP
chan*ed to that area.
Inde8 Nu93er 5 (::) (aylight !actor and 'rtificial $ighting
To"ic ) (aylight !actor and 'rtificial
$ighting
O#er#ie;
/se position !i*hts in a mode!:
)reate the appropriate radiance data ,i!es ,or !i*hts ,rom the >I0+"9? data
,i!es:
/nderstand when to use the various *U+L,T- settin*s and when to use the
amient ,i!e.
9!ter the co!our to the !i*hts:
/se the t0c"r pro*ram to determine the Red: ;reen and #!ue va!ues to
determine co!ours with re,erence to the re,!ectance o, the co!our.
Tutorial Note4
This session wi!! be based on another scene ,rom BLarson X +ha6espeare 18: :
)hapter 1C.
memor( device.
)op( the t$tr!#"1G ,o!der to (our /+# memor( device in the same wa(
)han*e into the Rt$tr!#"1GS ,o!der
TR94
4a(!i*ht 2actors
+tart up the tr#. pro*ram and !oad the c"#ss.r!f ,i!e usin* the command be!ow<
tr#. c"#ss.r!f T
This project is a t(pica! schoo! c!assroom with windows to the veranda and s6(!i*hts
in the roo,. We wi!! use this project to determine the !i*ht !eve!s in the room. 9 s6(
de,inition ,or 'arch 11: at 1pm has been provided.
)!ic6 on the FUneG button as in the ,i*ure be!ow.
-#& 2
+ee >9ppendix = Renderin* +ettin*s? ,or
more in,ormation di,,erent va!ues ,or the
various parameters.
2i*ure 18 TR94< Aone

This 1r!f2 ,i!e has set the 1:n.!rect2 s!ider to 1. This trans!ates in the 1rv$2 and
1r*!ct2 pro*rams into the number o, #m&!ent &$nces o, 1. This wi!! considerab!e
s!ow down the ca!cu!ation but improve the qua!it( and accurac( o, the ima*e.
&ariabi!it( has been set to me.!$m.
)!ic6 on the F<*t!nsG button as in the ,i*ure be!ow. The >$#"!ty has been set to
me.!$m. 9 number o, 1ren.er *t!ns2 have been set<
Option =av - - - +ets the constant ambient va!ue and corresponds to the
avera*e radiance in a!! directions in the scene BLarson X
+ha6espeare 18: p* 557%558C.
Option =aa -.15 Limits the maximum error in the indirect interpo!ation
BLarson X +ha6espeare 18: p* 557%558C.
Option =ar 118 Limits the ambient reso!ution to reduce excessive
ca!cu!ations on unimportant detai!s BLarson X
+ha6espeare 18: p* 557%558C.
Option =ad 511 +ets the number o, ambient divisions or how man( initia!
samp!es wi!! be used to samp!e the hemisphere BLarson X
+ha6espeare 18: p* 557%558C.
Option =as 157 The number o, extra ra(s that wi!! be used to samp!e
areas which have hi*h variance.BLarson X +ha6espeare
18: p* 557%558C
2i*ure 1 TR94< Options

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We need to produce two ima*es. The view we wi!! use is the !ntern#" and
!ntern#"-! views. #oth views are ,rom the same vanta*e point: but rendered with
di,,erent options. )hec6 the detai!s via the v!e=s button.
"otice that the( both use the same view ,i!e. To *enerate the !ntern#" N! view (ou
wi!! need to add a 1-!2 to the render options.
The >-!? parameter is used to ca!cu!ate irradiance va!ues so we can p!ot the "$x !i*ht
!eve!s usin* the f#"sec"r pro*ram.
2i*ure 3- TR94< &iews

;enerate the two ima*es ,rom the views !ntern#" and !ntern#"-! usin* the
1Ren.er !n &#c02r$n.2 process. 4on?t ,or*et to add the 1-!2 to the render
option ,or the !ntern#"-! view or use the c"#ss-!.r!f project where the -!
render option has a!read( been done.
These wi!! ta6e some time = the ,aster the processor the ,aster the renders.
The second render is quic6er as we are usin* the ambient cache Bvia the
9mb2i!e settin* in the ,i*ure aboveC. The resu!tant ima*es are
c"#ss1!ntern#".%.r and c"#ss1!ntern#"-!.%.r.
In the >-erm!n#"? window: use the ,o!!owin* command<
f#"sec"r -* c"#ss1!ntern#".%.r -! c"#ss1!ntern#"-!.%.r -c" -s
1200 -n 10 -" 3$x J "$x.%.r
x!m#2e "$x.%.r
This shou!d produce an ima*e simi!ar to the ,i*ure be!ow.
Insert the ,o!!owin* #"!#s a,ter the ,our !ine
de,inition o, "1s0y"!2%t in c"#ss.m#t<
v!. #"!#s "1s0y"!2%t "1ce!"!n2
This new de,inition wi!! over ride the
existin* s6(!i*ht de,inition.
2i*ure 31 Li*ht !eve! contours Bwith s6(!i*htsC

Tr( chan*in* the s6(!i*ht materia! in the c"#ss.m#t ,i!e to be the same as the
cei!in*. Fou wi!! need to de!ete the #m&!ent f!"e via Trad options screen and then
,orce a re%compi!e o, the octree ,rom the -r#. = Act!n screen Bsee 2i*ure 15C.
2orce tr#. to recompi!e the octree usin* the /rce button on the Act!n tab.
Re*enerate the two ima*es !ntern#" and !ntern#"-! usin* the &#tc% process and
*enerate a new ,a!seco!or ima*e. )ompare the 1=!t%2 and 1=!t%$t2 s6(!i*ht !ux
contours to determine the e,,ectiveness o, the ,our s6(!i*hts.
2i*ure 31 )omparison Lux )ontours

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I used the 1r#. a!ternative to -RA'
/se the 1m#n *#2es2 to wor6 out the
meanin*s and usa*e o, the various
commands.
The commands used to *enerate the ,i*ure be!ow are as ,o!!ows<
rm c"#ss.err c"#ss.ct c"#ss.#m&
r#. -v !ntern#" c"#ss.r!f
r#. -v !ntern#"-! c"#ss-!.r!f
f#"sec"r -! c"#ss1!ntern#"-!.%.r -* c"#ss1!ntern#".%.r -c" -s 1200 -n 10 -"
3$x J "$x-n1s0y"!2%ts.%.r
*cm*s -"# -# G -s 10 -& 0 0 0 "$xQ.%.r J "$x-&t%.%.r
r#1t!ff -M "$x-&t%.%.r "$x-&t%.t!f
cnvert -res!Me 1000xG0C "$x-&t%.t!f "$x-&t%.,*2
"OT0
When usin* >r#.? and mu!ti%processor computers: the wor6 is sp!it up amon* the
di,,erent processors. To use sa( 5 processors the >r#.? speci,( as ,o!!ows: but don?t
speci,( more than the number o, processes in (our computer<
r#. -+ G -v !ntern#" c"#ss.r!f
;!are
$oints o, *!are can be determined in a radiance ima*e BEacobs: 9xe! 1-11b: 58C. 2or
this part o, the exercise: (ou wi!! need to *enerate the ,ishe(e ima*e.
r#. -v f!s%eye c"#ss.r!f
"OT0
I have ,urther processed this ima*e usin* *f!"t to optimise the exposure<
*f!"t -2 c"#ss1f!s%eye.%.r J f!s%.%.r
"ext use the f!n.2"#re pro*ram to ,ind parts o, the scene seven times bri*hter than
the avera*e ,ie!d !uminance. Then ,ina!!( disp!a( the resu!ts mapped over the norma!
picture.
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The >X? at the end o, the command: instructs
the s(stem to run the command as a
bac6*round tas6. In other words: start the
>tr#.? pro*ram and immediate!( return to
the command !ineP
f!n.2"#re -r F00 -* f!s%.%.r -vf f!s%eye.vf c"#ss.ct J c"#ss-s0y"!2%ts.2"r
x2"#resrc f!s%.%.r c"#ss-s0y"!2%ts.2"r
2i*ure 33 ;!are points shown ,or the s6(!i*hts
)o!our o, Li*hts
+tart up the tr#. pro*ram and !oad the rmG.r!f ,i!e usin* the command be!ow<
tr#. rmG.r!f T
This >r!f? ,i!e has been setup with some di,,erences ,rom previous examp!es. Loo6
in the SC.$. windows.
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2i*ure 35 Room 5 +cene Window

In this project the materia! de,initions have be moved ,rom the scene ,i!es
and p!aced in a separate ,i!e Bm#ter!#"s.m#tC. This is then !oaded in the
materia!s section.
9 second scene ,i!e B"!2%ts.r#.C has been added. This ,i!e !ocates the !i*hts
in the scene.
Loo6 at the contents o, each o, ,i!e<
The >m#ter!#"s.m#t? ,i!e is t(pica! o, previous materia! de,initions.
The >rmG.r#.? ,i!e is rather interestin* in that it is a co!!ection o, the
statements: which simp!( insert other objects. These objects are !ocated in
separate >rad? ,i!es in the >!ib? sub ,o!der.
The >"!2%ts.r#.? ,i!e is simi!ar to the >room5.rad? ,i!e in that it !ocates two
!i*hts in the room.
This method o, separatin* the data ,i!es into !o*ica! *roups improves
wor6in* and understandin* o, the project. 'a6in* chan*es to materia!s and
!i*ht positions are much easier as the ,i!es are sma!!er and objects are easier
to manipu!ate.
Renderin* times wou!d be unchan*ed compared to havin* a!! the
in,ormation in a sin*!e ,i!e.
I, (ou *o strai*ht ahead and attempt to render the scene with either rv$ or
r*!ct: the resu!t wi!! be a ver( dar6 scene as there is no arti,icia! !i*ht or
sun!i*ht.
9 number o, errors wi!! be reported on missin* data ,i!es or empt( data
,i!es. This is to be expected.
Loo6 at the >"!2%ts.r#.? ,i!e and (ou wi!! see that it !oads the !i*ht ,i!e
>P0*#rHO.r#.?. 9 quic6 >"s? ,rom the >-erm!n#"? window: wi!! not show
an( ,i!es o, this name with the exception o, >P0*s*.!es?. The >!es? ,i!e is
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the photometric data ,or the !i*ht % avai!ab!e ,rom the !i*htin* manu,acturer
and in the standard >I!!uminatin* 0n*ineerin* +ociet( o, "orth 9merica?
I0+"9 ,ormat.
IESNA91
90PSP.IES
90 watt PAR38 spot
TILT=NONE
1 1270 1 29 1 1 1 -.4 0 0
1 1 90
0 1.25 2.5 3.75 5 6.25 7.5 8.75 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 30 35 40 45 50
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
0
10100.3 9993 9436 8689.5 7591.7 6110.3 4719.5 3606 2637.5 1607.5 1067.5 722.4
526.6 410.1 351.7 332.4 327 327.4 349.3 340.6 251.7 179.1 150.9 141.5 136.2
133.2 132.6 129.5 127.2
This ,i!e comprises two sections
1-
. The ,irst section is a series o, comments
describin* the !i*htI the second contains the data.
+ection 1.
Line 1 The ,irst !ine describes the ,ormat t(peI
Line 1 The ,i!e nameI
Line 3 4escription
+ection 1.
Line 5 Ti!t [ none un!ess the !i*ht is a hi*h intensit( dischar*e !amp.
Line 5 1- va!ues ,or<
"umber o, !ampsI !umens per !ampI cande!a mu!tip!ierI
number o, vertica! an*!esI number o, horiHonta! an*!esI
photometric t(peI
units t(peI
!uminous openin* widthI
!uminous openin* !en*th and !uminous openin* hei*ht.
Line 7 3 va!ues ,or<
#a!!ast ,actorI
reserved va!ue 1I
input watts
Line 8 9rra( o, an*!es
Line 8 9rra( o, cande!as va!ues ,or each an*!e
The ies1rad pro*ram is used to convert the >I0+"9? ,i!e to a radiance
usab!e ,i!e.
0nter the ,o!!owin* into termina! window<
!es2r#. -.f -t .ef#$"t -m 1 -c 1 1 1 - P0*#rHO P0*s*.!es
1-
Larson: ;. W. X +ha6espeare: R. 18: !endering with !adiance" The /rt and
%cience of $ighting ;isualization: 'or*an Mau,mann: +an 2rancisco: )a!i,ornia.
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The 38 in >par 38? !amp represents a
diameter o, 38.8
th?s
o, an inch or 11- mm.
The >ne=? command ,orces rv$ to restart the
render.
The command above wi!! convert the >P0*s*.!es? ,i!e to a pair o, radiance
,i!es >P0*#rHO..#t? and >P0*#r.r#.?. The parameters used are<
%.f )onvert the output units ,rom meters to ,eet Bto match the
mode!C. To convert to mi!!imetres use -.m81000
-t .ef#$"t /se de,au!t co!ours
-m 1 'aintenance ,actor 1 Bbrand new !i*htC. 2or an o!d !i*ht
(ou mi*ht use -m 0.2C: dimmin* -m 0.F: ,!uorescent
tubes -m 0.OC
-c 1 1 1 Red: *reen and b!ue co!our.
- P0*#rHO Output ,i!e name ,or the *enerated >.#t? and >r#.? ,i!es.
#e,ore attemptin* to render the scene: ,irst!( (ou wi!! need to re%compi!e
the octree. /se frce to update the octree and de!ete the previous
ambient ,i!e.
The initia! scene is not ver( impressive as the cei!in* is b!ac6. This is not
how the >"!&8=#""1ce!"!n2.r#.? ,i!e describes the sur,ace co!ours. It
de,ines them as >=%!te1m#tte?.
2i*ure 35 Initia! +cene Render

