Mainstreaming MDGs Through

National Development Strategies

ANNEXES

Prepared For

THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION

FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

______________________________________________________________________

Dr. Tarun Das1

May 2007

1
The report was prepared when the author worked as Professor (Public Policy), Institute for
Integrated Learning in Management, New Delhi, India. Presently, the author is on sabbatical
leave and working as Glocoms Inc. (USA) Strategic Planning Expert for the Government of
Mongolia under a Capacity Building Project on Governance Reforms being funded by the
Asian Development Bank. Earlier the author worked as Economic Adviser in the Ministry of
Finance and the Planning Commission, Government of India.

The paper expresses personal views of the author and should not be attributed to the views of
the organizations he is associated with. The author would like to express his gratitude to the
UN-ESCAP, Bangkok, particularly to Dr. Ravi Ratnayake, Director and Dr. Hiren Sarkar,
Chief, Poverty and Development Division, for providing an opportunity to prepare this
report, and also making valuable and extensive comments on an earlier draft.

** For any clarification and additional information, EMAIL das.tarun@hotmal.com/

das5delhi@yahoo.co.in

1
 ANNEXES

Annex-1.1: Policies and strategies for reduction of poverty and hunger under MDG
reports and PRSPs in 14 sample countries1

Annex-1.2: Policies and strategies for development of universal education and gender
equality under MDG reports and PRSPs in 14 sample countries

Annex-1.3: Policies and strategies for improvement of health conditions and

environmental sustainability under MDG reports and PRSPs in 14 sample countries

Annex-1.4: Policies and strategies to encourage globalization and development

partnership under MDG reports and PRSPs in 14 sample countries

Annex-2.1 Bangladesh MDG Targets, Performances, Challenges and Strategy

Annex-2.2 Cambodia MDG Targets, Performances, Challenges and Strategy

Annex-2.3 Maldives MDG Targets, Performances, Challenges and Strategy

Annex-2.4 Mongolia MDG Targets, Performances, Challenges and Strategy

Annex-2.5 Pakistan MDG Targets, Performances, Challenges and Strategy

1
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Lao PDR, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar,
Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Thailand and Timor Leste

2
 Annex 1.1
Policies and Programs for reduction of poverty and hunger indicated under MDG
reports and PRSP of 14 selected ESCAP countries
A. Policies and Programs for Reduction of Poverty and Hunger
Goal-1 Reduction of poverty and hunger
Target-1: Halve, between 1990 and, 2015, the proportion of people whose income is below the national
poverty line:
Target-2: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.
Country/ Problems/ challenges and policies and
Current status of programs identified in MDG Reports
achievement
Afghanistan Macro-stabilisation Policies
• Sustained pro-poor economic growth is
crucial for poverty reduction
• Ensure macro economic stability
through strict fiscal and monetary
discipline.
• To reconcile a “need-based approach”
with a realistic “top-down approach” for
resource allocations and tackle capacity
constraints.
Structural reforms
• Substantial allocation of budgetary
resources for the social sectors and
reconstruction works.
• Labour reforms and higher wage rates
for unskilled labor
• Sectoral programs
• Focus on agriculture, which contributes
50% of GDP and provides employment
to two-thirds of the work force, to ensure
food security.
• Focus on licit economy, and to control
opium poppy cultivation, production,
trafficking and trade.
• Improve revenue to support police,
army, schools, health services, transport
network, energy supply and water
management systems.
• Encourage employment-generating
sectors to reduce hunger and poverty.
• A massive rural public works program to
rapidly expand all weather roads, power
supplies and reliable irrigation.
• Building human and social capital
including schools, clinics, and civil
3
Steps (both policies and programs)
suggested/ already taken in PRSP
Macro-stabilisation Policies
• Maintaining macroeconomic stability
in the face of security and political
uncertainties, frequent droughts, large
inflows of foreign exchange and
limited macroeconomic instruments.
• Maintaining security and stability in
the provinces.
• Phasing out drug economy by
alternative sources of livelihood.
• . Fiscal measures
• Strengthening government’s capacity
to monitor public finance and poverty
outcomes, and developing
expenditure and project tracking
systems.
• Improve the alignment of donor and
government priorities by channeling
more funds directly through the core
budget
• Consolidation of fiscal operations
Structural reforms
• Reduction and elimination of opium
economy through counter-narcotics
strategy.
• Comprehensive public administration
reforms with focus on pay reforms,
merit-based recruitment and training
• Build up effective national and
regional institutions for policy
planning, implementation of projects,
monitoring and evaluation
Sectoral programs
• . Developing comprehensive rural
livelihoods program.
• Agriculture, rural development and
 order.
• Improved rural infrastructure for
enhancing access to markets and
services.
• To develop alternatives to poppy
cultivation by promoting perennial
horticultural crops such as raisins,
walnuts, almond, pistachios and
botanicals for essential oil.
• Emphasis on development and
utilization of infrastructure including
transport, power, water and natural
resources.
employment must form the core of
pro-poor growth.
• Comprehensive rural infrastructure
programs encompassing rural credits,
debt relief, water management
systems, road building, energy and
power, agricultural extension.
• Establishment of social welfare
programs for protecting interests of
the weaker and vulnerable sections.
• Enhancing national security and
stability by strengthening police,
army and judicial systems

Bangladesh Macro-stabilisation Policies Macro-stabilisation Policies

• Poverty ratio to be • Pursuing monetary and fiscal policies to • Bringing employment, meso
reduced from sustain growth and macro-economic economy, policy process into focus
58.8% in 1990 to stability • Accelerating pro-poor growth by
29.4% in 2015. Structural reforms faster growth of agriculture, rural
The ratio in 2000 • Restructuring & privatizing SOEs areas, non-farm economic activities;
at 49.8% was far • Partnership with private sector, civil SMEs, rural electrification, water
behind the target. societies and NGOs supply, roads and sanitation; and ICT.
• Ratio of people • Supporting safety nets for protection • Achieve fiscal discipline and tax
Poverty suffering against natural disasters reforms for resource mobilization
from hunger to be Sectoral programs • Effective monetary policies and
reduced from 28% • Infrastructure development development of active capital market
in 1990 to 14% in Structural reforms
• Promoting employment-intensive
2015. The ratio in • Promoting legal reforms for fair and
sectoral projects
2000 at 20% was competitive business, creating market
on track. • National Nutrition Program
• Liberalizing food imports friendly environment for public-
private partnership, and supporting
• Encouraging breast feeding
good governance.
• Improving access to drinking water,
• Public sector reforms and
sanitation and basic health
encouraging private investment
• Social safety nets for the poor and including foreign investment.
weaker sections • Participation and empowerment of
• Human development of the poor women in parliament.
Sectoral programs
• Programs on employment
generations, food security,
community empowerment
• Infrastructure development
• Developing informal sector, SMEs,
agriculture and rural development,
tourism, micro credits
• Social safety nets for the poor and
weaker sections particularly women
• Improved connectivity through rural
electrification, rural roads, and
telecommunications
• Improving water supply and
sanitation

4
Cambodia Stabilisation policies
• Reinforcing macro stability, through
prudent fiscal policies and pro-poor
structural reforms.
(b) Structural reforms
• Improving management of PSEs,
activity-based budgeting, strategic and
financial management.
• Establishing food insecurity,
vulnerability and information mapping
system;
• Developing strategic plans and special
programs for cost effective food security
• Strengthening non-court resolution
systems for land titles for the poor.
•  Promoting private participation in
service delivery and production
• Strengthening decentralization.
• Increasing social protection to weaker
groups through community-based
rehabilitation services and vocational
training;
Sectoral programs
• Promoting the adoption of modern
farming technologies, viz. yield-
increasing techniques, improved pests
management and seed varieties,
• Promoting development of agro-industry
and marketing channels,
• Investing in employment-intensive
sectors such as the garment industry,
fisheries, sericulture, etc.
• Facilitating expansion of micro-
enterprises, micro-financial services,
including credit, savings & insurance
• Investing in pro-poor rural infrastructure
such as irrigation, rural roads and rural
electrification,
• Enhancing land security
• Improving marketing networks for
agricultural exports and facilitating
economic exchange across regions
• Strengthening social assistance for the
elderly and the disabled and to assist
orphans and street children;
• Enforcing measures to increase child
protection in the workplace
5
Stabilisation policies
• Maintaining macro economic stability
• No monetization of fiscal deficit,
• Sound financial systems,
• Deepening banking reforms,
• Tax reforms and revenue mobilisation
• More expenditures on social sectors
Structural reforms
• Civil services and Armed forces
reforms,
• Administrative reforms,
decentralization and improvement in
local governance
• Legal and judicial reforms
• Improving investment climate for
private participation
• Anti-corruption reforms
• Reforms for natural resources (land,
forestry and fisheries)
• Improving monitoring and evaluation
systems
Sectoral programs
• Rural livelihood programs-
development of land, construction,
water supply, agriculture, forestry,
fisheries and transport
• Expending job opportunities by
encouraging employment-intensive
sectors
• Expanding tourism
• Expanding export generating sectors
Fiscal measures
• Measures for public resources and
equipment management
• Medium term budget framework and
financial decentralization
• Social safety programs limited by
budget and capacity constraints
• Budget allocation for food security
and nutritional programs
• The total costs of the National
Poverty Reduction Strategy for the
years 2003-2006 was $1.56 billion
financed by government’s own
resources of $230 million, FDI at
$250 million and the residual of
$1.080 billion by the Overseas
Development Assistance (ODA).
• More investment in energy, health,
education, roads and transport,
institutional strengthening and
• Improving disaster management. governance

6
 China Macro stabilisation policies
Targets 1 and 2 are • Create a stable and effective macro-
on track economic environment for sound, rapid
and sustainable economic growth
• Ensuring guarantee of food, clothing,
health care, housing and burial expenses
to rural households (known as
“Households with five guarantees”)
• Providing poverty relief credits to rural
people for farming and aquiculture,
poultry raising, agricultural processing,
labour-intensive, distribution and
transport and small and medium rural
industries, and social development
projects
• Intensify support for main grain
production areas, long-term purchase
and sale contracts
• Food for works programs for
development of rural roads, drinking
water, irrigation facilities
Structural reforms
• Market-oriented restructuring of
agriculture and rural economy
• Reforms in state-owned enterprises
• Banking sector reforms
• Fiscal reforms
• Moving towards consultative/
participatory form of governance
Lao PDR Macro stabilisation policies
• Maintaining macro economic stability
• Sustaining the natural environment
•There are operational action plans and
rolling plans for the major sectors in
order to integrate Government’s poverty
alleviation strategies and programs for
MDG, PRSP and development plans.
Structural reforms
• Reduction of opium poppy cultivation
and trade
• Redistributive measures for reduction of
inequalities of income and wealth
• Encouraging greater private participation
and voluntary support for development
• Improving coordination and
administration
• Improved governance and sound
macroeconomic policies
7
China has no Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper (PRSP). The
following policies/ programs are part
of MDG Report on China.
Sectoral policies
• Strengthening social development
with more effective spending on
human development, poverty
reduction, environmental protection,
and more employment generating
programs
• Ensuring broad-based growth with
more equal distribution of benefits
over regions, sectors and persons
• Focus on rural areas and farmers by
supporting high-yielding crops, use of
science and technology in farming,
making small loans available to
farmers while improving their basic
production and living conditions
• Encouraging small and medium
enterprises
Structural reforms
• Application of bottom-up approach in
planning and development of village-
based development plans.
• Involving NGOs, business
communities, civil societies as
partners of government to help in
formulation and implementation of
poverty reduction policies.
Macro stabilisation policies
• PRSP has 8 National Priority
Programs viz. 1) food production, 2)
commodity production, 3)
stabilisation of shifting cultivation, 4)
rural development 5) infrastructure
development, 6) expansion of
external economic relations and co-
operation, 7) human resource
development, and 8) services
development.
• It focuses on decentralization or
“bottom-up” planning, participatory
planning supported by an extensive
network of NGOs at grassroots and
local levels, Rapid Poverty
Assessments (RPAs), preparation of
longer-term vision documents,
strengthening Macro-economic Policy
and Reform Framework; and
undertaking of sectoral action plans.
 • Strengthening of implementation and
dissemination of laws, regulations and
legal information).
Sectoral programs
• Focus on key four sectors viz.
agriculture, health, education and
transport.
• Targeted support programs and rural
development for poverty reduction and
elimination of hunger
• Development of ICT for creating
conditions for poverty education
• Improvement in delivery and quality of
public services
Maldives Structural reforms
• Speed up the population and
development consolidation process
Sectoral programs
• Enhance connectivity through a proper
inter-atoll transport system
• Remove disparities in costs of basic
services across the Maldives
• Ensure secure property rights and access
to credit for women
Mongolia Stabilization policies
• Support for youth focused SMEs
• Fiscal incentives for promoting urban
youth employment
• Direct nutritional interventions for the
poor
Structural reforms
• Improving information, education and
communication
• Micronutrient supplement
• Enforcing food safety regulations
• Tertiary and vocational training linked to
job-skill demands
• Youth internship placement programs
External assistance
• Number of development projects being
implemented with external assistance
includes sustainable livelihood project
(WB), social security (ADB), poverty
8
Structural reforms
• All three pillars – economic growth,
social/cultural development and
ecologically sound resource
management – have to mutually
reinforce themselves to achieve
sustainability in poverty alleviation.
• Improvement of Governance and
Public Administration, legal,
regulatory and institutional set up,
sound financial management,
transparent planning, budgeting,
accounting and auditing.
• Phasing out drug economy by
alternative livelihood programs
Sectoral programs
• Balanced development of agriculture,
industrial and service sectors
• Development of transport and
communications infrastructure.
• Use of ICT for improving quality of
education, encouraging e-commerce
in the private sector, and providing
industry access to global markets
Maldives has no Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper (PRSP).
Stabilization policies
• PRSP is based on the following
themes:
(a)Faster growth alone will not suffice.
(b)Policies to reduce inequality are
necessary to reduce poverty.
(c)There need not be any conflict
between growths and equity- in fact,
redistribution of assets creates
enabling environment for higher
investment and faster growth.
(d)Productive employment is the
quickest way to reduce poverty.
(e)Higher investment is necessary for
higher growth.
(f)Encouraging participation of civil
societies, local governments and
NGOs to participate in development
process.
(g)A strong state to guide transition
 reduction & employment generation
(UNDP SIDA), rural poverty reduction
(IFAD), disaster mitigation (UNDP/
Luxemburg)
Myanmar • Basic task of the government is to
achieve sustained economic growth and
social progress in promoting lives of
people.
• National developmental plan has three
main components:
(a) Border Area Development
Program
(b) Plan for 24 Special Development
Zones, and
(c) Integrated Rural development
Plan
• Myanmar has made significant progress
to move towards the fulfillment of
MDG, although gaps still exist to fulfill
the targets.
Myanmar 2005
• Based on the present trend of progress,
some of the MDG targets have already
exceeded and some are expected to be
achieved much earlier than the time
frame.
• However, more efforts will be concerted
to meet some of the targets by the year
2015.
•
Nepal Macro-stabilisation policies
• Broad-based economic growth mainly
through agriculture and rural
9
process, to create new institutions for
regulations and social security, to
initiate structural reforms (in
industry, investment, trade etc.), to
finance public investment (on
physical infrastructure, human
capital formation and public works)
and to help the weaker and
vulnerable sections.
(h)To reduce dependence n aid and to
try to become self-sufficient.
• Institutional reforms for land use,
land tenure, leasing fees and resource
mobilization
• Labour market reforms and
liberalisation
• Bank credits for promoting SMEs in
agriculture and manufacturing.
• Create a decentralized incubation
centre for micro-enterprises in every
district.
• Government should expand public
works program
• Provision of micro finance and
participatory micro insurance scheme
Myanmar has no Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper (PRSP). The
following policies are based on MDG
Report of Myanmar.
• The National development plan aims
to accelerate growth, achieve
balanced and equitable development
by reduction of inter-personal and
inter-regional inequalities.
• Significant development has taken
place in agriculture, health, education,
and infrastructure.
• The achievements resulting from the
implementation of the National
Development Programmes cover a
wide scope of the targets of MDGs.
Macro-stabilisation policies
• Government continues reforms for
ensuring sound macro economic
 development
Fiscal measures
• Subsidies to the Nepal Food Corporation
to transport food grains.
• Schooling and food assistance to
children
Structural reforms
• To make development more inclusive,
bring excluded groups in the mainstream
by building their capacities and
improving skills.
• Institutional capacity building for
delivery of public services
• Improving local governance, capacities
for planning, monitoring, evaluation and
financial management.
• Encouraging participation of user groups
and NGOs for delivery of public
services.
Sectoral programs
• Crop diversification, commercialization
and modernization of agriculture
• Comprehensive employment generation
programs and adequate access to wage
works
• Expand food for works program
• Focus on public works and infrastructure
development
• Vocational training
• Farm credits and micro credits
• Mother and child health care activity
supported by the World Food Program.
Pakistan Macro-stabilisation policies
• Achieving high and broad-based
economic growth focusing on the rural
economy, and maintaining macro-
economic stability.
• Government aims at employing a
10
management and stability.
• The implementation of PRSP made
Nepal eligible for borrowing from
both the Poverty Reduction growth
facility (PRGF) of the IMF and the
Poverty Reduction Support Credit
(PRSC) from the World Bank.
Fiscal measures
• Targeted poverty alleviation and
food-for-work programs
• Expenditure management reform,
particularly deepening the Medium
Term Expenditure Framework
(MTEF), capacity building and skill
training for MTEF exercises
• Initiating pro-poor and pro gender
budgeting
• Industrial and sectoral business plans
for linking for MDGs, PRSP and
MTEF.
Structural reforms
• Poverty monitoring- Implementation,
outcome and participatory
monitoring, impact assessment,
• Mainstreaming the excluded groups
for ensuring inclusive growth
• Civil services reforms and controlling
corruption
• Public enterprises reforms and
privatisation
• Financial sector reforms and
improved supply of micro credits.
• Liberalisation of labour laws.
• Amendments in Company Act
• Judicial reforms
• Simplified procedures and rules for
external trade and investment.
• Encouraging decentralization of
planning and devolutions of funds
• Strengthen public debt recording and
management with technical assistance
from ADB.
Sectoral programs
• Development of agriculture and agro
based industries, irrigation, rural
infrastructure, power, and forestry.
Macro-stabilisation policies
• Strict fiscal and monetary discipline
to achieve macro economic stability.
• Successful macro economic
stabilisation, trade, financial sector,
corporate governance reforms
 combination of growth promoting
policies and direct interventions to attack
poverty as part of its investment in
human capital and effective delivery of
basic social services.
• Substantial increase in public
expenditure on social sectors, rural
development, safety nets and good
governance.
Structural reforms
• Improving governance and consolidating
devolution,
• Bringing the poor and vulnerable and
backward regions into the mainstream of
development, and to make marked
progress in reducing existing
inequalities.
Sectoral programs
• Development of agriculture and rural
sector, to improve agricultural
productivity, expand non-farm rural
employment to reduce rural poverty
• Development of small and medium
enterprises for employment generation
and poverty alleviation
• Rural development programs
encompassing agriculture, water,
livestock and fisheries
• Reorientation of public expenditures
towards education, health, and other
socials sectors and monitoring key
poverty and human development
indicators
• Governance reforms including tax
administration, financial management
and devolution of power to local
governments
Papua New • Achieving higher growth and improving
Guinea literacy are essential for reduction of
poverty and hunger.
• Need to raise domestic savings to reduce
dependence on external assistance and to
reduce debt service burden.
• Need to reduce regional disparities and
reduce unemployment.
• Focus on agriculture and rural sector,
which have high employment potentials.
Samoa Samoa has neither MDG Report nor
PRSP. The following policies are based
on “Strategy for the Development of
Samoa 2005-2007”
11
Structural reforms
• Deepening financial sector and capital
market reforms
• Trade liberalization and export
promotion
• Privatisation of public sector
enterprises and development of
private sector
• Deregulation and strengthening
regulatory bodies
• Improving governance and devolution
encompassing police reforms, civil
service reforms, anti-corruption
strategy, procurement reforms,
freedom of information and
improving data base, enacting anti-
money laundering law
Fiscal policies
• PRSP makes a substantial increase in
public expenditure on poverty
alleviation programs, education,
health, population planning, social
security and welfare, disaster
management, and rural development
• Rural development programs include
construction of rural roads, irrigation,
rural electrification, land reclamation,
provision of food subsidies, saety
nets, improving law and order, and
good goverance.
• In addition to these budgetary PRSP
expenditures, there are the non-
budgetary poverty-related
expenditures such as micro finance,
Zakat, social security and the private
philanthropy of considerable
significance.
• Higher bank loans for housing
Papua New Guinea (PNG) has no
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
(PRSP).
Samoa has neither MDG Report nor
PRSP. The following policies are
based on “Strategy for the
Development of Samoa 2005-2007”
 Macro-stabilisation policies Sectoral programs
• Sustain GDP growth rate in the range of • Encourage development of
3-4 per cent with balanced budget, low employment intensive sectors such as
and stable inflation and sustainable agriculture, transport and tourism.
balance of payments. • Commercialize agriculture and ensure
Structural reforms food security for all
• Enactment of Public Finance • Encourage fish farming, honeybee
Management Act 2001 keeping, sheep farming, root crops,
• Efficient and effective public tree crops and vegetables.
administration • Encourage private investment in
• Establish law reforms commission power and enhance hydro capacity.
• Establish venture capital fund • Strengthen water management for
• Improve monitoring and management increasing access to treated water
systems for remittances, foreign capital • Improve sanitation and drainage
and external debt • Enhance tele-density, implement ICT
• Review Value Added Goods and policy, establish regulatory
Services Tax (VAGST) framework for telecom for increasing
• Restructure and privatize three public competition in the provision of
sector bodies viz. Samoa Shipping cellular, internet and wireless services
Services, Agriculture Stores and Samoa • Improve transport system by
Broadcasting Corporation widening roads, increasing ports
• Regulate private monopolies capacity, improving shipping services
• Establish a Unit Trust for sale of and enhancing international air
government securities. transport
Thailand Macro stabilisation polices Thailand has no Poverty Reduction
•Thailand has made •Sustaining economic growth, Strategy Paper (PRSP). The
remarkable maintaining macroeconomic stability, and following policies are based on MDG
progress in meeting improving safety nets Report of Thailand.
most of MDGs. •Encouraging inclusive economic growth
•MDG targets for Structural reforms
•Addressing disparities of opportunities
poverty, hunger, and outcomes •Decentralize implementation-
gender, HIV/AIDS, •Improving the quality of social services Enhance the capacity to monitor,
malaria, have been analyse, and develop poverty strategies
Sectoral measures
achieved more than at the provincial and sub-district level
•Rural development programs-
15 years ahead with a community based participatory.
schedule. Farmers Debt Moratorium, setting up
Empower disadvantaged groups, local
Village fund and People’s Bank to provide
•The education goal communities and non-governmental
micro-finance, Government savings bank,
is likely to be organizations to ensure service
achieved soon. •“One Tambon-One Product” is a delivery, accountability and
•And, progress is Government Community partnership that transparency of funding.
being made in promotes, improves and markets the •Employ analytical tools to improve
reaching the targets Tambon (sub district) community’s most targeting.
promising product with the aim of
of child and
expanding production through
•Asset Capitalization: legally secure
maternal health, land is a valuable asset that enables
and environmental development of small- and medium sized
enterprises. and empowers the poor to use it as
sustainability. collateral for loans and other
•Targeting the ultra poor and the
commercial transactions.
disadvantaged
Fiscal measures
•Targeted budget allocation for poverty
reduction
•. Expand social safety nets- Expand the
social security system, particularly for the