To *et a more rea!istic render (ou wi!! need to chan*e the number o,
ambient bounces: which b( de,au!t is set o,,.
2rom within rvu<
set #& 1
ne=
When renderin*: the qua!it( o, the render is a ba!ance between the
renderin* time and the accurac( o, the simu!ation.
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To date: our renders have used the "= qua!it( settin*. +ee the
<P-:<+S window under tr#..
2i*ure 37 TR94 Options Window

/ 13=2 setting is appropriate for quic& chec&s of scene
geometry and crude lighting studies. Ho interreflection
calculation will ta&e place, regardless of the setting of
the 1:+':REC-2 variable, and other options are tuned
for speed over accuracy. The computed picture size will
exactly equal the final picture size, thus some aliasing
may be apparent.
/ 1Me.!$m2 quality setting is most often used for draft
renderings, as it provides a good balance between
rendering time and accuracy. The number of
interreflections calculated will be equal to the setting of
the 1:+':REC-2 variable. The computed picture size
will be twice the final size, for a modest degree of anti-
aliasing.
/ 1A!2%2 quality setting is usually reserved for final
renderings. The number of interreflections computed will
equal the value of the 1:+':REC-2 variable plus one, to
guarantee accuracy. The computed picture size will be
three times the final size, so aliasing artifacts should be
negligible.
''
In this renderin* project: we have inc!uded am >ambient? ,i!e. The
inc!usion o, an ambient ,i!e a!!ows a!! the ca!cu!ations o, the ambient
!i*ht bounces to be stored in a separate ,i!e. This ma6es subsequent
renderin*s ,aster as the resu!ts can be re%used. In situations where there
are a number o, views to be *enerated: the ambient ,i!e can save
si*ni,icant time.
11
TR94 @e!p +creen< Options< Dua!it(
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Fou wi!! need to update the octree and de!ete
the ambient ,i!e be,ore be*innin* the render.
In some circumstances the ,i!e ambient va!ues are inva!id. KIncreases in
the variab!es: >'E-A:3: :+':REC-: VAR:AD:3:-Y:
EVP<SZRE or [ZA3:-Y? *enera!!( inva!idate this ,i!e.L
11
2rom the TR94 *t!ns window<
4e!ete the #m&!ent ,i!e usin* the .e"ete button.
)han*e the >$#"!ty settin* to me.!$m and run a batch render.
2i*ure 38 Room 5 % 'edium Dua!it(

The above ima*e: is o, a much hi*her qua!it( than the initia! ,i*ure. The
co!our o, the wa!!s and cei!in* are now visib!e as is the co!our !eachin* o,
the ,!oor onto the !ower parts o, the wa!!. These co!oured re,!ections are an
important consideration in the acceptance o, the simu!ation.
9*in* Li*hts
;eneratin* new rad.data ,i!es with the >!es2r#.? pro*ram can a*e the
!amps. )han*e the -m 1 va!ue down to 0.O. To *enerate the new ,i!es use<
!es2r#. -.f -t .ef#$"t -m 0.O -c 1 1 1 - P0*#rHO-$se. P0*s*.!es
This wi!! create two new ,i!es >P0*#rHO-$se..r#.? and
>P0*#rHO-$se...#t?.
0dit the >"!2%ts.r#.? ,i!e and chan*e the second !i*ht to
P0-*#rHO-$se..r#.
Render and p,i!t the ima*e. /sin* 2i!e 'ana*er and chan*e the name o, the
ima*e ,i!e ,rom rmG1v1.%.r to r*1-$se..%.r.
11
TR94 @e!p +creen< Options< 9mbde!ete
2rom ,i!e mana*er: c!ic6 on the ,i!e
"!2%ts.r#.. This wi!! open the ,i!e usin* the
2e.!t pro*ram: the same as used in chapter
1.
The -n parameter in xfrm a!!ows (ou to
name each item. In the case o, the !i*hts: the
!e,t !i*ht is !abe!!ed as par1 and the ri*ht
!i*ht is par1. 2rom rv$: i, (ou c!ic6 on one
o, the !i*hts and press the !etter t: rv$ wi!!
>trace? the ra( and disp!a( the name o, the
!i*ht in addition to other in,ormation on the
traced ra(P
)o!oured Li*hts
The process o, co!ourin* a !i*ht is ver( simp!e in radiance. There are hundreds
o, co!oured ,i!ters commercia!!( avai!ab!e. BIn theatre !i*htin* the( are o,ten
6nown as *e!s.C
BLarson and +ha6espeare 18: 533C !ist the R;# va!ues ,or a number *e!s<
!tstraw 1.353 -.818 -.138
straw 1.511 -.77 -
amber 1.515 -.51 -
red -.38- - -.--1
pin6 1.33- -.51- -.177
d6pin6 -.75 -.-71 -.111
!tb!ue -.851 -.5- -.111
b!ue -.15- -.18 -.158
d6b!ue -.-1 -.-58 -.1-
To incorporate a co!oured *e! ,i!ter on a !i*ht: simp!( a!ter the ies1rad >-c?
parameter. 2or examp!e to co!our - watt $ar 38 !i*ht with a pin6 *e! use<
!es2r#. -.f -t .ef#$"t -m 0.O -c 1.HH0 0.C10 0.1FF - P0*#rHO-$se.-c"$re. P0*s*.!es
4on?t ,or*et to a!ter the >"!2%ts.r#.? ,i!e to incorporate this new co!oured
!i*ht in p!ace o, the o!d >P0*#rHO-$se..r#.? ,i!e.
+tart the t)color pro*ram ,rom the >start? button or ,rom the termina!
window usin* the command be!ow. B'acintosh users shou!d use the
ColorSync Utility under +pplications%Utilities ,o!der and use the
Calculator iconC. 2or an on!ine too!: see
http<..www.ja!oxa.eu.resources.radiance.co!ourQpic6er.shtm!<
t0c"rT
This pro*ram Bsee the ,i*ure be!owC can disp!a( co!ours in a number o,
di,,erent co!our spaces<
@ue: +aturation and #ri*htness B@+#C % de,au!t settin*
Red ;reen and #!ue BR;#C
)(an: 'a*enta and Fe!!ow B)'FC
2rom the 2i!e menu se!ect R;D C"r S*#ce
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2i*ure 38 t6co!or % de,au!t @+# and the R;# co!our space

In the above ima*e the Red va!ue is 1: ;reen is - and #!ue is -. That is
each va!ue is divided b( 1--- to reduce the ran*e to - to 1. B2or the
ColorSync Utility app!ication: the va!ues are a!read( in a - to 1 ran*e.C The
number disp!a(ed be!ow the co!our patch is the re,!ectance va!ue.
!=(
t&color
!
1---
-.)
1
@=(
t&color
@
1---
-.)
1
==(
t&color
=
1---
-.)
1
Re,!ectance is the percenta*e o, !i*ht that is di,,use!( re,!ected.
@I"T
2or each Red: ;reen and #!ue re,!ectance va!ue: mu!tip!( b( -. and then
square the resu!t.
'ar6 +toc6 Bhttp<..www.radiance%on!ine.or*.pipermai!.radiance%
*enera!.1-11%9pri!.--8853.htm!C su**ests<
I... normalize to C.) or C.( because there is no real Ipure whiteI in real life.
<ven white paint is rarely over C.). /nd with models with complicated
geometry, even C.) requires a hefty number of ambient bounces to balance
the energy---light really can penetrate into some deep spaces with C.).
.onsider that with a reflectivity of C.(, only 'CJ of the energy is &illed
after every bounce, and youKll see that -ab will need to be prohibitively high
to get an accurate rendering.
...
The squaring of the result is to push the values down closer to zero. 0ost of
the interesting colors are in the C.- range, and thatKs just a hac& to get
closer. ... ThatKs easy to remember and quic& to compute.I
Thomas #!eicher Bhttp<..www.radiance%on!ine.or*.pipermai!.radiance%
*enera!.1-11%9pri!.--8855.htm!C adds <
I... The 4hotoshop !@= values are intended to be displayed on a screen
with a non-linear response curve. !adiance uses a linear color space and
to convert it you have to apply a Igamma correctionI to the color
components"
r L !Mgamma
g L @Mgamma
b L =Mgamma
The typical gamma used today is -.-.I 'ar6Ws square equates to a *amma
o, 1.
2i*ure 3 4i,,use Re,!ectance

Re,!ectivit(.+pecu!arit( Bsee 2i*ure 5-C is the specu!ar re,!ection o, !i*ht
,rom a sur,ace. This is the percenta*e o, !i*ht re,!ected. This va!ue is used
with p!astic and meta! materia!s. 9 matt sur,ace has a !ow di,,use re,!ection
B-C va!ue whi!e a mirror is hi*h!( re,!ective B1C.
2i*ure 5- +pecu!ar Re,!ectivit(

2rom the t0c"r 2IL0 menu: se!ect the R;D c"r s*#ce.
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2ind the R;# va!ues o, the red ti!es. B+tart b( !oo6in* at the >rmG.r#.?
,i!e and trace bac6 to ,ind which materia! de,inition is usedPC
In >rmG.r#.? (ou wi!! see that the ,i!e >t!"e1xG11.r#.? de,ines the
,!oor. It is !ocated in the >!ib? ,o!der. This ,i!e in turn creates the ti!es. Once
the materia! names o, the ti!es have been determined: chec6 the
>materia!s.mat? ,i!e ,or the actua! R;# va!ues.
/sin* t6co!or devise a new co!our ,or the re.1t!"e and render. The
ima*e shou!d be *cn. ,or ,ina! viewin*.
)han*e the ri*ht !i*ht ,or a used !i*ht. B/se a maintenance ,actor o, -.15C
and render. The ima*e shou!d be *cn. ,or ,ina! viewin*.
)han*e the ri*ht !i*ht ,or a co!oured used !i*ht. BFour choice to the co!ourC
and render. The ima*e shou!d be *cn. ,or ,ina! viewin*.
9!ter the position and direction the !i*hts to produce a spectacu!ar !i*htin*
!a(out. #( de,au!t the !i*hts point in the %H direction. The( can be rotated
about the x: ( and H directions b( the x,orm pro*ram.
+imp!( add -rx: -ry and.or -rM with the appropriate de*rees be,ore the -t
section o, the !ine.
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+ee the manpa*e o, &,v!e= and rv$ ,or a
revision o, the command used to move the
viewpoint around the space.
Inde8 Nu93er 5 (::) #mage and *ro+ect
To"ic & #mage and *ro+ect
O#er#ie;
Inc!ude a photo*raph into a scene:
+tart the project.
Tutorial Note4
This session wi!! be based on another scene ,rom BLarson X +ha6espeare 18: :
)hapter 3C.
memor( device.
)op( the 2#""ery ,o!der to (our /+# memor( device in the same wa( as
done in KTopic 1L.
)han*e into the R2#""eryS ,o!der
+tart up the tr#. pro*ram and !oad the 2#""ery.r!f ,i!e usin* the command be!ow<
tr#. 2#""ery.r!f T
&iew the v1 ima*e ,rom the -r#. - Act!n screen usin* the interactive views.
'ove the view point around and (ou shou!d be ab!e to see two ima*es han*in* on
the wa!!. 9s can be seen: Radiance can map ima*es.textures and procedura! textures
onto po!(*ons. This exercise demonstrates the methodo!o*( to map ima*es.
BTextures and procedura! textures are !e,t to !ater studies.C
'appin* $ictures onto $o!(*ons % manua!!(
Radiance has provided the means to insert Radiance ima*es B%.rC into scenes. The
method uses the c"r*!ct ,unction to map the picture onto the sur,ace.
The c"r*!ct ,unction requires a radiance %.r ima*e ,i!e. To assist in creatin*
1%.r2 ima*es ,rom norma! ima*es: some o, the radiance ima*e conversion uti!it(
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The r#1t!ff pro*ram cannot convert
compressed 1t!f2 ima*es into radiance 1%.r2
,i!es.
The cnvert and r#1t!ff commands are
assumin* (our termina! she!! is in the *a!!er(
,o!der: hence the #rt8? in commands.
pro*rams such as r#1t!ff have the abi!it( to convert ima*es ,rom radiance %.r
,ormat into the standard ima*e t!ff ,ormat as we!! as t!ff to %.r.
$!ace (our ,*2 into the #rt ,o!der.
I, the chosen ima*e is not a t!f ima*e but sa( a ,*2 ima*e instead: use the
Ima*e'a*ic6 convert pro*ram as in the command be!ow<
cnvert Ncm*ress nne #rt8r!2!n#"1!m#2e.,*2 #rt8ne=1!m#2e.t!f
O,ten >t!f2 ima*es have some ,orm o, compression or ,ormattin* that the r#1t!ff
pro*ram cannot hand!e e* ima*es saved b( $hotoshop. In these cases save in 1,*22
,ormat ,rom the other app!ication and then use the convert statement above to
convert the 1,*22 to 1t!f2 or use the cnvert pro*ram to move ,rom compressed to
uncompressed ,ormat.
It is best to have a square ima*e. /se the r#1t!ff pro*ram to convert the ima*e to a
radiance picture as shown be!ow<
r#1t!ff -r #rt8ne=1!m#2e.t!f #rt8m$2s%t.%.r
)urrent radiance pictures can on!( be mapped onto po!(*ons BLarson X +ha6espeare
18: p* 118C.
The colorpict function scales the shortest dimension of the picture
to ', then locates its lower left corner at C C C in the xy plane.
/ssuming that the z-axis is up, it2s as though the picture was
placed on the floor facing upwards. :owever, the picture remains
invisible until it is placed onto a canvasD 5nce the canvas and the
picture have been merged together, the artwor& can be located in
a file and placed anywhere in the gallery by using the xform.
#$arson N %ha&espeare '((), pg '')* Hotice the image on the
right hand wall image #see the figure below*.
Run tr#. and *enerate the v1 ima*e.
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The #"!#s command a!!ows (ou to have
mu!tip!e names ,or the one entit(. In this
case the same canvas can be used ,or other
artwor6s with di,,erent names.
4i,,erent materia!s can be mapped to a
sin*!e de,inition usin* the #"!#s command.
2or examp!e<
void p!astic unde,inedQmateria!
-
-
5 -.8 -.8 -.8 -.--5 -.15
void a!ias 'odQ#ric6 unde,inedQmateria!
void a!ias )omQ#ric6 unde,inedQmateria!
void a!ias @eadQ#ric6 unde,inedQmateria!
2i*ure 51 v1 ima*e