12
 informal sector.
• Support community self-help, social
protection and safety nets, such as
savings groups and credit unions,
additional studies on broad based
redistribution policies and measures.
Timor Leste Structural reforms
•An increase in wage employment;
•An increase in real wages;
•An increase in the opportunity of the
poor for self-employment;
•An increase in the productivity and the
terms of exchange of the output of the
self-employed poor.
•Increase food production to enhance
self-reliance in the medium term.
•Substantial investments for rehabilitation
and construction of small and medium
size irrigation schemes
•Establish and expand agricultural
research and extension services.
•Creation of jobs and sustainable
livelihoods
•Improve infrastructure including
marketing and support services. T
•Development Partners support civil
society organizations including
communities in the formulation and
implementation of the projects.
13
•The Government’s Poverty
Reduction Strategy has four main
elements: (i) promoting opportunities
for the poor; (ii) improving their
access to basic social services; (iii)
enhancing security, including
reducing vulnerability to shocks, and
improving food security; and (iv)
empowering the poor.
•The National Development Plan
focuses on creating an enabling
environment to generate opportunities
for the economic participation of the
poor.
•The main elements are improving
productivity in agriculture and the
informal sector;
•providing an enabling environment
for private sector development;
provision of infrastructure and pro-
poor public expenditure policies.
•Providing a conducive environment
for private sector development, which
includes business regulations, land
and property legislation, trade policy,
labour legislation, and infrastructure
issues, especially related to power and
transport, is essential for employment
generation.
 Annex 1.2

Policies and Programs for promoting universal education and gender equality
indicated under MDG reports and PRSP of 14 selected ESCAP countries
B. Policies and Programs for Promoting Universal Education and Gender Equality

Goal-2 Achieve universal primary education

Target-3: Provide primary education to all girls and boys by 2015
Goal-3 Promote gender equality and Empower Women-
Target-4: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005 and to all
levels of education no later than by 2015.

Country/ Problems/ challenges (both policies
Current status of and programs) identified in MDG
achievement Reports
Afghanistan Fiscal policies
- “Seriously off • As government resources are limited
track” and not sufficient to achieve universal
education, support from communities,
NGOs, the private sector,
beneficiaries and industries, both
technical and financial, is needed.
• Fiscal support to establish pre-
primary schooling institutions.
Structural reforms
• Govt has allocated two seats from
each province to females in the lower
house and half of the one-third
members of the upper house of
Parliament.
• In addition, women are participating
at local level politics.
• Protection of rights in employment,
family rights, property and
inheritance rights.
• Establish vocational training and
promote employment for women.
Steps (both policies and programs)
suggested/ already taken in PRSP
Fiscal policies
• Although the rehabilitation and
construction of educational
institutions is vast, it is crucial that
public investment dos not exceed the
state’s capacity for meeting recurrent
costs.
• Afghanistan needs the aid from
international community o develop
education system.
Structural reforms
• Enhancing women’s participation in
wage labour.
• Mainstreaming a gender perspective
in budget and all programs.
Strengthen women’s role in
education, health, civil service and
political affairs.
• Review and amendment of laws that
protect women’s rights in
employment.
• Develop effective delivery models for
education and health.

14
Bangladesh Fiscal Policies Fiscal policies
(a)Net enrolment • Government has replaced Food for • Providing stipends in primary schools
ratio in primary Education Program by nation-wide and fiscal assistance to girl students in
education to be Primary Education Stipend Program secondary schools
raised from 73.7 • The PRSP projection of public • Providing expenditure for women
in 1990 to 100 in expenditure on education as development
2015. The ratio at percentage of GDP is estimated to Structural reforms
82.7 in 2000 was increase from 2.62 in 2004 to 2.81 in • Enhance women’s participation in
on track. 2005 and to 2.91 in 2006. decision making process and political
(b)Ratio of literate Structural reforms: activities
females to males • Effective implementation of existing Sectoral programs
to be raised from laws on sexual harassment, legal age • Ensure women’s full participation in
42 in 1990 to 100 for marriage of girls etc. main stream economic activities
in 2015. The ratio
• Roles and functions of women • Improve women’s efficiency in
at 56 in 2000 was
members in Union Parishads need to household and reproductive roles
far behind the
be identified and clarified. • Develop HR of he poor to act as
target
Sectoral Program: service provider
• Educational facilities need to be • Reduce gap of the digital divide by
enhanced for rural areas, urban slums, encouraging use of IT by the poor
coastal areas and the Chittagong Hill • Improve and strengthen early
Tracts. childhood and pre-primary education
Improving gender awareness.
• Increase quality of primary, madrasha
External Finance
and secondary education
• Bangladesh needs $928 million in
• Enhance access to common primary
2005 to provide universal primary
and secondary education
education. The amount is estimated to
grow to $1.7 billion in 2015, about • Improve gender balance in primary,
40% of which needs to come from secondary and higher education
external finances. • Improve technical and vocational
education and training
Cambodia Fiscal policies Fiscal policies
•  Allocation of more expenditure for • Gender mainstreaming in budget
universal education • Increasing share of education in
• Providing scholarships for girls overall budgetary expenditure in
• Building dormitories for girls order to achieve Education for All
accommodation (EFA) by 2015
• Setting up higher education Structural reforms
institutions at the regional level. • Institutional development towards
Structural reforms pro-poor and pro-women sector
planning and management
• Expanding community-based non- • To facilitate growth through
formal education for female literacy. increasing equitable access to quality
• Establishing night schools for girls in and relevant post-basic education
urban areas • Programs for improving gender
• Increasing the share of women in equity in health, education, and
public administration access to land titles and agricultural
• Amending the law against trafficking resources
of women and passing a law against • Political empowerment of women
domestic violence. • Legal protection of women
Sectoral programs • Gender mainstreaming in all
• Development of micro-finance government departments
sectors offering savings, credit and Sectoral programs
insurance services to poor women • Integration of programs on health,
education and rural development

15
 • Empowerment programs for women Direct gender education
to find a job in agriculture,
manufacturing and service sectors.
Conducting information, education and
communication campaigns for gender
awareness, gender equality,
campaigns against domestic violence.
.Supporting training programs at local
levels (districts, communes, and
villages) on gender issues and women
leadership and self-confidence.
China • Macro stabilisation policies
Target-3 is on track. • Increase education budget by 1% of
As regards target-4, GDP per annum to reach 4% of GNP.
achieving gender • Scholarships to poor students by both
equality in primary central and local governments
and lower secondary
• Structural reforms
education is on
track; but achieving • Education for all- China has
gender equality in implemented two waves of
primary and upper “Compulsory Education Projects for
secondary education Rural Areas”
may be not on track. • Implementing “Country to Country”
education assistance system between
economically advanced towns/
districts in the same region
• Guarantee equal opportunity for male
and female in labour law
• Amendments of the Law on the
Protection of Rights and Interests of
Women to integrate the gender
equality policies and other state
policies
Lao PDR • Policy based assistance, focus on
disadvantaged groups,
decentralization, early childhood
development for improving education
• Develop secondary education in a
balanced way to help both boys and
girls and disadvantaged groups.
• To include life science, population,
reproductive health, family planning,
HIV/ AIDS in national curriculum.
• Child development programs
• Girl-friendly schools
• Investment in women’s skills
development including training for
managerial roles, secondary and
tertiary education, nutrition, sexual
and reproductive health and rights,
family economics and environmental
sanitation.
• Mainstreaming gender issues in
16
Affirmative actions for recruitments,
placements and promotions of women
in public services
Special drive for primary education
enrolment
China has no Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper (PRSP). The
following policies/ programs are part
of MDG Report on China
Sectoral policies
• Projects on distance education in rural
primary and secondary schools
• Matching school assistance from
large and medium cities to poor cities
in the same provinces
• Protection of women’s reproductive
heath
• Improvement of social networks to
protect women’s rights
Policies for women’s participation in
government, employment, poverty
reduction, control of HIV/ AIDS
• Expand vocational, technical and
higher education and training
• Human resource development for
education and health services
• To expand vocational and higher
education to meet the needs of new
labour markets
• To expand public and private
education, while coordinating formal
and non-formal education
• The Government has defined 4
priority investment programs for
education: Equitable Access; Quality
Improvement; Relevance
Improvement; and efficient
Management
• Among the priority investment
programs the top priority projects are:
 planning and policy formulation.
• Foster the development of skills and
knowledge among women members
of the National Assembly.
Maldives Structural reforms
• Develop performance targets and
identify reliable and trackable
indicators to measure quality of
education in schools
• Develop and implement a national
policy on gender
• Promote equal access and opportunity
to property and credit
• Effective enforcement of legislation
on domestic violence, child support
and divorce procedures
• Increase public awareness on
women’s rights to contest in elections
• Conduct targeted training for women
candidates to contest in parliamentary
elections
Sectoral plans
• Improve access to education for
children with special needs
• Provide additional incentives for
teachers to work in the atolls
Mongolia Fiscal Policies
• Free and compulsory primary
education to all.
• Financial support to poor students,
teacher training, curriculum reforms,
rehabilitation of schools, inclusive
education to disabled children
• Implementing gender-sensitive
budgets
• Enhancing development assistance to
education through supply of clothing
and food to poor students, improving
teaching quality
Structural reforms
• Promote economic empowerment of
women through laws
• Implementing law on combating
domestic violence
• Increasing women representation in
decision making
• Amend laws on political parties to
increase share of women members in
Parliament
Myanmar • In the education sector, net
enrollment ratio in primary education
is on a rising trend.
17
Maldives has no Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper (PRSP). The
following policies/ programs are part
of MDG Report on Maldives.
Fiscal policies
• Allocate more public funding for the
empowerment of women
• Establish vocational training
opportunities at schools
Sectoral programs
• Government is implementing the
National Gender Equality Program
since 2002.
• Improve access to quality education
through population consolidation and
better inter-atoll transport systems
• Integration of life skills education
into the school system
External finance
• Completed ADB funded Education
Sector Development Program
Fiscal Policies
• Free and compulsory primary
education to all.
• Financial support to weaker and
vulnerable sections.
• Girls friendly system.
• Implementing gender sensitive
budgets
• Higher budgetary allocation for
improving school infrastructure in
rural areas
Structural reforms
• Promote economic empowerment of
women through laws
• Increasing women representation in
legislation and decision making
Myanmar has no Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper (PRSP). The
following policies are based on MDG
 • Moreover, boys and girls have equal
chances to pursue both general and
professional education, reflecting that
there is no gender discrimination in
Myanmar.
Nepal Structural reforms
• Education for all (EFA)
• Targets for universal primary
education, eradication of illiteracy
and removal gender gap in line with
the MDG targets.
• Handing over the management of
schools to communities.
• Making curriculum more relevant by
integrating life skills
• Improving quality of education and
teachers training
• Encouraging women participation in
employment and public services
• Focus on women development in
national budget formulation and in
the House of Representatives.
• Increasing women’s access to and
control over economic resources.
• Stringent legal and administrative
measures to address violence against
women
Pakistan Structural reforms
• The Education Sector Reforms
(ESR) is essentially an “Action
Plan for Reform” for reducing
gender and regional inequalities.
• In order to improve women’s political
participation, a National Programme
for Women’s Political Participation
was launched in December 2002 for
the period May 2002 to April 2006
• GoP announced the first ever
National Policy for Development and
Empowerment of Women in March
2002.
Sectoral policies
• Enhancing funding for the
public schools under the
National Education Policy 1998-
2010 for removing urban-rural
and gender imbalances in
education
• Govt is implementing the
National Plan of Action for
Education for All (EFA)
18
Report of Myanmar.
Structural reforms
• The PRSP and the Tenth Plan also
emphasizes the universalisation of
primary education
• Focus on adult literacy, technical
education and vocational training
• Ensure gender focus in education
• Encouraging private sector
participation in education
Structural reforms
• The PRSP seeks to address gender
disparities through policy measures to
enhance women’s capacities and
opportunities in the economic, social
and political spheres.
• Public-private partnership in
education
• Allocating more resources for
education and improving efficiency
and quality of spending and delivery
of education services to the poor,
vulnerable sections and women
Fiscal Policies
• These include provision of soft loans
to women, improving educational and
health facilities, skill development
and enforcing the 5% quota for
women’s employment in government.
• Higher allocation of budgetary funds
for human development and other
social sectors
Sectoral policies
• Improving gender equality
 • GoP is implementing a National Plan
of Action (NPA) for Women dealing
with 12 critical areas viz. (i) poverty
(ii) education and training (iii) health
(iv) violence (v) armed conflict (vi)
economy (vii) women in power and
decision making (viii) institutional
mechanisms for the advancement of
women (ix) human rights of women
(x) media (xi) environment, and (xii)
the girl child.
Papua New Guinea • To achieve universal primary
education, there s need to improve
enrolment and retention in the school
• Continue with education reforms.
Samoa Samoa has neither MDG Report nor
PRSP. The following policies are
based on “Strategy for the
Development of Samoa 2005-2007”
• Improve teachers quality, curriculum
and assessment practices and teaching
material
• Improve student learning outcome
with special emphasis on raising
numeracy and literacy
• Improve school facilities and
equipment, and promote use of
computers
Thailand •Establish and maintain nation-wide
nutrition data, including a nutrition
surveillance system for vulnerable
groups.
•Universal education in Primary Lower
secondary
•Promoting information technology in
schools
•Further reducing the costs of
education.
•Close the remaining gender gaps in
education.
•Increase opportunities for women in
decision-making
•Reduce violence against women.
•Promote knowledge of gender issues
and women’s rights.
•Improve collection, analysis and use
of gender-disaggregated data.
Timor Leste Education
The Government has adopted several
programs and projects to be
implemented in working towards the
19
• Encouraging empowerment of
women
• Setting up National Commission for
Human Development
• Khushal Pakistan Program/ Tameer-e-
Pakistan Program
Papua New Guinea (PNG) has no
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
(PRSP).
Samoa has neither MDG Report nor
PRSP. The following policies are
based on “Strategy for the
Development of Samoa 2005-2007”
• Strengthen community support for
education
• Promote non-formal education,
community learning, vocational
training, science, information and
communications technology (ICT)
• Strengthen education management
systems
• Develop National Sports Policy
Thailand has no Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper (PRSP). The
following policies are based on MDG
Report of Thailand.
•Undertake analysis to formulate an
approach to the emerging nutrition
concerns.
•Integrate nutrition education into
schools and lifelong learning
programs.
•Expand and enhance the effectiveness
and efficiency of school lunch
programs.
•Improving quality and relevance of the
education curriculum.
•Improving monitoring capacity.
•Leveraging ICT to improve learning
outcomes.
The Education Sector policies in the
National Development Plan include the
following:
•P romote mandatory education for all
Millennium Development Goals. These
include:
•P  rogram to expand educational access
and improve internal efficiency
• Fundamental School Quality Project
(TFET-funded)
• 100 Schools Program (UNICEF-
Assisted)
• Dropout and repetition prevention
project
•S  chool location Planning Project
• Multi Grade Schools Project
•S  chool Health and Nutrition Project
• Educational management information
System
•P  ublic campaign on Importance of
Schooling
Gender equality
• To promote gender equality
particularly at secondary and higher
education levels,
20
children of school age;
• Develop primary education for all as
the main goal and priority in
allocation of
• Allocating higher level of government
resources;
•C  reate incentive partnerships with the
private sector, NGOs, parents’
associations and
• the community, to support education
at all levels, in pre-school, secondary
school,
• vocational training and non formal
education, as well as in university
education;
• Establish a minimum qualification for
teachers, such as a university degree.
Develop
• additional relevant specializations for
secondary school, vocational training,
university teachers and assistants;
Policies for gender equality in the
National Development Plan focus on
the following:
• Mainstream gender concerns in all
educational programs
• Work with relevant organizations to
advocate an improved status for
women, promoting equal rights for
women in access to education; and
• Increase women’s access to
information on educational provision.
 Annex 1.3