The process o, insertin* an ima*e is convo!uted but not too di,,icu!t. This
>*%t2r#*%? is inc!uded in the ima*e b( the #rt8c#fe1*!c.r#. ,i!e
which is inc!uded into the scene b( 2#"1#rt.r#..
KKK c#fe1*!c.r#. Ren.er!n2 =!t% R#.!#nce
K
K m#**!n2 # *!ct$re nt # c#nv#s
v!. *"#st!c t!t#n!$m1=%!te1c#nv#s
0
0
C 0.P2 0.P2 0.P2 0 0
v!. c"r*!ct c#fe1!m#2e1.#t#
11 c"!*1r c"!*12 c"!*1& #rt8s!mn.%.r *!ct$re.c#" *!c1$ *!c1v -s F -rx
P0
0
0
c#fe1!m#2e1.#t# #"!#s c#fe1#rt t!t#n!$m1=%!te1c#nv#s
c#fe1#rt *"y2n c#fe1*#!nt!n2
0
0
12 0 0 0
F 0 0
F 0 F
0 0 F
Ken. c#fe1*!c.r#.
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9s can be seen in the above ,i!e description: the canvas materia!
#titaniumOwhiteOcanvas* is de,ined as square 7 ,eet b( 7 ,eet. It is a bri*ht
white sur,ace so that it does not a!ter the ima*e?s co!ours.
The c"r*!ct ,unction comes next to prepare the ima*e to be mer*ed onto
the canvas. The ,unction as used here has 11 strin* parameters.
11 c"!*1r c"!*12 c"!*1& #rt8s!mn.%.r *!ct$re.c#" *!c1$ *!c1v -s F -rx P0
c!ipQr: c!ipQ*: c!ipQb )!ip the ima*es co!ours and *!ow so as not to
exceed 1.
art.simon.hdr 2i!e name o, our ima*e
picture.ca! Radiance ,unction to map the ima*e into the scene
picQu: picQv $arameters ,or picture.ca! to !ocate the ima*e in the
scene
%s 7 +ca!e the ima*e b( a ,actor o, 7
%rx - Rotate about the x%axis. The de,au!t orientation o, the
imported ima*e is in the horiHonta! p!ane. There,ore
the >rx P0? command is used to orientate the ima*e
vertica!!(. The ima*e wi!! then be vertica! with the
bac6 o, the ima*e ,acin* in the >Y? direction. Other
trans,ormations can be added: but be%aware that the
,irst parameter Bin this case >11? wi!! need to be
updated to account ,or the extra.reduced number o,
parametersPC
The #"!#s command is used to mer*e the c#fe1!m#2e1.#t# and the
canvas to*ether under the name c#fe1#rt.
The ,ina! step is to de,ine the sur,ace Bpo!(*onC on which to drop the ima*e.
This is done in the same wa( as app!(in* an( other materia! to a sur,ace.
Four cha!!en*e is to insert (our own ima*e into the *a!!er( and on another
wa!!: correct!( orientated Bnot mirroredCP /se the existin* ima*e >r#.? ,i!es
as examp!es. 4on?t ,or*et to p!ace the ima*es via the b( 2#"1#rt.r#. ,i!e.
The steps are<
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)onvert (our ima*e to the >%.r? ,ormat as previous!( exp!ained.
)op( the >c#f\1*!c.r#.? ,i!e in the art ,o!der to a new ,i!e.
4etermine the ratio o, width to hei*ht o, the ima*e.
4oub!e c!ic6 the >t!f? ima*e to open it with the de,au!t
ima*e viewer. Fou can see the dimensions shown at the
bottom !e,t o, the ima*e window.
)a!cu!ate !on*est side to shortest side = a ca!cu!ator is
avai!ab!e ,rom the >A**"!c#t!ns | Accessr!es? menu.
9!ter the canvas siHe to suit. 0* an ima*e o, 1-15 x 878 has a
!on*est to shortest ratio o, 1.33. There,ore the po!(*on dimensions
shou!d be 8 b( 7 to ,it the comp!ete ima*eP
9dd (our new >r#.? ,i!e to the >2#"1#rt.r#.? ,i!e in the *a!!er(
,o!der. Fou wi!! see the other two ima*es at !ine 13 and 15. 9dd
(ou new ima*e ,or examp!e<
Lxfrm Nn *#!nt!n21H Nt 1 2G.G 2.C Ns H0G.O #rt8c#f\1*!c1H.r#.
This wou!d p!ace the new ima*e beside the other two ima*es 1
,oot ,rom the end wa!!.
"ro?ect 5 2aller6
The submission ,or this portion o, the course requires (ou to devise and i!!ustrate a
!i*htin* scheme suitab!e ,or the *a!!er(.
Fou are to speci,ica!!( !i*ht<
The spira!I
The *ob!ets and tab!eI
The ,eatherI
The !otusI
The picture
The waves
There must be su,,icient !i*ht ,or com,ortab!e movement about the *a!!er(.
Other In,ormation
The >*a!!er(? has been ta6en ,rom BLarson X +ha6espeare 18C boo6 with
permission. /n,ortunate!(: the boo6 examp!e was deve!oped in imperia! units B,eet
and inchesC. We have converted the bui!din* to metric: but the objects have been
simp!( sca!ed when the( are inserted in the scene B%s 3-5.8 in the x,orm commandC.
Li*hts
The data ,or the !i*hts is in the !es1"!& sub%,o!der. It is recommend that the !i*hts be
6ept in the >"!2%ts? sub%,o!der.
)han*e (our current path to the *a!!er( ,o!der.
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9!wa(s de!ete the ambient ,i!e be,ore
startin* the 1!ender in =ac&ground2 option
as an ambient ,i!e created with !ower settin*s
ma( cause the *enerated ima*es to have
errors.
"ote<
9n( errors in the >2#"1"!te.r#.? ,i!e wi!!
prevent >tr#.? ,rom !oadin*P
The tr#. convert option does not use an(
compression so the ima*e ,i!es are ver( bi*P
/se the command !ine version o, r#1t!ff
with the -M option.
@i*her settin*s ma(be used: but beware: the
time required ,or renderin* ma( we!!
become excessiveP Render at these settin*
,irst. I, (ou have su,,icient time: (ou are
encoura*ed to experiment with other
settin*s.
!es2r#. -.m81000 Nt .ef#$"t -m 0.O - "!2%ts8xxx !es1"!&8yyy.!es
Where xxx is the new name o, the !i*ht ,i!e bein* *enerated
((( is the name o, the 1ies2 ,i!e bein* used.
The ,i!e 2#"1"!te.r#. ,i!e has been set up to inc!ude ,our standard !i*hts which have
a!read( been *enerated and p!aced in the >!i*hts? ,o!der.
These !i*hts inc!ude<
$ar 38 ,!ood:
11 vo!t ha!o*en spot!i*ht:
)ompact ,!uorescent wa!! sconce and
2!uorescent down!i*ht
2!uorescent up !i*ht
These !i*hts wi!! need to be moved.removed etc as necessar( ,or (our scheme. Fou
wi!! most !i6e!( need to create more !i*hts that thisP
+ubmission requirements<
The de,au!t !i*htin* is tota!!( inadequate as disp!a( !i*htin* in a *a!!er(. 2i*ure 51
i!!ustrates man( dar6 spots etc. The de,au!t !i*htin* and the two views are *iven as
startin* positions and are not acceptab!e ,or this submission.
Ima*es must be prepared ,or each o, the above items. Fou are to convert the ima*es
to compressed >t!f? ,i!es as in the examp!e<
r#1t!ff -M 2#""ery1*"#n.%.r 2#""ery1*"#n.t!f
0xtra mar6s wi!! be *iven ,or those students who mana*e to insert their own
photo*raph onto the wa!! opposite the entr( usin* radiance. BThis is not required ,or
a pass mar6.C
9s a *uide to settin*s: ima*es rendered with the ,o!!ow are considered acceptab!e<
4etai! % 'edium
Indirect % 1 +et to 1 ,or ,ina! renders = use - when chec6in* !i*ht
positions: views etc.
&ariabi!it( % Low
$enumbras % O,,
Dua!it( % 'edium
+ubmit both the >t!f? ,i!es and the >%.r? ,i!es.
We reserve the ri*ht to<
0xamine a!! the supportin* ,i!es. +o 6eep them avai!ab!e just in caseP We
wi!! contact (ou i, required.
/se copies o, (our ima*es as i!!ustrations o, student wor6 on the
4epartment?s web site: ,or course accreditation purposes and other
4epartment advertisin*. +tudents wi!! be as6ed to si*n a cop(ri*ht re!ease
,orm. BThis is not a requirement ,or submission but a request to use the
some o, the better ima*es.C
The method o, submittin* (our ,i!es wi!! be on )4RO'. The )4RO' is to be
structured in the ,o!!owin* manner<
9!! >t!ff? and >%.r? ,i!es are to be in a ,o!der named (our student number
The *a!!er( ,o!der with a!! ,i!es used to create the ima*es in the other ,o!der.
'ar6in* )riteria
!i*htin* scheme suitab!e ,or the *a!!er(.
Fou are to speci,ica!!( !i*ht<
The spira!I
The *ob!ets and tab!eI
The ,eatherI
The !otusI
The pictureBsC
The waves
There must be su,,icient !i*ht ,or com,ortab!e movement about the *a!!er(.
)hec6 the exposure o, each ima*e b(: disp!a(in* the ima*es usin* the x!m#2e
pro*ram. $ress the !etter %. B+ee the x!m#2eX *f!"t and *cn. m#n*#2es ,or more
in,ormation.C
The >%? option in V:MA;E mimics the human visua! response b( producin* an
ima*e that corre!ates stron*!( with a person?s subjective impression o, a scene.
'ar6s are a!!ocated in the ,o!!owin* manner<
9dequate !i*htin* to best disp!a( a!! required objects and adequate
!i*ht ,or com,ortab!e movement
1- mar6s
Dua!it( o, the views. The existin* view v1: and t#&"e view ,rom the
radiance tips section ,o!!owin*: cannot be usedP
5 mar6s
Overa!! e,,ort demonstrated via the ima*es: p!us inc!usive o, (our
photo.ima*e in the *a!!er(
1- mar6s
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Radiance 9ssi*nment Tips
The easiest wa( to start the assi*nment is to !i*ht each o, the required e!ements one
at a time. The procedure I wou!d su**est is as ,o!!ows<
/sin* >rv$? se!ect the >*"#n?
Fou ma( need to adjust the exposure !eve! usin* the >e? command
/se the >t? command and c!ic6 on the desired V#nt#2e P!nt: or camera
point ,or the view Bsee the red cross in the ima*e be!owC.
2i*ure 51 &anta*e $oint

$ress the .nter 6e( twice to disp!a( the next two !ines o, in,ormation as
be!ow<
2i*ure 53 &anta*e $oint Location

Write down the G and F va!ues ,rom the >at? !ine e.*. 8381 and 53-1. The A
va!ue is on the seat so (ou mi*ht want to adjust that to a t(pica! sittin* head
hei*ht.
/sin* the >t? command a*ain: choose the tar*et point ,or the view.
2i*ure 55 Tar*et $oint

$ress the >Enter? 6e( twice to disp!a( the next two !ines o,
in,ormation.
2i*ure 55 Tar*et Location

Write down the G and F va!ues ,rom the >at? !ine e*. 5815: 3837 and 37
"ow we can ca!cu!ate the vd View 'irection b( simp!(
subtractin* the tar*et minus the vanta*e points<
G F A
Tar*et 5815 3837 37
&anta*e $oint BvpC 8381 53-1 11--
&iew 4irection BvdC BTar*et % &anta*e
$ointC
%1558 %1577 %8-5
To set up the view use the v command: ,irst disp!a( the v/ view usin*
the L command
3 v1
"ext use the v command to create a new view
t(pe<
v B,or perspectiveC
view point B--- 38-- 17--C< 8381 53-1 11--
view direction B%1 - -C< %1558 %1577 %8-5
view up B- - 1C< - - 1
view horiH and vert siHe B- 7-C< - 7-
,ore and a,t c!ippin* p!ane B- -C< - -
view shi,t and !i,t B- -C< - -
+ave the view usin* the >v n#me.vf? command
e.*. v tab!e.v,
Duit ,rom >rv$? with the >>? command
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In the >v!e=? tab in >tr#.? create a new view as in the ima*e be!ow.
2i*ure 57 "ew view in Trad

"ext create a test !i*ht.
I recommend that (ou use a narrow beam spot!i*ht: as it is ,ar easier to
,ocus in the scene.
2rom the command she!! and in the *a!!er( ,o!der on (our /+# device: use
the >!es2r#.? as be!ow<
!es2r#. -.m81000 -t .ef#$"t -m 0.O - "!2%ts8test !es1"!&8mr1F-
20=-O.!es
To p!ace the new !i*ht into the scene: we need to determine the !i*hts
!ocation. There,ore disp!a( the >*"#n? view usin* >rv$?.
/se the >t? command and c!ic6 on the desired !amp !ocation and write
down the G and F va!ues. Fou can estimate an approximate A hei*ht.
2i*ure 58 Li*ht !ocation

Duit ,rom >rv$? with the >>? command
2rom the ,i!e mana*er: sin*!e c!ic6 on the ,i!e >2#"1"!te.r#.?. This ,i!e
contains a!! the !i*hts ,or the scene.
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The ,irst step is to turn o"" a!! the !i*hts.
To do this: simp!( p!ace a >K? s(mbo! as the ,irst character on each !ine in
,ront o, the >Lxfrm? command. BRemember that a!! remainin* characters
on the !ine: ,o!!owin* the >K? are treated as commentsPC
9t the end o, the ,i!e add (our own !i*hts as be!ow. This is best carried out
one step Band one !i*htC at a time. 0.*.
K My "!2%ts
Lxfrm -n t#&"e1 -t IC20 GP00 H000 "!2%ts8test.r#.
+ave the ,i!e.
)!ic6 on the >/rce? button to compi!e the octree and chec6 ,or errors.
4isp!a( the >*"#n? view usin* >rv$?. 9djust the exposure !eve! usin* the >e?
command
2i*ure 58 Li*ht re,!ected on the ,!oor be,ore an( rotations

"ote< The de,au!t direction o, a!! !i*hts is vertica!!( downwards.
To an*!e the !i*ht onto the required artwor6 requires addin* one or more o,
the -rx -ry or -rM parameters to the >xfrm? command in the
>2#"1"!te.r#.? ,i!e.
rx
%ve an*!e rotates the !i*ht south
Btowards the ottom o, the
screenC
Yve an*!e rotates the !i*ht
north Btowards the top o, the
screenC
r(
%ve an*!e rotates the !i*ht east
Btowards the right o, the screenC
west Btowards the le"t o, the
screenC
rH
%ve an*!e rotates the !i*ht
horiHonta!!( cloc)wise
horiHonta!!( counter
cloc)wise
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2or examp!e to an*!e this !i*ht onto the tab!e in the midd!e o, the *a!!er(:
use the ,o!!ow<
Lxfrm -n t#&"e1 -ry H0 -rx -20 -t IC20 GP00 H000
"!2%ts8test.r#.
O,ten (ou wi!! require a combination o, rotations. 9!wa(s p!ace the rotation
parameters 0#r1 be,ore the trans,orm 0#t1 part o, the command. 9pp!(
rotations one at a time and chec6 each chan*e usin* the p!an or (our new
view ,or the accurac( o, each chan*e.
Remember (ou can chan*e views within >rv$? with the >3 n#me?
command: where the view name has been previous!( entered in >tr#.?.
0.*.<
3 *"#n
3 t#&"e
3 v1
9,ter the !i*hts have been p!aced and ,ocused in the scene: (ou can
*enerate new !i*hts o, di,,erent beam an*!e and watta*es.
Remember: when (ou increase the !n.!rect ,rom - and chan*e the >$#"!ty
to medium more !i*ht wi!! bounce around the *a!!er(I there,ore the scene
wi!! become bri*hter.
;enerate an ima*e usin* the hi*her settin*s and the >Ren.er !n
&#c02r$n.? button. &iew the overa!! bri*htness o, the !i*htin* usin* the
>x!m#2e? pro*ram and pressin* the !etter >%? ,or human sensitivit(. I, there
are areas o, *re(: when there shou!d be co!our in the ima*e: then the
!i*htin* needs increasin*.
The rsensitivit( script has been provided to a!!ow (ou to test the sensitivit(
o, the indirect settin* Bambient bouncesC. This script ca!cu!ates 15 points
down the midd!e o, the *a!!er( at di,,erent settin*s o, the ambient
bounces.indirect B1 throu*h 5C. The script wi!! ta6e some time dependin* on
the speed o, (our processor and the number o, processor cores: so don?t
panic that nothin* seems to be happenin*. It produces six ,i!es in the
current ,o!der<
!ux1.csv: !ux1.csv: !ux3.csv and !ux5.csv = these ,i!es contain the
i!!uminance !eve!s at each point ,or each settin* o, the ambient
bounce
!ux.p!t = instructions ,or the *raphin* pro*ram graph.
data.pts = the !ocation and view direction o, each point.
rsens!t!v!ty -. V -x 0 -y HO10 -= OC0 -n 2G - 2#""ery.ct -s GPF
The meanin* o, the parameters are<
%d G set the !ine o, points a!on* the x axis
%x - initia! x va!ue
%( 381- initia! ( va!ue Bcenter o, *a!!er(C
%w 85- hei*ht o, the wor6in* p!ane
%n 15 15 points
%o name and !ocation o, the *a!!er(.oct
%s 57 spacin* between the points
The ,i*ure be!ow was ca!cu!ated with the de,au!t !i*htin*: shows that there
is !itt!e to be *ained ,rom increasin* the ambient bounces above 1.
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2i*ure 5 +ensitivit( to chan*es in the ambient bounce Bindirect settin*C

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"ro?ect @ Studio
memor( device.
)op( the st$.!-2011 ,o!der to (our /+# memor( device in the same wa(
!i*htin* scheme suitab!e ,or the studio Bda( time: evenin* and ni*ht timeC and
reception Bni*ht timeC. This project incorporates both da(!i*ht and arti,icia! !i*htin*
concepts.
Fou are required to speci,ica!!( !i*ht studio space with one !i*htin* scheme
usin* both da(!i*ht B3-- !uxC and arti,icia! !i*htin* Bcombined to
appropriate ,or use as a drawin* studioC. The arti,icia! !i*htin* can be
dimmed usin* the >%m? option in the ies1rad command ,or both the 1pm and
5<3-pm times.
The reception space must have a >beauti,u!!(? desi*ned arti,icia!!( !i*htin*
scheme suitab!e ,or an architectura! practice.
#oth the da(!i*htin* and arti,icia! !i*htin* schemes (ou deve!op must achieve
su,,icient !i*ht !eve!s. )hec6 9ustra!ian +tandard 178- ,or acceptab!e Lux !eve!s
Baround 3-- Lux is the minimum recommended !i*ht !eve! ,or o,,ice areasC.
4ependin* on the !i*ht !eve! chosen ,or the *enera! i!!umination o, the studio: this
ma( mean additiona! tas6 !i*htin* wi!! need to be added over drawin* areasP
Fou wi!! be required to demonstrate (our da(!i*htin* and arti,icia! !i*htin* schemes
b( producin* rendered ima*es with !i*ht !eve! contours ,or the ,o!!owin* scenarios<
4a(time % Eune 11: 1pm Bda(!i*ht on!(C
"i*ht time Barti,icia! !i*htin* on!(C
Late a,ternoon = Eune 11: 5.3- pm Bcombined da(!i*ht and arti,icia!
!i*htin*C
The studio is orientated so that the sunshades are on the north ,a\ade.
$erth !atitude 31V +outh:
Lon*itude 117V 0ast:
'eridian 11-V 0ast.
Inner )it(
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+ee the !ecture on da( !i*htin* ,or an
appropriate technique to determine the area
o, s6(!i*hts required.
2i*ure 5- +tudio

The de,au!t !i*htin* is not acceptab!e ,or this submission. Fou wi!! need to add
additiona! da( !i*htin* options to the studio space. +dding roo" lighting is
acceptale! as are high level shaded s)ylights. 2indows in the walls are not
acceptale.
#e,ore (ou be*in the assi*nment: (ou wi!! need to desi*n some s6(!i*hts ,or the
+tudio space. 9 method ,or siHin* the s6(!i*hts was covered in the Lecture on
K4a(!i*ht )a!cu!ationsL. /se the ,o!!owin* parameters ,or the ca!cu!ation<
Required I!!umination 3-- Lux
$!an dimensions 8 m x 8 m
@ei*ht o, +6(!i*hts above wor6in* p!ane 1.5 m
Roo, $itch 9pprox 15
o
Li*ht Transmittance o, +6(!i*ht 5]
B)orrection 2actor ,or ;!ass o, -.8C
0xterna! I!!uminance 17:15- Lux
9vera*e Interna! Re,!ectance 1-]
B)orrection 2actor ,or 9vera*e Re,!ectance o, 1.-C
)orrection 2actor ,or 4irt 9ccumu!ation -.8
This ca!cu!ation must be submitted on ,i!e as part o, (our submission.
The ca!cu!ation wi!! *ive (ou the tota! siHe o, s6(!i*ht area required Bas a percenta*e
o, the ,!oor area o, the spaceC.
+6(!i*hts are not the on!( ,orm o, !i*htin* avai!ab!e. Fou mi*ht a!so consider a
combination o, s6(!i*hts and "orth ,acin* roo, !eve! windows. Fou wi!! need to
shade an( north ,acin* hi*h!i*ht windows to avoid direct sun across the studio
wor6in* area. +awtooth roo, windows can be ca!cu!ated via other procedures in the
K4a(!i*ht 9t Wor6L boo6 used in the !ecture on !i*htin* ca!cu!ations. What does
become apparent when these ca!cu!ations are carried out: is that the hei*ht o, the
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window base has a major impact on the distance the !i*ht spi!!s into the space. With
!ow hei*hts such as in the ,i*ure be!ow: there is in su,,icient !i*ht across the space
thus additiona! !i*htin* ma( be required.
2i*ure 51 +tudio with +awtooth st(!e roo, !i*ht
2i*ure 51 +tudio with +awtooth st(!e roo, !i*ht !i*ht !eve!s = 1pm Eune 11
I, insta!!in* this p!u*%in at home: (ou wi!!
a!so need to down!oad a cop( o,
Ima*e'a*ic6
Bhttp<..www.ima*ema*ic6.or*C to convert
textures ,or use in radiance.
Fou wi!! a!so need to cop( the
studio%1-11.rad ,i!e to the K;oo*!e
+6etch/p 8U$!u*insUsu1rad!ibUra(L ,o!der.
0xportin* 2rom +6etch/p
The mode! o, the >+tudio and Reception 9rea? has been provided to (ou as a +6etch%
up ,i!e. Open the mode! ,i!e st$.!.s0* in +6etch/p. The mode! as provided is
quite simp!e. Fou wi!! notice that the wa!!s: roo,: ,!oor: etc. are simp!e ,aces.
+6etch/p ma6es the tas6 o, addin* s6(!i*hts into the roo, a simp!e tas6 o,
essentia!!( creatin* a new !a(er and drawin* a rectan*!e on the roo, in that !a(er and
then assi*nin* a materia! Bsa( >-r#ns"$cent1;"#ss1Crr$2#te.?C usin* the
*#!nt &$c0et. 'a6e sure (ou remember the name o, the materia! that (ou have
>painted? onto the s6(!i*ht: as this wi!! become the materia! name ,or the s6(!i*ht in
Radiance.
There are two methods avai!ab!e to export the mode! into radiance. I, usin* the
+6etch/p B$roC version (ou have the >3ds? export option.: however the >3ds? export
trian*u!ates a!! sur,aces which ma6es ,or ver( !ar*e mode!s. 9 +6etch/p >p!u*%in?
was ,irst deve!oped in 1--8 b( T. #!eicher: which can be used in both the >$ro? and
>2ree? versions. The current version can be ,ound at
http<..code.*oo*!e.com.p.su1rad. Ba!so on this )4RO'C and is the recommended
method to be used in this project.
"OT0
+u1rad exports the mode! in metresP
+ettin* Location and Orientation
Orientation and !ocation are extreme!( important e!ements in da(!i*htin* desi*n. In
the +6etch/p B$roC version the( can be set direct!( usin* the menu option
W:+'<W | M<'E3 :+/< | 3<CA-:<+. @owever i, this is not possib!e Bi.e.
in the ,ree versionC: then the !ocation can be set via the radiance p!u*%in.
Radiance >su1rad p!u*%in? Option
To convert the mode! into radiance is a re!ative simp!e process usin* the >su1rad?
p!u*%in. 2rom the menu option P3Z;:+S | RA':A+CE se!ect the EVP<R-
(.#ys!m r0H) option.
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9!! views are exported: however on!( those
views tic6ed are not commented out ,rom
the r!f ,i!eP
2i*ure 53 0xport = su1rad

It is best to maximise this window so see a!! the optionsP
I, the export ,o!der exists then the script wi!! rename it be,ore creatin* the new
studio.radiance ,o!ders in the same ,o!der as the +6etch/p mode! ,i!e.
In the >options? dia!o* se!ect the appropriate views.
Once a tic6 box next to an option is se!ected:
(ou are then ab!e to chan*e the va!ues.
These chan*es are re,!ected in the render
command once the enter 6e( is pressed.
2i*ure 55 0xport = Options

9!ter the settin*s on the Ren.er options dia!o*. The options required are<
%aa -.115
%ad 511
%ar 118
%as 157
%av - - -
%ds -.3
2i*ure 55 0xport = Render Options

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The !ocation and s6( detai!s are a!tered ,rom the s6( dia!o*.
Where the !ocation o, the mode! has not been de,ined: it can be in two wa(s. When
remote ,rom the internet: manua!!( insert the cit(: countr(: !atitude: !on*itude and
time Hone BmeridianC. 9!ternative with access to the internet: ;oo*!e 'ap and
>*eonames !oo6up? can be used to quic6!( set a speci,ic !ocation. Eust enter the cit(
name and countr( and c!ic6 on the >map !oo6up? button.
2ine tunin* can be achieved b( dra**in* the (e!!ow mar6er over the map to the
required site !ocation.
2i*ure 57 0xport = +6( Options