Policies and Programs to improve health and ensure environmental sustainability

indicated under MDG reports and PRSP of 14 selected ESCAP countries
C. Policies and Programs for Improving Health and Ensuring Environmental Sustainability

Goal-4 Reduce Child mortality

Target-5: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate

Goal-5 Improve maternal health

Target-6: Access for all individuals of appropriate age to required reproductive health services and
reduction by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal maternity ratio.
Goal-6: Combat communicable diseases and begun to reverse the spread of STIs by 2015.
Target-7: Have halted by 2015, and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/ AIDS.
Target-8: Have halted by 2015, and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria/TB and other major diseases.

Goal-7 Ensure Environmental Sustainability

Target-9: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and
reverse the loss of environmental resources.
Target-10: Halve by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water.
Target-11: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum
dwellers.

Country/ Problems/ challenges (both policies
Current status of and programs) identified in MDG
achievement Reports
Afghanistan Structural reforms
• To promote low-cost, but quick
impact measures to reduce child
mortality.
• Better care for mothers and babies
before and after the childbirth.
• Govt has established the Basic
Package of Health Services (BPHS)
for reducing morbidity and mortality.
• Expanding access to safe drinking
water.
• Implementation of safe motherhood
package on priority basis.
• Strengthening regional hospitals and
improving their services.
• Expanding facilities for Directly
Observed Treatment- Short Course
(DOT) for TB.
• Encouraging NGOs and communities
for imparting sex education,
awareness about sexually transmitted
diseases and use of contraceptives.
Steps (both policies and programs)
suggested/ already taken in PRSP
• Govt is implementing BPHS covering
a package of health services such as
maternal and newborn health, child
health and immunization, public
nutrition and communicable disease.
• Improving delivery of public services,
rationalisation of service charges.
• Improving water supply, sanitation,
waste management with the help of
community development councils.
• Access to health services and
awareness for combating HIV/ AIDs,
malaria, and other diseases.
• Counseling and promotion of
maternal nutrition, family planning,
and community education.
• Reproductive health education and
services.

Bangladesh Fiscal Measures Fiscal Measures

• U-5 mortality rate • Increasing financial investments in • Encouraging NGOs and community
to be reduced from the health sector groups to provide health services