The V!e=s dia!o* a!!ows (ou to ,ine tune an( o, the se!ected views. In this case
se!ect the $!an and chan*e the view t(pe to W$ara!!e!W and a!ter the -v*: -vv and -v%
settin*s. Interestin*!(: an( chan*es made in these settin*s: automatica!!( update the
+6etch/p view as we!!P
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2i*ure 58 0xport = &iew Options
The m#ter!#" dia!o* a!!ows (ou to remap +6etch/p co!ours.textures to more
precise radiance materia!s.
+cro!! !e,t materia!s down to the -r#ns"$cent1;"#ss1Crr$2#te. and
-r#ns"$cent1;"#ss1S0y1Ref"ect!n materia!s. +cro!! the ri*ht hand materia!s
!ist down to the -r#ns"$cent1;"#ss1PC1*ercent1tr#nsm!tt#nce materia!.
)!ic6 on this materia! and dra* over and re!ease onto the
-r#ns"$cent1;"#ss1S0y1Ref"ect!n. This wi!! remove the b!ue co!our that the
+6etch/p de,inition wou!d otherwise render the windowP 4ra* the
-r#ns"$cent1S%eet!n21CP1*ercent1tr#nsm!tt#nce over and drop onto the
-r#ns"$cent1;"#ss1Crr$2#te..
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2i*ure 58 0xport = 'ateria!s Options

Rese!ect the Ex*rt options . "otice that some o, the options have been updated
,rom the various dia!o* options.
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2i*ure 5 0xport = +6( Options

'a6e sure that the path points to a va!id !ocation or the export wi!! crashP $ress the
ex*rt button on the ri*ht bottom o, the screen. BFou ma( need to scro!! the screen
to expose the buttonPC.
The script now creates a number o, ,o!ders and radiance descriptions: some o, which
ma( require a !itt!e ,ine turnin*^
9 number o, b!ac6 windows rapid!( appear and disappear durin* the process. This is
norma! as the script converts +6etch/p ima*es into radiance textures: etc.
+ave the +6etch/p mode!. 'an( o, the settin*s.tunin* o, parameters are now saved
in the mode!.
)reatin* the appropriate so!ar description and Orientation
0dit the s6( description ,i!e B*ert%10F2111G00.s0yC in the r#.!#nce8s0!es sub
,o!der Bunder windows: use either wordpad or notepadC.
To *enerate a s6( de,inition: the 2ens0y command has been used Bsee topic 3C.
L2ens0y F 21 1G:0 -c -# -H1.PHH0 - -11C.OHH0 -m -120.0 | xfrm -rM
-1O0.00
@owever: we want a more accurate s6( condition which better resemb!es that ,ound
in $erth. Radiance has a number o, *enerators to ca!cu!ate )I0 s6( conditions.
2ens0y is the main s6( description *enerator
2enr#..2en.#y"!t is used ,or the description o, the da( !it sources usin*
$ereH mode!s ,or di,,use and direct component
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+imon )rone created the 2enr#. pro*ram which a!!ows us to easi!( create
descriptions usin* the appropriate *ens6(.*enda(!it when the direct and di,,use
radiation !eve!s are not 6nown. The pro*ram has the de,au!ts bui!t in ,or $erth.
)han*e the pro*ram name ,rom 2ens0y to 2enr#.<
L2enr#. F 21 1G:0 -c -# -H1.PHH0 - -11C.OHH0 -m -120.0 -< 0 | xfrm
-rM -1O0.00
)op( the ,i!e to a new name *ert%10F2111FH0.s0y. In the 173- ,i!e: chan*e the
2enr#. !ine to the required time<
L2enr#. F 21 1F:H0 -c -# -H1.PHH0 - -11C.OHH0 -m -120.0 -< 0 | xfrm
-rM -1O0.00
'ateria!s
4urin* the export process (ou shou!d have re%mapped the window *!ass and the
trans!ucent sheetin* materia!s. It is possib!e to create (our own custom !ist o,
materia!s simp!( b( creatin* a materia! r#. ,i!e and p!acin* it in the )<U$ro*ram
2i!esU;oo*!eU;oo*!e +6etch/pU$!u*insUsu1rad!ibUra( ,o!der. When the p!u*in is run:
it scans this ,o!der ,or r#. ,i!es to compose the !ist o, materia!s.
The st$.!-2011.r#. ,i!e is reproduced be!ow to show the appropriate !a(out.
#
# !"a# $!ass w%t& 95' !%$&t t#a(s)%tta("
#
*o%+ $!ass T#a(s!,"(t-.!ass-95-p#""(t-t#a(s)%tta("
0
0
3 0.95 0.95 0.95
#
# T#a(s!,"(t S&""t%($ w%t& 59' !%$&t t#a(s)%tta("
#
*o%+ t#a(s T#a(s!,"(t-S&""t%($-59-p#""(t-t#a(s)%tta("
0
0
7 0.59 0.59 0.59 0 0 1 0
)reatin* textures in radiance is a comp!ex process. This p!u*in presents an e,,icient
simp!e process. '( advice is to create (our textures in +6etch/p and then a!!ow the
p!u*in to convert them into radiance as the ,irst step. #rowsin* throu*h the other
,i!es in this ,o!der: (ou wi!! notice that the descriptions can be ,ine tuned
si*ni,icant!(. Those techniques are not covered in this unit.
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"ote the N< 0 parameter is
entered as a capita! !etter >? and
then the number Hero. The !ower%
case >? parameter is used to
speci,( !on*itude.
Other 2o!ders
)op( the contents o, the r#.!#nce1extr#1f!"es ,o!der into the r#.!#nce ,o!der:
assumin* that the *enerated ,o!der ,rom su1rad was St$.!: e.*.
St$.!
r#.!#nce
#m&f!"es
ies_lib
!m#2es
lights
"2f!"es
&,ects
ctrees
skies
text$res
v!e=s
Li*ht Leve! )ontours
9s per Tutoria! 5: to create a rendered ima*e with !i*ht !eve! contours: (ou need to
render a picture ima*e as we!! as an i!!uminance ima*e ,or each view.
The easiest method is to ma6e a bac6up cop( o, the r!f usin* the ,i!e
mana*er. B4on?t ,or*et to save the current r!f ,i!e i, (ou have it open in
tr#.PC.
+tart tr#. on this bac6up r!f
;o to the <P-:<+S dia!o* and add a K -!L to the end o, the current
Render options. 0.*. K-## 0.12C -#. C12 -#r 12O -#s 2CF -#v 0 0 0
-.s 0.H -!L
2i*ure 7- Trad 2a!seco!or % Options

;o the the KV:EWL dia!o* and de!ete an( views not required to *enerate
the ,a!seco!or ima*es.
)han*e the KP"#n v!e=L name to KP"#n-!L so that a new ima*e wi!! be
*enerate and not overwrite the norma! !uminance B$!an.hdrC ima*e.
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Re,er to Tutoria! 5 ,or more in,ormation
re*ardin* the ,a!seco!or pro*ram
In out case we on!( need the f#"sec"r ima*es o, the p!an view: so we
can sa,e!( de!ete a!! the other views.
2i*ure 71 Trad 2a!seco!or &iews