21
 151 in 1990 to 50 Structural reforms:
in 2015. The rate • Increasing access to quality health
at 82 in 2000 was services through partnerships
on track. between govt, donors and NGOs.
• Maternal mortality • Integrated vertical program to reduce
rate to be reduced child mortality
from 570 to 143 in Strengthening information system
1990-2015. The • To increase the median age of
rate at 320-400
marriage of girls.
was behind the
• The government and donors’
target.
initiatives include developing a
National strategic Plan (NSP) for
comprehensive and integrated action
in response to HIV/ AIDS.
• PRSP, the Pro-Poor Strategy and
Sector Development Framework
being coordinated with public-private
partnership to improve water supply
and sanitation
• Technologies for removing arsenic
from water are in the process of being
introduced in the large scale.
Sectoral program:
• Expanded Programs on Immunization
and Hepatitis B
• Enhancing need-based targeting of
un-served populations
• Priority to the promotion of safe
motherhood from the grassroots
levels by both govt and donors.
• Coordinated program to combat
malaria and TB
• Increased access to vaccinations
• Priority is being given for proper
management of ground water and to
tackle water salinity in coastal areas.
• Treatment of sewage and the disposal
of solid water.
• Priority being given to improve
access to safe water, sanitation and
secure and durable housing to slum
dwellers
• General improvement of these
services in urban areas
External Finance
• Out of estimated expenditure of $33
million in 2005, $12 million was govt
expenditure, $4 million govt
contribution and $12 million to come
from external resources.
• Govt implemented ODS Phase Out
Plans with funds with the help of the
Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund
22
aided by the government
• Enhance public expenditure on health
services.
• Increase direct expenditure on
environment education, training and
studies.
Structural Reforms
• Strengthening drug control and
regulation systems and procedures.
• Developing indigenous and
alternative medical care systems such
as homeopathy, Ayurvedic and Unani
(herbal) systems.
• Improving nutritional status of
children, women and the elderly.
• Improve systems for food safety, and
improve water supply and sanitation
• Integrate environment policies and
programs into macro-economic
policies.
• Conduct studies of the impact of
macroeconomic, sectoral, fiscal and
trade policies and resource pricing on
environment.
• Prepare Environmental Impact
Assessment documents n all projects
and programs in the public domain.
Sectoral Program
• PRSP accorded due prominence to
and coverage of HIV/ AIDS.
• Improve health for child, mother,
reproductive, adolescent and elderly
• Prevention and control of
communicable diseases, TB, leprosy,
malaria, and HIV/ AIDS.
• Strengthen health implementation
systems by the local group,
epidemiological and entomological
surveillance, strengthening and
expansion of the blood safety
program and of BCC, scaling up the
Hepatitis B vaccination program and
strengthening of the disease
surveillance program.
• Ensure bio-diversity, prevent land
degradation, protect forests and
expanding social forestation.
Control air and water pollution
External finance
• Govt of Bangladesh receives funds
from the Montreal Protocol
Multilateral Fund for pollution
control.
Cambodia Fiscal measures
• Improving access to public health
services among poor women.
• Increasing the health budget and
ensuring regular flows of funds to
sub-national levels for essential
obstetric care.
Structural reforms
• Strengthening cooperation among the
National Malaria Centre, Provincial
Health Department and NGOs for
improving health and combat diseases
at the local levels
• Introducing social marketing of
medicines and medical equipment.
• A Forest Law was adopted by the
National Assembly on 30 July 2002.
In December 2002, the MAFF issued
Prakas No 540 KSK on the
Suspension of Forest Concession
Logging Activities.
Sectoral measures
•Increasing the number of skilled
personnel and ensure their placement
in under serviced areas.
•Expanding knowledge on the
importance of reproductive health care
among poor women, and the
effectiveness of contraception and
other means of family planning.
•Educating people about condom use,
illicit drug use, sexual behaviour, and
HIV/AIDS transmission mechanism.
•Improving data base, monitoring on
the status, trends and socio-economic
impact of the epidemic;
•Improving preventive measures to
protect population groups at risk;
•. Strengthening the National dengue
control program
•Improved capacity of staff at all
levels, especially capacity in planning,
management and implementing
DOTS;
•Expanded DOTS program and
extended HC/HP for TB treatment at
the community level.
•Improving Information, education and
communication campaigns for the
general population about proper TB
prevention, detection and cure.
23
Fiscal measures
• Social safety programs limited by
budget and capacity constraints
Budget allocation for food security and
nutritional programs
Structural reforms
The health Policy Statement 2003-2007
encouraging non-discriminatory and
pro-poor health facilities
• Disaster management and to foster
emergency relief operations- specially
for floods
• Action against land mines and
unexploded ordnance (UXO)
• Build up environmental management
and planning capacity of the core
institutions
Sectoral measures
•Improve nutritional status of children
and women
•Programs to help the disabled, those
affected by HIV/ AIDS, orphans,
street, abandoned and homeless
children
•Specially targeted reproductive health
and family planning services for the
poor
•Adequate housing, sanitation and
living conditions for the urban poor
•Adequate income and economic
opportunities to poor and women
•Involve NGO, civil societies and
communities for health and education
services
•Reallocating resources in favour of
poorer geographical areas
•Improving child and maternal health
conditions
•Enhancing accessibility to and
affordability for life saving and
essential medicines
•Setting up community and village
health support groups
•Improving communication and
information systems for health
•Promoting participatory research and
appraisal within grassroots
communities for the benefits of the
poor and socially disadvantaged
groups
•Cross cutting themes within the
overall health sector strategy for
 • Emphasis on environmental
sustainability and mine development.
• Effective resources management
• Preserve bio diversity
• Development of alternative energy
systems to ensure environmental
protection
China Stabilisation policies
• Target-5 may be • Increased public funding for rural
not on track. health insurance, hospital delivery
• Targets 6-8 are on and immunization by both central and
track, only the state governments
target on TB may • Safe Motherhood Program for
be not on track. improving delivery facilities, clinical
• Target-9 may be tests, emergency care etc.
not on track. • Commitment of higher financial
• Targets 10-11 are resources for research, prevention and
on track. treatment of HIV/ AIDS
Structural reforms
• Motherhood Health Express Program
to provide resources, health
information and services
• Strengthening epidemic surveillance,
and comprehensive prevention
interventions
Structural reforms
• China is a member of several
international conventions including
those on the Protection of the Ozone
Layer, Kyoto Protocol on Climate
Change, Biological Diversity,
Combating Desertification, the
Ramseur Convention, the Stockholm
Convention on Persistent organic
Pollutants and the World Heritage
Convention.
• Coordinated socio-economic
development of lakes, rivers and
coastal water supply, city
environment, agricultural setting,
forestry and grassroots coverage.
• Focus on research and development
on the utilization of resources,
recycling of waste materials and
commercialization of waste
treatment.
Lao PDR Structural reforms
• Enhancing financial and human
24
poverty reduction
• Social protection and fight against
human trafficking
• Develop coastal zone management
• Reduce urban industrial pollution
• Strengthen protected areas
management
• Enhance forest concession
management
• Urban waste management
Ethnic minority development
China has no Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper (PRSP). The
following policies/ programs are part
of MDG Report on China.
Sectoral policies
• Multi-sectoral programs for control of
HIV/ AIDS.
• Scaling up DOTS program for
treatment of TB throughout the
country with the financial support
from the World Bank, DFID, grants
from the government of Japan, the
GFATM, CIDA, Damien Foundation
of Belgium and TA from WHO.
Structural reforms
• Combating groundwater pollution,
and pollution from fertilizers,
pesticides, animal husbandry, and
fishing.
• Disaster management
• Construction of rural drinking water
system and construction of related
infrastructure
• Removal of government monopoly in
water supply
• Focus on arable land and additional
land for construction, reduction of
total emission of major pollutants and
reduction of environmental
deterioration.
• Promoting safe drinking water, and
• Allowing non-public capital into
infrastructure and other industries
• Accelerating the Market Process of
Municipal Public Service Industries
• Improving rural sanitation and water
supply
Structural reforms
• Development of comprehensive
 resources and community
participation in health care services.
• Mobilizing communities for mother
and child heath.
• Strengthening coordination and
collaboration with donor for
prevention and treatment of HIVs and
STDs along with education.
Sectoral programs
• Enhancing access to Mother and
Child Health Services
• Ensuring high quality for child-
directed programs.
• Improving supply, delivery, quality
and management of health services.
• Improving access to quality
reproductive health services and
family planning.
• Promoting education and awareness
on reproductive health including
family planning, safe motherhood,
STI and HIV/ AIDS.
• Expanding Directly Observed Short
Course Treatment (DOTS) coverage
and standardized short-course
chemotherapy for TB.
• Build and improve the institutional
capacity for environmental
management, monitoring,
supervision, technology and research,
control, innovative was of financing
pollution control, implementation of
plans, appraisal, review, developing
legal framework, law enforcement
and enhance cooperation with local
authorities, communities and NGOs.
Fiscal policies
• Establishing environment fund.
• Technical and financial support for
rural water supplies, and develop
medium and long-term investment
plans for rural areas and small towns.
• Development of an effective social
marketing strategy to improve
financing and utilization of water
supply services.
Maldives Structural reforms
• Advocate to policymakers and
parliamentarians for public and
preventive health.
• Integrate preventive health into
medical services and build
institutional capacity
• Develop national standards for
25
healthcare referral, preventive and
curative services
Sectoral programs
• Drug Control, HIV/AIDS, and
Mother and Child programs.
• The HIV/AIDS/STD Control
Programme emphasizes in particular
the responses to be put in place to
prevent further transmission of HIV.
•Improving community-based health
promotion and disease prevention;
•Improving and expanding hospitals
at all levels and in remote areas;
•Paying attention to non-
communicable diseases related to
food consumption, smoking, alcohol
and drug abuse;
•Promoting and strengthening the use
of traditional medicine
•P romoting operational health
research to improve and develop the
health sector; and
•Ensuring effective health
administration and management, a
self-sufficient
Fiscal policies
•Financial system and establishing a
health insurance fund.
•The Human Resource Development
Programme for health
•The Drug Control Programme
•Community-based rehabilitation
programs linked to the improved
health delivery services.
Maldives has no Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper (PRSP). The
following policies/ programs are part
of MDG Report on Maldives.
Sectoral policies
• Improving access to quality health
care services through population
 management of childhood illnesses,
pregnancy and maternal health.
• Improve advocacy on legal issues
related to unwanted pregnancies.
• Establish regular mobile team visits
with specialists and necessary
equipments for investigation and
essential medicines at atoll level
• Establish partnerships with NGOs
and community services.
• Maintain active surveillance system
for communicable and non-
communicable diseases.
• Promote voluntary counseling and
testing (VCT)
• Advocate and create awareness for
health promoting public policy in
sectors other than health, especially
housing development
• Institutional strengthening and
capacity building for outbreak
preparedness and response
• Integrating population and overall
development process and planning
• Implement the “safer island”
philosophy in development process
• Develop land use plans for all islands
and strengthen the implementation of
the plans
• Capacity building for environmental
legislation, environmental assessment
and monitoring
• Establish and implement sanitation
standards for the country
• Adopt policies to reduce the
vulnerability of the Maldives to
climate change and natural disasters
Mongolia Structural reforms
• Improving information, education and
communications systems
• Improved national surveillance
systems
• Involve civil society organizations,
• Social marketing programs promoting
condoms use
• Strengthened legal and institutional
set up for sound environmental
management.
• Integrating education, training, public
awareness, and environmental
sustainability programs
26
consolidation and establishment of a
proper transport mechanism
• Provide minimum level of maternal
and child health services at island
level through a trained person and a
community health worker.
• Institute screening of pregnant
women for early detection and
prevention of mother to child
transmission
• Conduct targeted awareness to reduce
stigma on TB to improve case
detection and successful
implementation of directly observed
treatment short course (DOTS)
• Increase the use of renewable energy
and explore solar desalination
technologies
Fiscal Measures
• Improve access and affordability to
essential medicines through
community pharmacies and provision
by the government
• Improve access to contraceptives by
reduced cost and introducing social
marketing.
• Invest and strengthen public health
and preventive Programmes
• Allocate more public financing for
water and sanitation
Structural reforms
• Integrating education, training, public
awareness, and environmental
sustainability programs
• Tackle pasture degradation and
deforestation
• Control urban pollution
• Ensure safety of mining.
• Passage of the National Program on
Housing, Housing and Land Laws
Sectoral policies
• Improve quality of basic health
services, child and maternal health
 • Introducing community based pasture
management and forestry
• Passage of the National Program on
Housing, Housing and Land Laws to
create enabling legal environment for
housing development
Sectoral policies
• Improve quality of basic health
services, child and maternal health
• Integrated child health program
• Health care provisions for vulnerable
sections
• Upgrading public maternity hospitals
and rural reproductive health care
• Programs for family planning
• Introduced the Directly Observed
Treatment Short Course (DOTS) in
1995 for combating TB.
• Extension of DOTS in high-risk
population groups and areas
• Strengthening vehicles inspection and
energy efficiency
• Improving information, education and
communications
• Improving water supply networks
• Rehabilitate rural deep-water wells
Fiscal measures
• Investment in water treatment and
quality monitoring
• Using demand responsive measures
and cost recovery for improved water
supply and sanitation
• Develop technology for cost-effective
and energy-efficient housing
• Financial assistance to poor for
housing
Myanmar • Health Strategy Plan (2004-2008).
• Myanmar has already exceeded the
target of the proportion of people
with access to improved sanitation in
2005, through implementation of the
National Sanitation Programme
commencing from the year 1998.
• Prevalence of under-weight among
children has declined slowly over the
past decade showing improvements in
the nutrition status.
Nepal Sectoral programs
• Community based Integrated
Management of Child hood Illness
27
• Integrated child health program
• Health care provisions for vulnerable
sections
• Specialised training for medical staff
care
• Introduced the Directly Observed
Treatment Short Course (DOTS) in
1995 for combating TB.
• Extension of DOTS in high-risk
population groups and areas
• Coordinated program to combat TB
and health sector reforms
• Strengthening vehicles inspection
• Improved energy efficiency
• Improving information, education and
communications
• Improving water supply networks
• Rehabilitate rural deep-water wells
• Public infrastructure development for
poor communities
• Immediate and long term housing for
the poor
• Development of veterinary services
• Improving access to markets and
transportation networks
Myanmar has no Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper (PRSP). The
following policies are based on MDG
Report of Myanmar.
• Under-5 mortality rate and infant
mortality rate are on a descending
trend.
• Maternal health has been improved
because of the initiation of Making
Pregnancy Safer as a priority
component in the Five-Year
Reproductive
Sectoral programs
• Integrating National Development
Plan, Health Care and Waste
 (IMCI) package. Management Plans
• Integrated maternal and new born • Effective control of HIV/ AIDS/ STD
long term plan (sexually transmitted disease)
• Better coordination among all • Partnership with NGOs and
stakeholders in heath services communities in education, health
• Training of health personnel. sectors and prevention of sexually
• Use of low-cost low-technology transmitted diseases
interventions supported by Improve water supply and sanitation in
community based health care both rural and urban areas
• Multi-sectoral initiative to tackle
child malnutrition,
• Human resources development
• Involving private sector for provision
of health care services
• National Reproductive Health
Strategy and National Safe
Motherhood Program
• Prevention of HIV transfers from
mother to child.
• Various measures to tackle the spread
of HIV/ AIDS, and treatment, care
and support services
• Institutionalization of multi-sectoral
involvement and capacity building for
planning, implementation, monitoring
and evaluation of programs on
prevention of HIV/ AIDS/ Malaria.
• Integrated management plans for
hills, comprehensive study of forests,
and valuation of ecosystems.
• Ensuring sustainable development
and productive end use of renewable
energy in rural areas.
• Social marketing of energy
• Encouraging private sector
participation in energy.
• Improving drinking water and
sanitation services
• Decentralization and localization of
water supply.

Pakistan Structural measures

• National Programme for Family
Planning (FP) and Primary Health
Care (PHC) launched in 1994 to
introduce primary health care services
• Nutrition Improvement Program is
introduced to prevent malnutrition in
the most vulnerable groups.
• Tawana Pakistan is a social safety net
intervention for malnourished girls
and mothers in poor districts.
• The PRSP indicates that the work
remains to be done in key areas
consistent with baselines and targets
indicated in the MDG. The targeted
improvements are in some cases very
ambitious- e.g. enrollments, infant
and child mortality and proportion of
fully immunized children.
• Targeting the poor and vulnerable
sections for supply of public goods
and services

28
• National Environment Action Plan • Improving provision of drinking
(NEAP) has been approved. water and sanitation
• National Resettlement Safeguard
Policy (NRSP
• National Response Strategy on
Climate Change formulated
• A National Land Use Programme
initiated.
• Governance is strengthening
institutions through Legislation
enforcement, environmental
tribunals: institutional strengthening,
awareness and education: and
participation of NGOs and
communities
Sectoral policies
• The Improved Family Planning and
Primary Health Care Services by
Lady Health Workers Programme
created a close-to-client opportunity
for providing iron supplementation to
pregnant and lactating mothers.
• Government is implementing sectoral
programs for control of AIDS,
Malaria, and Hepatitis-B.
• Conservation focuses on the use of
Energy efficiency and renewable
energy, land and water, forests
• Production systems and consumption
patterns are being rationalized
through a rational pricing system,
environmental accounting and
auditing: and agro-eco-zoning.
• Air and water pollution is being
managed by fuel switching and clean
fuels: and water quality monitoring
Fiscal Measures
• Health Care for All (HFA), which is
accessible, acceptable and affordable,
• A project on Enhanced National
AIDS Control Programme costing Rs
2.9 billion is under implementation
since 2003-04.
• National TB Control Program was
revived in June 2002 with an
allocation of Rs 66 million for 2000-
2004 in view of the re-emergence of a
large number of reported cases and a
22% MDR.
External assistance
• The Women Health Program
launched in July 2000 with assistance