Rendered both the picture ima*es: usin* the norma! ri, ,i!e and i!!uminance
BK-!LC ima*e usin* the K-!L r!f ,i!e.
To *enerate the ,a!seco!or ima*e requires runnin* the ,a!seco!or command.
The ,a!seco!or ima*e is run ,rom the termina! window Bma6e sure (ou are
in the ,o!der where the pictures are he!dC<
f#"sec"r N! VVV.%.r N* YYY.%.r Ns 1200 Nn 10 Nc" N" 3$x J UUU.%.r
Where xxx is the name o, the i!!uminance ima*e
((( is the name o, the picture ima*e
HHH is the name o, the ima*e that wi!! be created b( ,a!sco!or.
)han*in* the RI2 ,or a di,,erent time
The easiest wa( to chan*e the s6( ,i!e is to edit the r!f ,i!e and simp!e chan*e the
object ,i!ename<
K scene *t!ns f!"e fr r#.
]
&,ectsE s0!es8Pert%10F2111FH0.s0y
]
Renderin* with 9rti,icia! Li*ht
)reatin* "ew T(pes o, Li*ht 2ittin*s
The data ,or the !i*hts is in the !es1"!& ,o!der. It is recommend that the !i*hts be
6ept in the "!2%ts ,o!der.
To import the >ies? data into radiance< )han*e (our current path to the r#.!#nce
,o!der.
The tr#. convert option does not use an(
compression so the ima*e ,i!es are ver( bi*P
/se the command !ine version o, r#1t!ff
with the -M option.
@i*her settin*s ma(be used: but be aware:
the time required ,or renderin* ma( we!!
become excessiveP Render at these settin*
,irst. I, (ou have su,,icient time: (ou are
encoura*ed to experiment with other
settin*s.
"ote<
9n( errors in the 1studioOlights.rad2 ,i!e wi!!
prevent trad ,rom !oadin*P
!es2r#. -.m Nt .ef#$"t -m 0.O - "!2%ts8xxx !es1"!&8yyy.!es
Where xxx is the new name o, the !i*ht ,i!e bein* *enerated
((( is the name o, the 1ies2 ,i!e bein* used.
$ositionin* Li*hts within the +tudio and Reception
The ,i!e st$.!1"!2%ts.r#. ,i!e has been set up to inc!ude one ,!uorescent down
!i*ht. 2ive t(pes o, !i*ht ,ittin*s have a!read( been *enerated and p!aced in the
>!i*hts? ,o!der. These !i*hts inc!ude<
$ar 38 ,!ood:
11 vo!t ha!o*en spot!i*ht:
)ompact ,!uorescent wa!! sconce and
2!uorescent down!i*ht
2!uorescent up !i*ht
To add !i*hts into the mode!: (ou wi!! need to use the xfrm command to position
and rotate the !i*hts as desired.
'a6e sure that the ,i!e st$.!1"!2%ts.r#. is added to the >SCE+E? under the
SCE+E menu i, (ou want them to be incorporated. I, (ou want to *et rid o, the
da(!i*htin* Bi.e. ,or the ni*ht scenarioC: ensure that (ou discard the s6( ,i!es Be.*.
*ert%10F2111G00.s0y or *ert%10F2111FH0.s0yC ,rom the SCE+E.
+ubmission requirements
Ima*es must be prepared ,or each o, the three !i*htin* scenarios discussed
previous!(. Fou are to convert the ima*es BQ.%.r ,i!esC to compressed >t!f? ,i!es as
in the examp!e<
r#1t!ff -M st$.!1*"#n.%.r st$.!1*"#n.t!f
0xtra mar6s wi!! be *iven ,or those students who mana*e to insert their own
,urniture Bbe aware that ,urniture with man( curves wi!! cause excess renderin*
times which wi!! impact *reat!( on (our abi!it( to submit on timePC and photo*raphs
into Radiance: and a!so i, the( chan*e the materia!s. BThis is not required ,or a pass
mar6.C
9s a *uide to settin*s: ima*es rendered with the ,o!!ow are considered acceptab!e<
4etai! % 'edium
Indirect % 1 +et to 1 ,or ,ina! renders = use - when chec6in* !i*ht
positions: views etc.
&ariabi!it( % 'edium
$enumbras % O,,
Dua!it( % 'edium
Four submission shou!d inc!ude as a minimum a p!anI perspective and p!an version
Bf#"sec"rC o, the !i*ht !eve! contours ,or each o, the required scenarios.
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9!wa(s de!ete the ambient ,i!e be,ore
startin* the 1!ender in =ac&ground2 option
as an ambient ,i!e created with !ower settin*s
ma( cause the *enerated ima*es to have
errors.
+ubmit both the >t!f? ,i!es and the >%.r? ,i!es.
We reserve the ri*ht to<
0xamine a!! the supportin* ,i!es. +o 6eep them avai!ab!e just in caseP We
wi!! contact (ou i, required.
/se copies o, (our ima*es as i!!ustrations o, student wor6 on the
4epartment?s web site: ,or course accreditation purposes and other
4epartment advertisin*. +tudents wi!! be as6ed to si*n a cop(ri*ht re!ease
,orm. BThis is not a requirement ,or submission but a request to use the
some o, the better ima*es.C
Fou are required to submit<
Two printed 93 sheets presentin* (our ima*es and brie, 3,nterpretation o"
the 4aylighting Schemes3 B9nnotated f#"sec"r ,!oor p!ans are ver(
use,u! ,or the interpretationC.
)4RO' o, the ,i!es inc!udin* the pd,Ws o, the 93 submission.
The )4RO' is to be structured in the ,o!!owin* manner<
9!! >t!f? and >%.r? ,i!es are to be in a ,o!der !abe!!ed with (our
student number
The st$.! ,o!der with a!! ,i!es used to create the ima*es in the
other ,o!der.
The 93 3,nterpretation o" Results3 pd,.
9 cop( the Word document or 0xce! spreadsheet o, the
ca!cu!ations ,or the roo, !i*htin* scheme
'ar6in* )riteria
)hec6 the 9ustra!ian +tandards ,or the appropriate !i*ht !eve!s ,or these spaces.
'ar6s are a!!ocated in the ,o!!owin* manner<
+uccess,u!ness o, the da(!i*htin* strate*( 5 mar6s
+uccess,u!ness o, the arti,icia! !i*htin* schemes in comp!imentin*
the da(!i*ht !eve!s in the studio and presentin* the reception o, an
9rchitectura! $ractice.
1- mar6s
Overa!! e,,ort.master( as demonstrated via the ima*es 5 mar6s
Interpretation o, the iso ima*e o, the p!an Be.*. !abe!!in* and
possib!e !ocations o, the ,urnitureC
5 'ar6s
Radiance +tudio $roject Tips
+ettin* chan*es
#( de,au!t the export ,rom +6etch/p wi!! set the !n.!rect to -. This wi!!
resu!t in b!ac6 ima*es. )han*e the settin*s in the WRender OptionsW be,ore
exportin*.
Or in tr#.: chan*e the !n.!rect to 1 and the >$#"!ty to medium.
The ima*es wi!! ta6e some time to *enerate.
#( de,au!t the export ,rom +6etch/p wi!! set the ex*s$re to %1 ma6in*
the ima*es dar6er than necessar(.
In tr#.: de!ete the exposure settin*.
9n exposure settin* o, - wi!! cause a cmm#n. "!ne errr #t 7-#v 7
I, the ,ina! ima*es are dar6 and sp!otch(: (ou wi!! need to advance the
!n.!rect to 3 or 5 and possib!( the >$#"!ty to hi*h.
The ima*es wi!! ta6e doub!e.trip!e the time to *enerate. '( own tests
indicate about - minutesP
)op(in* ,i!es ,or the a!ternative times
17<3- )ombined da(!i*ht and arti,icia! !i*htin*
)op( the st$.!1.r#. ,i!e to st$.!1FH0.r#.
In st$.!1FH0.r#.: chan*e the !ine ,rom
Px,orm s6ies.$erthQ-711Q15--.s6(
to
Px,orm s6ies.$erthQ-711Q173-.s6(
)op( the st$.!1.r!f ,i!e to st$.!1FH0.r!f
0dit the st$.!1FH0.r!f ,i!e as ,o!!ows<
)han*e the objects L s&iesP4erthOCE-'O'3CC.s&y to objectsL
s&iesP4erthOCE-'O'E+C.s&y
)han*e the sceneL studio'.rad to sceneL studio'E+C.rad
studioOlights.rad
)han*e the /0=6I$<L ambfilesPstudio'.amb to /0=6I$<L
ambfilesPstudio'E+C.amb
)han*e the 5.T!<<L octreesPstudio'.oct to 5.T!<<L
octreesPstudio'E+C.oct
)han*e the 4I.T7!<L imagesPstudio' to imagesPstudio'E+C
)han*e the !<45!TL EC logfilesPstudio'.log to !<45!TL
EC logfilesPstudio'E+C.log
"i*ht % arti,icia! !i*htin* on!(
)op( the st$.!1.r#. ,i!e to st$.!n!2%t.r#.
In st$.!n!2%t.r#.: de!ete the !ine
Px,orm s6ies.$erthQ-711Q15--.s6(
)op( the st$.!1.r!f ,i!e to st$.!n!2%t.r!f
0dit the st$.!n!2%t.r!f ,i!e as ,o!!ows<
4e!ete the objectsL s&iesP4erthOCE-'O'3CC.s&y
)han*e the sceneL studio'.rad to sceneL studionight.rad
studioOlights.rad
)han*e the /0=6I$<L ambfilesPstudio'.amb to /0=6I$<L
ambfilesPstudionight.amb
)han*e the 5.T!<<L octreesPstudio'.oct to 5.T!<<L
octreesPstudionight.oct
)han*e the 4I.T7!<L imagesPstudio' to imagesPstudionight
)han*e the !<45!TL EC logfilesPstudio'.log to !<45!TL
EC logfilesPstudionight.log
DE"A!T*ENT O/ A!0ITET,!E/INTE!IO! A!0ITET,!E 343015!adiance5Stud652uide 0%/0&/&01& =)
0rrors usin* the $re%de,ined Li*hts
+ome o, the pre%de,ined !i*hts in the !i*hts ,o!der inc!ude bodies. The
materia! de,initions are in the ,i!e "!2%ts8"$m!n#!re.m#t
9dd this ,i!e in the tr#. WsceneW tab under the WM#ter!#"sW section i, (ou
*et _unde,ined modi,ier< _ errors when usin* these !i*hts.
2i*ure 71 +tudio 4imensions
2urniture
To add ,urniture< add them into (our +6etch/p mode! and export.
DE"A!T*ENT O/ A!0ITET,!E/INTE!IO! A!0ITET,!E 343015!adiance5Stud652uide 0%/0&/&01& =:
$oints to remember<
9void curved sur,aces % the( just add heaps o, renderin* time
The more comp!ex the scene the !on*er the renderin* time.
Bou are best spending your time wor&ing out quality lighting and
interpreting the results than spending lots of time on cheap thrills li&e fancy
furniture.
Interpretin*
0xtra mar6s can be achieved b( demonstratin* that (ou can uti!ise the
in,ormation disp!a(ed in the I+O contour p!ots. This can be shown b(
mar6in* up a c!ear bri*ht p!an ima*e on !i6e!( !ocations ,or ,urniture.
To bri*hten an existin* ima*e (ou can use either the *f!"t or *cn.
command such as<
*f!"t -2 st$.!11*"#n.%.r J st$.!11*"#n1*c.%.r
*cn. -e WG st$.!11*"#n.%.r J st$.!11*"#n1*c.%.r
where the %e parameter is used to add.subtract !i*ht in ,%stops Bas in camera
aperture settin*sC.
Then convert to t!f ,or !abe!!in* usin* $hotoshop<
r#1t!ff -M st$.!11*"#n1*c.%.r st$.!11*"#n1*c.t!f
Li*ht 2ittin*s avai!ab!e ,rom the Internet
9 common question amon*st students is how and where can (ou *et new !i*ht
,ittin*s to add to the scheme. 9 simp!e technique is to use the ,o!!owin* /RL<
http<..www.Humtobe!.com.au.au.en.productQ,.htm cata!o*ue. 2or examp!e: se!ectin*<
+ur,ace%mount. and pendant !uminaires
Wave*uide . microp(ramida! !uminaires
&90RO
&90RO%@: homo*eneous: sin*!e !uminaire
&90RO%@9 I4 1.18W L40 +R 9+D1--- L85-
;o to the >[$!c0C#"c? tab and enter (our room siHe: pendant hei*ht Bhow ,ar the
pendent is be!ow the mountin* hei*htC. The website wi!! then *enerate the number
o, rows: co!umns and ,ittin*s.
DE"A!T*ENT O/ A!0ITET,!E/INTE!IO! A!0ITET,!E 343015!adiance5Stud652uide 0%/0&/&01& =%
"ote< The computer !aboratories in
9rchitecture don?t have internet
access.
2i*ure 73 Aumtobe! Duic6 )a!c
"ext *o the >'=n"#.? tab and se!ect the >P%tmetr!c :ES? chec6 box.
)!ic6 the >'=n"#. M!*? button Bbottom ri*ht o, the web pa*eC and save
the Hip ,i!e to (our >!es1"!&? ,o!der
/nHip the ,i!e under windows o, Linux = doub!e c!ic6 on the Hip and then
c!ic6 the >extract? button.
Run the >ies1rad? command as norma!.
!es2r#. -t .ef#$"t -m 1 - "!2%ts8v#er-212O !es1"!&8'2C0HGZH.:ES
/pdate (our >studio%!i*hts.rad? ,i!e to inc!ude (our new ,ittin*s such as<
S &90RO%@9 I4 1.18W L40 +R 9+D1--- L85-
Px,orm %n !i*ht11 %rH - %t 1.31 5.88 1.5 %a 5 %t - 1.57 - !i*hts.vaero%1Q18.rad
Px,orm %n !i*ht11 %rH - %t 3.1 5.88 1.5 %a 5 %t - 1.57 - !i*hts.vaero%1Q18 .rad
Px,orm %n !i*ht13 %rH - %t 7.55 5.88 1.5 %a 5 %t - 1.57 - !i*hts.vaero%1Q18 .rad
The rsensitivit( script has been provided to a!!ow (ou to test the sensitivit(
o, the indirect settin* Bambient bouncesC. This script ca!cu!ates 15 points
down the midd!e o, the studio at di,,erent settin*s o, the ambient
bounces.indirect B1 throu*h 5C. The script wi!! ta6e some time dependin* on
the speed o, (our processor and the number o, processor cores: so don?t
panic that nothin* seems to be happenin*. It produces ,ive ,i!es in the
current ,o!der<
!ux1.csv: !ux1.csv: !ux3.csv and !ux5.csv = these ,i!es contain the
i!!uminance !eve!s at each point ,or each settin* o, the ambient
bounce
!ux.p!t = instructions ,or the *raphin* pro*ram graph.
rsens!t!v!ty -. Y -x O -y 0.C -= 0.OC - ctrees8St$.!.ct
The meanin* o, the parameters are<
%d F set the !ine o, points a!on* the x axis
DE"A!T*ENT O/ A!0ITET,!E/INTE!IO! A!0ITET,!E 343015!adiance5Stud652uide 0%/0&/&01& =(
I, (ou down!oad via the Radiance )4
ima*e: the ,i!e is saved in the
4own!oad ,o!der.
This ,orm o, the >xfrm? command
uses the >%a 5? to produce 5 rows o,,set
b( 1.57 in the ( direction.
%x 8 initia! x va!ue Bcenter o, the studioC
%( -.5 initia! ( va!ue
%w -.85 hei*ht o, the wor6in* p!ane
%o name and !ocation o, the +tudio.oct
The ,i*ure be!ow was ca!cu!ated with nine o, the above !uminaries and
da(!i*ht: shows that there is !itt!e to be *ained ,rom increasin* the ambient
bounces above 3.
2i*ure 75 +ensitivit( to chan*es in the ambient bounce Bindirect settin*C

DE"A!T*ENT O/ A!0ITET,!E/INTE!IO! A!0ITET,!E 343015!adiance5Stud652uide 0%/0&/&01& ==
Inde8 Nu93er 5 (::) '""endi% , Rendering Setting
Appendi8 @ !enderin7 Settin74
+ettin* o, the ca!cu!ation parameters *reat!( a,,ects the qua!it(: accurac( and time
ta6en to produce a *iven render. What to use ,or these settin*s seems to be a >b!ac6
art?.
In most cases the de,au!t settin*s in the pro*rams such as r*!ct are reasonab!e
startin* points. Inc!uded are detai!s ,rom
http<..radsite.!b!.*ov.radiance.re,er."otes.rpictQoptions.htm!. It is a !itt!e out o, date:
but sti!! provides some *uidance B1--5C.
Settin7 !enderin7 Option4
The tab!e be!ow *ives some use,u! ran*es ,or some Radiance 1.5 parameters. The
_min_ va!ue *ives the ,astest: crudest renderin*. It is not necessari!( the sma!!est
va!ue numerica!!(. The _,ast_ va!ue *ives a reasonab!( ,ast renderin*. The _accurate_
va!ue *ives a reasonab!( accurate renderin*. The _max_ va!ue *ives the u!timate in
accurac(.
$aram 4escription 'in 2ast 9ccurate 'ax "otes
%ps pixe! samp!in* rate 17 8 5 1
%pt samp!in* thresho!d 1 .15 .-5 -
%pj anti%a!iasin* jitter - .7 . 1 9
%dj source jitter - - .8 1 #
%ds source substructurin* - .5 .15 .-1
%dt direct thresho!din* 1 .5 .-5 - )
%dc direct certaint( - .15 .5 1
%dr direct re!a(s - 1 3 7
%dp direct pretest densit( 31 75 511 - )
%sj specu!ar jitter - .3 .8 1 9
%st specu!ar thresho!d 1 .85 .15 - )
%ab ambient bounces - - 1 8
%aa ambient accurac( .5 .1 .15 - )
%ar ambient reso!ution 8 31 118 - )
%ad ambient divisions - 31 511 5-7
%as ambient super%samp!es - 31 157 1-15
%!r !imit re,!ection - 5 8 17
%!w !imit wei*ht .-5 .-1 .--1 - )
"OT0+<
9C This option does not a,,ect the renderin* time
#C This option adverse!( a,,ects ima*e samp!in* Bie. use %ps 1C
)C 'aximum va!ue disab!es optimisation and can be ver( expensive
DE"A!T*ENT O/ A!0ITET,!E/INTE!IO! A!0ITET,!E 343015!adiance5Stud652uide 0%/0&/&01& =>
A!TI/ATS ASSOIATED AIT0 O"TIONS
$aram 9rti,act +o!ution
%ps _missin* pieces_ to objects decrease va!ue b( 5-]
%pt some so,t ed*es are ver( ja**ed decrease va!ue b( 5-]
%pj dia*ona! ed*es are !i6e staircases increase va!ue to -.
%pj ed*es !oo6 too erratic decrease va!ue to -.5
%dj shadows are unnatura!!( sharp increase va!ue to -.8
%ds !ar*e sources cast unnatura! shadows decrease va!ue b( 5-]
%dt some shadows disappear decrease va!ue b( 5-]
%dc inaccurate va!ues with man( sources increase va!ue to .85
%dr missin* mu!tip!e mirror re,!ections increment va!ue
%dp incorrect mirror re,!ections doub!e va!ue
%sj specu!ar re,!ections too ,uHH( decrease va!ue to -.1
%sj specu!ar re,!ections too sharp increase va!ue to 1
%st some specu!ar hi*h!i*hts missin* decrease va!ue to -.-1
%ab !i*htin* in shadows too ,!at increment va!ue
%av overa!! !i*ht !eve! seems too hi*h.!ow decrease.increase va!ue
%aa uneven shadin* boundaries in shadows decrease va!ue b( 15]
%ar shadin* wron* in some areas doub!e or quadrup!e va!ue
%ad _sp!otches_ o, !i*ht doub!e va!ue
%as _sp!otches_ o, !i*ht increase to ha!, o, %ad settin*
%!r some mu!tip!e specu!ar re,!ections *one increment va!ue
%!w some specu!ar re,!ections *one decrease va!ue b( 5-]
TI*IN2S ASSOIATED AIT0 O"TIONS
$aram 0,,ect on 0xecution Time
%ps inverse: ha!vin* va!ue increases renderin* time up to ,our times
%pt minor: decreasin* va!ue causes modest increase in renderin* time
%pj no e,,ect
%dj indirect: increasin* va!ue requires %ps parameter to be reduced
%ds inverse: ha!vin* va!ue causes renderin* time to approximate!( doub!e
%dt inverse: ha!vin* va!ue causes renderin* time to increase about 5-]
%dc direct: a,,ects renderin* time up to 5-] over its - to 1 ran*e
%dr direct: dependin* on the scene each new re,!ection can doub!e time
%dp minor: a,,ects start%up time on!(: hi*her va!ues ta6e !on*er
%sj no e,,ect
%st minor: a va!ue o, Hero ma( increase renderin* b( 5-] over maximum o, 1
%ab direct: doub!in* this va!ue can doub!e renderin* time
%aa direct: doub!in* this va!ue approximate!( quadrup!es renderin* time
%ar direct: e,,ect depends on scene: can quadrup!e time ,or doub!e va!ue
%ad direct: doub!in* va!ue ma( doub!e renderin* time
%as direct: e,,ective!( adds to %ad parameter and its cost
%!r minor: increase causes ver( s!i*ht!( !on*er renderin* time
%!w minor: decrease causes ver( s!i*ht!( !on*er renderin* time
DE"A!T*ENT O/ A!0ITET,!E/INTE!IO! A!0ITET,!E 343015!adiance5Stud652uide 0%/0&/&01& >0
9nother re,erence ,rom BLarson X +ha6espeare 18: p* 558C is the ,o!!owin* tab!e<
Recommended +ettin*s re!ated to indirect !i*ht sources = a!! those sources inc!udin*
re,!ected and transmitted !i*ht: mirrored and bouncin* ra(s etc.
Dua!it( = Low Dua!it( [ 'edium Dua!it( [ @i*h
%ab - %ab I %ab IQ'
4etai! [ Low %ar 5d %ar 8d %ar 17d
4etai! [ 'edium %ar 8d %ar 17d %ar 31d
4etai! [ @i*h %ar 17d %ar 31d %ar E3d
&ariabi!it( [ Low %aa -.5
%ad 75
%aa -.3
%ad 118
%aa -.15
%ad 157
&ariabi!it( [ 'edium %aa -.15
%ad 17
%as -
%aa -.1
%ad 5--
%as 75
%aa -.15
%ad 878
%as 17
&ariabi!it( [ @i*h %aa -.15
%ad 157
%as -
%aa -.115
%ad 511
%as 157
%aa -.-8
%ad 1-15
%as 511
Where< 1I2 represents the inte*er settin* o, the IH,I!<.T variab!e and
1d2 represents the maximum scene siHe divided b( the avera*e ?5H<
dimension.
Inde8 Nu93er 5 (::) '""endi% , #m"orting C'( file
Appendi8 @ I9portin7 AD file4
This stud( *uide has not devoted over!( much time into deve!opin* the mode!s.
'ost o, the mode!s used in the tutoria!s have been ta6en ,rom the !endering with
!adiance" The /rt and %cience of $ighting ;isualization boo6 BLarson X
+ha6espeare 18C.
This was de!iberate in that the deve!opment o, mode!s can be a ver( time consumin*
process. 'ode!!in* can be accomp!ished usin* a simp!e text editor: as in tutoria! 1 or
the( can be deve!oped usin* )omputer 9ided 4esi*n pro*rams.
Ahich i4 3etter @ AD 9odel4 or "ri9iti#e4
T(pica!!(: mode!s deve!oped usin* the radiance primitive *enera!!( occup( !ess
memor( and render ,aster than )94 derived mode!s. 'an( o, the )94 ,i!e
converters trian*u!ate ,!at po!(*ons. 2or examp!e: a rectan*!e is converted to a pair
o, trian*!es. On comp!ex mode!s with hundred or thousands o, sur,aces: the
trian*u!ation process adds si*ni,icant!( to the in memor( siHe o, the mode!.
)onsider how a c(!inder wou!d be converted or a comp!ex curveP
Radiance has a number o, converter pro*rams in the de,au!t pac6a*e<
3ds1m*, 9utodes6 34 +tudio to Ra(tracer ,i!e Trans!ator
arch1rad convert 9rchitrion text ,i!e to R94I9")0 description
dx,1rad ;eometr( converter ,rom 4G2 to R94I9")0
m*,1rad convert 'ateria!s and ;eometr( 2ormat ,i!e to R94I9")0
description
obj1rad convert Wave,ront .obj ,i!e to R94I9")0 description
th,1rad convert ;4+ thin*s ,i!e to R94I9")0 description
O, these: the 3ds1m*, and the dx,1rad converter wi!! be hi*h!i*hted in the ,o!!owin*
sections.
3ds1m*, 2i!e )onverter
This converter is used with the m*,1rad pro*ram to convert 9utodes6 3d +tudio
,i!es to radiance descriptions.
The ,o!!owin* exercise wi!! be to convert an art wor6 ,rom 9rchi)94 Bversion C to
radiance.
On a new project: insert a statue ,rom the +ustralian .ssential Lirary 5
4ecorator items 5 4ancer at project Hero B- - -C
2rom the 34 view: save as a 3ds ,i!e B6ile 5 Save +sC with the ,i!e t(pe set
to 34+tudio 2i!e B`.3dsC
#ac6 to Linux.Radiance< In the termina! window use <
H.s2m2f .#ncer.H'S .#ncer.m2f -m NsG0
Where %om output as m*,
%s5- smooth trian*!es with !ess than 5- de*rees
DE"A!T*ENT O/ A!0ITET,!E/INTE!IO! A!0ITET,!E 343015!adiance5Stud652uide 0%/0&/&01& >&
9rchi)94 a!wa(s seems to add a spot!i*ht to the 1mgf 2 ,i!e. /se the &write
editor to de!ete the spot!i*ht de,inition ,rom the 1mgf 2 ,i!e as be!ow. 4e!ete
the !ines ,rom K S*t"!2%t down to under the rin* !ine inc!usive!(.
R =
/0 0.640 0.330
. =
/0 0.290 0.600
1 =
/0 0.150 0.060
# Spot!%$&t
o S,(
# &otspot2 180.00
# 3a!!o332 180.00
)
s%+"s 1
)%/ 0.236 R 0.603 . 0.048 1

"+ 8.872059"404
* =
p -38.4200 -38.4200 54.3340
( 38.9200 38.9200 -55.0411
#%($ 0 .01
o
) 5a#6!"--s&%(0 =
s%+"s 2
)%/ 0.169 R 0.410 . 0.040 1

#+ 0.6195
# O67"t 8"(t"#9 8"(t"#: 8"(t"#; L"($t&9 L"($t&: L"($t&;
# ----------- ------- -------- -------- ------- ------- ----------
# N0------011 0.18 0.21 0.37 0.36 0.43 0.53
/se the m*,1rad converter to create the radiance descriptions.
m2f2r#. .#ncer.m2f J .#ncer.r#.
"OT0
+6etch/p 34+ objects don?t have the !i*ht source and trans!ate e,,ective!( into
radiance.
dx,1rad 2i!e )onverter
This converter is used to create radiance object description ,i!es ,rom 34 dx, ,i!es:
t(pica!!( ,rom 9uto)94.
"ote a!! 9uto)94 so!ids are reco*nised. The dx,1rad manpa*e !ist the ,o!!owin*
so!id objects which ma(be used<
34 29)0s
0xtruded and 2!at 14 +OLI4s
0xtruded and 2!at TR9)0s
0xtruded 14 $LI"0s
Wide 14 $LI"0s
)!osed 14 $LI"0s as $o!(*ons Bnot on
34 '0+@es
$OLF29)0s
0xtruded LI"0s
0xtruded 9R)s
0xtruded and 2!at )IR)L0s
$OI"Ts as +phreres Bnot on b( de,au!tC
When constructin* the 34 mode!: separate each materia! into di,,erent !a(ers: with
the !a(er name bein* the same as the materia!?s name.
"OT0
Re*ions and boxes are not reco*nised. 0xp!ode boxes into re*ions and then use the
Qboundar( command with the object t(pe set to po(!ines to create po!(!ines around
the perimeter.
+ave the 34 object as a dx, ,i!e.
/se the dx,1rad command to convert the object<
.xf2r#. Wef !nf!"e..xf $tf!"e.r#.
/se m6a!ias to create the de,au!t materia!s ,i!e.
m0#"!#s $tf!"e.r#. $tf!"e.m#t
DE"A!T*ENT O/ A!0ITET,!E/INTE!IO! A!0ITET,!E 343015!adiance5Stud652uide 0%/0&/&01& >)
Inde8 Nu93er 5 (::) '""endi% , (aylight !actor
Appendi8 @ Da6li7ht /actor
To wor6 with da(!i*ht ,actor B42C (ou wou!d use a )I0 overcast s6(. With this t(pe
o, s6( the abso!ute bri*htness is a ,unction o, the so!ar a!titude BEacobs: 9xe! 1-11a:
11C.
To create an overcast s6(: use the gens)y command with the #c parameter i.e.
2ens0y C G W12:00 -c
"OT0
The above command uses ,or 'a( 5: !oca! time b( speci,(in* the ( in ,ront o, the
time.
To simp!i,( wor6in* with da(!i*ht ,actors a s6( i!!uminance o, 1-:--- !ux is used.
This a!!ows a simp!( division o, the i!!uminance b( 1-- to produce a da(!i*ht ,actor.
To ca!cu!ate the va!ue required to be speci,ied in the #B *ens6( option: divide
1-:--- b( 18 !m.W which equa!s 55.877.
!
horiz
=
<
horiz
18 lm/>
2ens0y C G W12:00 -c -D CC.OFF
K 2ens0y C G W12:00 -c -D CC.OFF
K 3c#" s"#r t!me: 12.00
K S"#r #"t!t$.e #n. #M!m$t%: FI.P -0.0
K ;r$n. #m&!ent "eve": 1I.O
v!. &r!2%tf$nc s0yf$nc
2 s0y&r s0y&r!2%t.c#"
0
H 2 2.2PeW01 H.CFeW00
"OT0
There is no need to speci,( a !atitude: !on*itude or meridian when speci,(in*
horiHonta! di,,use i!!uminance.
To cross chec6: use the 7round amient level produced.
<
:oriz
=@round ambient level18 [ 1--1-
DE"A!T*ENT O/ A!0ITET,!E/INTE!IO! A!0ITET,!E 343015!adiance5Stud652uide 0%/0&/&01& >:
Inde8 Nu93er 5 (::) '""endi% , (aylight !actor
The resu!t wou!d be c!oser i, the !istin* provided *reater reso!ution on the 7round
amient level.
DE"A!T*ENT O/ A!0ITET,!E/INTE!IO! A!0ITET,!E 343015!adiance5Stud652uide 0%/0&/&01& >%
+ee http<..www.vmware.com.app!iances ,or
more in,ormation and
http<..www.vmware.com.app!iances.director
(. ,or read( to use app!iances.
9'4 9th!on based computers can a!so
be used.
Inde8 Nu93er 5 (::) '""endi% , -."layer
Appendi8 @ -*pla6er
&irtua!isation uses specia! so,tware B>&'p!a(er?: >para!!e!s? and othersC to create
virtua! machines runnin* inside the main operatin* s(stem. The advanta*es o,
virtua!isation inc!ude the abi!it( o, runnin* simu!taneous!(: mu!tip!e s(stems on the
one set o, computer hardware. 0ach virtua! machine shares the main computers
hardware: in an iso!ated environment. 9 variet( o, so,tware methods have been
deve!oped to a!!ow contro!!ed interaction between the virtua! machines.
0xamp!es o, virtua!isation are man(. On campus: virtua!isation is used to test
so,tware on des6tops prior to ro!! out to the universities computers: providin* web
servers: so,tware deve!opment: cross p!at,orm support: etc. 9nother 6e( advanta*e is
the abi!it( to run di,,erent operatin* s(stems simu!taneous!( on the same hardware.
2or examp!e: 9pp!e 'acintosh users runnin* O+G can simu!taneous!( run
'icroso,t G$ as a virtua! machine. In our case: the main operatin* s(stem so,tware
is 'icroso,t G$ and we wi!! run Linux as a virtua! machine.
Our Linux cdrom can be e,,ective!( run as a Z&'ware app!iance under appropriate
circumstances. The minimum requirements on $) hardware are<
F6or a typical host system, we recommend that you have a ' @:z
or faster processor #-@:z recommended* and '@= !/0
minimum #-@= !/0 recommended*. Bou must have enough
memory to run the host operating system, plus the memory
required for each guest operating system and for applications on
the host and guest. %ee your guest operating system and
application documentation for their memory requirements.
;0ware 4layer requires approximately '9C0= of dis& space to
install the application.G
http"PPwww.vmware.comPproductsPplayerPfaqs.html
In practice: ,or our !i*htin* simu!ations app!ication: I wou!d recommend at !east a
$entium I& 1.8;@H or better and a minimum memor( siHe o, 1-58;#. Lower
speci,ied computers ma( wor6 but wi!! be quite s!ow!(.
The so,tware which we wi!! use is &'ware?s &'p!a(er which is avai!ab!e as a ,ree
down!oad ,rom http<..www.vmware.com.products.p!a(er. This has been pre%!oaded
in the department?s computers.
Startin7 the Buildin7 Science Appliance
Close all applications which are using any USB devices.
"avi*ate to the C:\VMWARE ,o!der and doub!e c!ic6 on the
Semester 1 - 2011.vmx ,i!e.
The ,irst time &'$!a(er is started: (ou wi!! be required to accept the
!icense.
DE"A!T*ENT O/ A!0ITET,!E/INTE!IO! A!0ITET,!E 343015!adiance5Stud652uide 0%/0&/&01& >(
The vmx ,i!e is the con,i*uration ,i!e. I,
(ou open it in wordpad (ou wi!! be ab!e to
see the ,o!der.!ocation o, the )4 ima*e and
the memor( requirement speci,ied ,or this
app!iance. 4on?t ma6e chan*esP
2i*ure 75 &'p!a(er 9uthorisation

Whenever the app!iance is copied to another computer: &'p!a(er wi!!
enquire whether to create a new identi,ier. )!ic6 on Cre#te a new //I4.
2i*ure 77 &'ware //I4

When started: the screen wi!! b!an6 and appear that the computer has re%
started. 48$T panic it is the virtual machine starting'
$ress the C-R3 and A3- buttons simu!taneous!( once the virtua! machine
starts wi!! return contro! to the host computer Bi.e. Windows G$C. The
virtua! machine wi!! appear in a window.
DE"A!T*ENT O/ A!0ITET,!E/INTE!IO! A!0ITET,!E 343015!adiance5Stud652uide 0%/0&/&01& >=
2i*ure 78 &'ware app!iance +tart /p

)!ic6 into the &mware window to trans,er mouse and 6e(board to the
&mware app!iance.
Fou can sa,e!( press >ESC? 6e( or >Enter? 6e( to accept >En2"!s%? as the
de,au!t !an*ua*e.
"ext press >Enter? a*ain to >-ry Z&$nt$ =!t%$t !nst#""!n2?
2rom this point on: the virtua! machine operates in the same manner as i,
bootin* direct!( ,rom the )4RO'.
Once started the app!iance shou!d be simi!ar to the ,i*ure be!ow.
2i*ure 78 &'ware runnin* app!iance

)onnectin* /+# devices
The app!iance has been set to >ta6e over? /+# devices ,rom the host operatin*
s(stem. To connect a /+# device to the app!iance: c!ic6 on the device s(mbo! at the
bottom o, the &mware window: or use the V!rt$#" M#c%!ne | Remv#&"e
DE"A!T*ENT O/ A!0ITET,!E/INTE!IO! A!0ITET,!E 343015!adiance5Stud652uide 0%/0&/&01& >>
'ev!ces menu item to disp!a( the !ist o, avai!ab!e devices. )!ic6 on the F.onnect
#,isconnect from host*G item.
"OT0
This does not imp!( that the device is >mounted?: just avai!ab!e to the virtua!
machine.
Other devices<
)4%RO' is the )4 ima*e
)4%RO' 1 is the )4.4&4 drive
0T@0R"0T is the networ6 adaptor which is connected to host computer?s
networ6 adaptor. 9!wa(s !eave as +A-.
On (ou home computer to chan*e the #IO+
settin*s (ou wi!! need to interrupt the
bootin* process. There are a variet( o,
di,,erent 6e( sequences common!( used:
dependin* on the #IO+ manu,acturer.
)ommon 6e(s are<
'E3
C-R3 SA:/- ESC
/2
/12
#e,ore ma6in* an( chan*es to the #IO+
settin*: write down on a piece o, paper a!!
settin*s in,ormation. Ta)e e9treme caution
when ma)ing any changes' The computer
may not start correctly i" you inter"ere with
the wrong settings.
+ome o, the o!der *raphics cards tend to ta6e
some time to disp!a( the G windows
*raphica! inter,ace. 4on?t panic i, it seems to
be ta6in* up to a minute.
Inde8 Nu93er 5 (::) '""endi% , Boot from C(R/.
Appendi8 @ Boot fro9 D!O*
Startin7 the Buildin7 Science fro9 D!O*
I, 'icroso,t Windows is current!( runnin*: it is essentia! that Windows be c!osed
down and the computer powered o,,.
To boot the Linux )4RO': ,irst power on the computer and p!ace the )4RO' in
the drive.
I, the boot sequence has a!read( started: (ou wi!! need to power o,, the
computer a*ain and then restart the computer.
$ress and ho!d the power button on the ,ront o, the computer unti! the
computer switches o,,. BI, (our computer has a R.S.T button (ou cou!d
use it instead.C
It ma( be necessar( to chan*e the boot order o, the #IO+ settin*s.
T(pica!!( computers are set to boot ,rom the hard drive: then the )4RO'.
The monitor shou!d now be disp!a(in* the startup messa*es ,rom the
)4RO'.
I, the computer is !oadin* ,rom the hard dis6: then (ou wi!! need to have
the 9dministrator reset the #IO+ to a!!ow bootin* ,rom )4RO'. T(pica!!(
,or home computers: the boot sequence shou!d be set ,or C4R8:! 4rive
C! 6loppy.
)hec6 2unction Me(s /1-/2 ,or more options.
/"IG and Linux s(stems *enerate man( messa*es durin* the Operatin*
+(stem boot process. There is no action norma!!( necessar(.
Fou must ,irst c!ic6 with the mouse in the &'p!a(er window to trans,er
input to the virtua! computer.
)hoose >-ry Z&$nt$ =!t%$t !nst#""!n2? as there is no need to insta!!
an( so,tware to (our computer.
Inde8 Nu93er 5 (::) '""endi% , Boot from C(R/.
2i*ure 7 #oot Options
To return to the host operatin* s(stem at an( time use the 6e( combination
o, CR-3 and A3-.
Inde8 Nu93er 5 (::) Reference
!eference4
%etting !endering 5ptions: 9vai!ab!e<
ahttp<..radsite.!b!.*ov.radiance.re,er."otes.rpictQoptions.htm!b B2ebruar(C.
)rone: +. B11C. Integrated $ighting %ystem ,esign /nd ;isualisation" FThe
simulation and presentation of lighting effects.G !<H,<!IH@ !</$ITB.
)urtin /niversit( o, Techno!o*(: $erth: Western 9ustra!ia. Retrieved ,rom
http<..radsite.!b!.*ov.radiance.re,er.report1.pd,
Eacobs: 9xe!. B1-11a: Eanuar( 13C. Radiance Tutoria!. Retrieved ,rom
http<..www.ja!oxa.eu.resources.radiance.documentation.docs.radianceQtuto
ria!.pd,
Eacobs: 9xe!. B1-11b: Eanuar( 13C >Radiance )oo6boo6?. Retrieved ,rom
http<..www.ja!oxa.eu.resources.radiance.documentation.docs.radianceQcoo
6boo6.pd,
Larson: ;. W.: X +ha6espeare: R. B18C. !endering with !adiance" The /rt and
%cience of $ighting ;isualization. +an 2rancisco: )a!i,ornia< 'or*an
Mau,mann.
Inde8 Nu93er 5 (::) #nde%
Inde8
9!ias........................................55: 58: 5
9mbient.........................................5: 51
9mbient #ounces................................ 5
9pp!e 'acintosh................................. 15
4oc6.................................................. 15
Termina!............................................ 15
#IO+........................................................
+ettin*s............................................1-1
#oot ,rom )4RO'...........................1-1
#oot $rocedure......................................
)4RO'.......................................... 1-1
#rowser............................................... 13
)94.................................................... 1
9rchi)94......................................... 1
9uto)94.......................................... 3
)onverter $ro*rams..........................1
3ds1m*,.......................................... 1
9rch1rad......................................... 1
4x,1rad..................................... 1: 3
'*,1rad.......................................... 1
Th,3rad........................................... 1
+6etch/p.....................................81: 3
$!u*%ins........................................... 81
$!u*%ins<su1rad............................... 81
)anvas................................................. 5
)I0 Overcast +6(................................ 5
)o!orpict............................57: 58: 58: 5
)o!our +pace................................. 51: 55
)(an: 'a*enta and Fe!!ow...............51
@ue: +aturation and #ri*htness. .51: 53
Red ;reen and #!ue..............51: 55: 55
)o!oured ,i!ters....................................51
)one.................................................... 1
)onvert................................................ 55
4a(!i*ht 2actor....................................5
4ie!ectric............................................. 18
2a!seco!or............................................ 53
2i!e 'ana*er.......................................51
Open Termina!..................................1-
2ind*!are.............................................55
;e!s..................................................... 51
;enbox.............................. 11: 11: 13: 18
;enda(!it............................................. 88
;enrad........................................... 88: 8
;ens6(.....................................3: 88: 5
Loca! time......................................... 3
+o!ar time.......................................... 3
;etbbox............................................... 31
;!are.................................................... 55
Ies1rad......................... 58: 51: 51: 71: 81
I0+"9........................................... 51: 58
I!!um.................................................... 18
I!!uminatin* 0n*ineerin* +ociet( o,
"orth 9merica ..................................58
Ima*e 2ormats.........................................
;i,..................................................... 35
@dr..................................35: 58: 71: 83
Ep*..................................................... 58
Ti,..............................35: 58: 71: 81: 83
Irradiance va!ues.................................53
Lampco!or........................................... 1
Li*ht. 5: 8: 17: 18: 1: 1-: 11: 13: 3-: 31:
58: 58: 5: 5-: 51: 51: 53: 55: 55: 7-:
71: 71: 7: 81
Linux. .8: 8: : 11: 11: 17: 18: 51: 57: 7:
1-1
Lo*out................................................. 11
Ls...................................................31: 58
Lux...................................................... 53
'aintenance ,actor........................5: 55
'anpa*es....................15: 17: 3: 55: 57
'ateria!s............5: 17: 18: 11: 18: 58: 55
'eta!.......................................18: 13: 55
'ouse......................................................
$+.1.....................................................
/sb......................................................
Objview................................... 15: 15: 57
Oconv............................................ 1-: 11
Octree..............1-: 11: 15: 18: 3-: 5: 51
$compos.............................................. 55
$cond...................................................71
$hotometric......................................... 58
$ictures.......................................... 57: 58
$!astic.................................................. 18
RaQti,,.........................35: 55: 58: 71: 81
Rad.......................................... 3-: 35: 55
Re,!ectance.................................... 51: 53
Rpict................15: 17: 18: 35: 35: 51: 58
+ettin*s..............................................8
&iew 2i!es......................................... 15
%aa......................................................51
%ab..................................................... 51
%ad..................................................... 51
%ar...................................................... 51
%as...................................................... 51
%av..................................................... 51
Rvu.....15: 15: 1-: 11: 11: 15: 15: 18: 35:
35: 37: 38: 51: 58: 5: 51
&iew.................................................. 38
%ab..................................................... 5
Inde8 Nu93er 5 (::) #nde%
+cene............................................. 1: 5
+hut 4own $rocedure..........................11
+pecu!arit(...............................18: 1: 55
+phere......................................1: 15: 15
T6co!or.............................. 51: 51: 53: 55
Trad.....1: 31: 38: 51: 55: 57: 5-: 57: 58
9ction................................................35
9mbient 2i!e.........................51: 5-: 51
4e!ete..............................................35
#ac6*round Render..........................35
)hec6 0rrors.....................................35
0rror in overture.............................35
)ompi!e +cene % 2orce .....................35
4etai!...............................31: 51: 71: 81
0xposure...........................................51
Indirect......................31: 5-: 51: 71: 81
Interactive Render............................. 35
Load error.........................................3-
Options.................................. 37: 5-: 51
$enumbras...................................71: 81
Dua!it(. . .18: 15: 18: 51: 5: 5-: 51: 71:
81
Renders.................................................
4isp!a(............................................35
2inished..........................................35
Rescan.............................................35
/n,inished......................................35
Resu!ts...............................................35
+cene. .7: 11: 13: 18: 1: 3-: 51: 58: 5:
5-: 57: 58: 5: 7-
&ariabi!it(........................31: 51: 71: 81
&iew............................................ 35: 37
Options............................................33
&iew 2i!e.........................................38
Aone......................................3-: 31: 37
Trans.................................................... 18
/"IG.............................................: 1-1
&iew..................................37: 38: 38: 3
4irection.....................................11: 33
"orth............................................... 37
Orientation...................................... 37
/p................................................37: 38
&anta*e point..................1-: 33: 37: 38
%vd.............................11: 35: 37: 38: 38
%vh......................................... 37: 38: 38
%vp.............................11: 35: 37: 38: 38
%vta.............................................. 35: 38
%vth.............................................. 35: 38
%vt!......................................... 35: 37: 38
%vtv.................................. 11: 35: 35: 38
%vu......................................... 37: 38: 38
%vv......................................... 37: 38: 38
&iew 2i!es......................................37: 53
&iew T(pe...............................................
9n*u!ar 2ishe(e....................35: 37: 38
@emispherica! 2ishe(e..........35: 37: 38
$ara!!e! view.....................................37
$erspective........................5: 35: 37: 38
&irtua! +creen......................................1
&irtua!isation ...................................... 8
&'$!a(er................................ : 8: 1-1
Me( )ombinations..........................1-1
G,orm..........................13: 51: 55: 58: 7-
Gima*e........................15: 17: 18: 35: 71
%av........................................................31
%i.......................................................... 53
%vd....................................................... 37
%vp....................................................... 37
%vta.................................................35: 38
%vth................................................ 35: 38
%vt!................................................. 35: 38
%vtv................................................ 35: 38

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