29
 from the Asian Development Bank.
Papua New Guinea • Improve basic infrastructure and
medical equipment for hospitals and
medical centres.
• Improve mother and child health care
by reproductive health and
immunization.
• Setting realistic targets for HIV/
AIDS/ malaria, pneumonia.
• There is an urgent need for a user-
friendly information system with
improved coordination between
various stakeholders to facilitate
information storage, management and
dissemination of environmental
information.
Samoa Samoa has neither MDG Report nor
PRSP. The following policies are
based on “Strategy for the
Development of Samoa 2005-2007”
• Improve primary healthcare services
• Improve health standards
• Expand immunization programs for
filariasis, leprosy, tuberculosis, polio
and cough
• Continue programs such as care for
elderly, breast feeding, rheumatic
fever and AIDS awareness
• Review land use policy
Thailand Health
Greater investment in training for
health personnel.
• Proactively involve families and their
communities.
• Further improve monitoring capacity.
• Involve both parents and health
personnel in improving health
outcomes.
• Provide healthcare for women.
• Improve the training of health service
personnel to be more effective in
detecting and responding to childbirth
complications.
• Analyse existing data to develop
targeted strategies.
• Revitalizing a broad-based response
through strong political leadership.
• Shifting the focus of prevention.
• Achieving universal access to generic
ARV drugs treatment.
• Tuberculosis treatment improving
30
Papua New Guinea (PNG) has no
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
(PRSP).
Samoa has neither MDG Report nor
PRSP. The following policies are
based on “Strategy for the
Development of Samoa 2005-2007”
• Develop human resources for
hospitals and medical centres
• Improve hospital infrastructure
• Improve health facilities and
equipment
• Expand ways for providing more
funds for health sector and assess the
viability of health insurance scheme
• Identification and sale of government
owned land
Thailand has no Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper (PRSP). The
following policies are based on MDG
Report of Thailand.
Protecting Environment
•Targeting energy efficiency
Monitor closely all action plans
Integrating and balancing
environmental concerns with
development considerations
•Develop policy-making tools for
environment protection
•Create an active high-level policy
forum.
•Strengthen the capacity of provincial
and local administrative organizations.
•Improve quality of drinking water at
the local level.
•Better access to piped water.
•Target urban development and housing
 • The modern rapid treatment system
for tuberculosis known as directly
observed treatment short course
(DOTS) was introduced in 1996 and
has progressed well.
• Regional approaches to combating
malaria.
• Monitor tuberculosis infection among
people living with HIV/AIDS.
• Promote awareness and information
about heart disease.
• Legal protection and better
management practices
Timor Leste Health
The MDG objectives in the Health
sector include: (i) reduce levels of
maternal and infant mortality, (ii)
improve the nutritional status of
mothers and children, (iii) improve
reproductive health and (iv) increase
women’s access both to health
information, and quality health
services.
HIV/AID, STD
The MDP objectives in the Health
sector include reduction in the
incidence of illness and death due to
preventable communicable and non-
communicable diseases, including
HIV/AIDS. The strategies in this area
include: (i) health promotion and
education of prevention and treatment
measures
• Increasing use of DOTS for treatment
of tuberculosis
Water and Sanitation
• Facilitate at a National level the safe
disposal of sewage, wastewater and
solid and hazardous waste in urban
areas;
• Ensure the appropriate management
of water resources for the purposes of
water supply and sanitation in
cooperation with other relevant
ministries; and
Integrated processes for long-term
operational planning and development
of water and sanitation resources
31
schemes appropriately.
•Incorporate participatory processes.
•The best practice in finding solutions
is including slum dwellers in decision-
making and developing options that
best suit
The Health Sector policies in the
National Development Plan include the
following:
• Emphasize preventive and promotive
health care, provided closest to the
community,
• Adopt primary health care policies
enabling increased accessibility and
coverage of
• Health care.
• Adopt a policy of integrating the
health care system with other sectors;
• Set up target groups for mother and
child health care
• Develop health staffing policies
appropriate to the needs of the
country;
• Promote access and utilization of
basic health services by vulnerable
groups
• Adopt Integrated Management of
Childhood Illnesses (IMCI);
• Mainstream gender health concerns in
all programs
• Work with relevant organizations to
advocate an improved status for
women,
• Increase women’s access to health
information and quality health
services.
Water and sanitation
The primary objectives for the Water
and Sanitation sub-sector in the
National Development Plan include the
following:
•P  rovide adequate, safe and
sustainable water supplies for urban
areas with full cost recovery from
users of the water supply;
 • Facilitate adequate, safe and
sustainable water supply and
sanitation for village and rural
communities through community-
managed water and sanitation
facilities;
•

32
 Annex 1.4

Policies and Programs for developing a global partnership for development

indicated under MDG reports and PRSP of 14 selected ESCAP countries
D. Policies and Programs for developing a global partnership for development

Goal-8 Develop a global partnership for development

Target-12: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial
system.
Target-13: Address the Special Needs of the Least Developed Countries. Net ODA as percentage of DAC
donors’ GNI is targeted to be raised to 0.7 percentages in total and 0.15 per cent for LDCs.
Target-14: Address the special needs of landlocked countries and Small Island developing states.
Target-15: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of the developing countries through national and
international measures to make debt sustainable in the long run.
Target-16: In co-operation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and
productive work for the youth.
Target-17: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in
developing countries.
Target-18: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies,
especially information and communications.

Country/ Problems/ challenges (both policies and
Current status of programs) identified in MDG Reports
achievement
Afghanistan • Encouraging private sector
participation including foreign aid for
development of infrastructure, roads,
transport, telephones
• Strengthening regulatory authorities
• Transparent rules and regulations
• Afghanistan needs external finance to
support its reconstruction activities
and reduction of poverty.
• To garner donor support, government
needs to make progress in the areas of
public financial management,
fiduciary standards, pubic
administrative reforms, capacity
development for absorption of aid.
Bangladesh Structural reforms
• Priority for employment generation in
both formal and informal sectors,
skill upgradation and encouraging
foreign investment
• Bangladesh formulated National
Drug Policy and promulgated the
Drug Control Ordinance in 1982. The
number of price-controlled drugs had
been reduced over the years.
Sectoral programs
• Expansion of urban employment
Steps (both policies and programs)
suggested/ already taken in PRSP
• Encouraging private-sector led
growth and maintaining an open trade
regime.
• Reforms of state-owned enterprises
and banks, regulatory framework.
• Strengthening public institutions to
administer laws and regulations in a
transparent manner and good
governance to avoid corruption and
non-optimal allocation and mis-use of
resource
• Strengthening aid effectiveness in line
with targets set by the Paris
Declaration
Structural reforms
• Promote exports of ready-made
garments by addressing challenges in
the post-MFA area
• Improve international
competitiveness of exports and
promote effective forward and
backward linkages
• Liberalize trade regime and reduce
tariff rates
• Diversify exports

33
 • Measures to increase productivity, to • Enhance and augment unrestricted
reduce lead time and to diversify inflow of remittances.
export markets for garments • Improve trade negotiations capability
• By 2005, Bangladesh be connected to
the global fibre opic link through the
submarine cable consortium.
• Internet use is steadily rising due to
the proliferation of cyber-cafes and
kiosks especially in rural areas.
External debt management
• Bangladesh is performing well in
terms of bringing down its debt
services and is classified as a less
indebted country by the World Bank.
Cambodia Structural reforms Pro-poor trade development strategy
• The RGC is committed to integrate • Comprehensive program of economic
Cambodia into the world economy by and trade policy reforms
forming bilateral and multilateral • Encouraging globalisation and
trade agreements. liberalisation of trade
• Exports diversification • Trade facilitation for labour
• Encouraging labour (specially (especially female workers from the
females from rural sectors) intensive rural sector) intensive exports of
exports such as garments and textiles garments and textiles, which
• Encouraging exports of agricultural increased their share in GDP from
products, handcrafts which have 1.1% in 1993 to 11.9% in 2000.
substantial benefits for income, • Reduction and rationalization of
employment, gender equity for both customs tariffs and strengthening
urban and rural areas customs administration
• Liberalized policies for foreign • Liberalized policies for foreign
investment and export promotion investment and export promotion
zones (EPZ) zones (EPZ)
• Government-Private Sector Forum • Encouraging tourism and related
was established in December 1999 to industries and services such as
promote trade transport and handicrafts
• Welcomes technical assistance for
legislative reforms, trade policy
evaluation and reporting, assessing
the impact of trade protection.
• Integrated approach for donors such
IMF, ITC, UNCTAD, UNDP, WTO
and World Bank and other developing
partners
China Structural reforms
• China is determined to be fully
integrated into the global economic
system.
• China accords zero tariff status to
some products from all 39 LDCs.
• Govt attaches great importance to the
development of information and
telecommunications industries.
• China has introduced village telecom
project to narrow the Digital Divide.

34
Lao PDR • Efficient roads, transport and
communications system as critical to
national and regional integration.
• Firm monetary policy, banking
sectors reforms, trade liberalisation
Maldives
Mongolia Structural policies
• Joined WTO and reduced customs
tariffs
• Poverty impact analysis of trade
systems
• Promotion of micro-financial systems
• Improving financial regulations
• Increasing competition between
transit states
• Several laws enacted on IT
• A National Information Technology
Park set up in 2001
Sectoral measures
• Improving national transport
networks and integrated
transportation systems
• Developing ICT infrastructure
• Developing IT services in education,
medical, transportation
• Encouraging private investment in IT
and IT enabled services
Fiscal measures
• Reduction of customs tariffs
• Financial incentives to SMEs for
export promotion
• Investment on transportation
infrastructure
• Fiscal incentives and capacity
building for IT and IT enabled
services
• Attempting to implement UNCTAD
Financial Information System on
Debt management
• Systematic monitoring, evaluation
and impact analysis of public debt
35
•Reviews and inventories of existing
trade regulations, implementation of
time-phased revision of regulations
according to the Association of South
East Asian Nations (ASEAN), the
ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA),
and the World Trade Organization
(WTO) specifications.
•Law enforcement
• Risk reduction education, to raise
awareness of risks associated with
UXO
Maldives has no Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper (PRSP). The
following policies/ programs are part
of MDG Report on Maldives.
Structural policies
• Promotion of micro-financial systems
and participatory insurance
• Improving financial regulations
• Several laws enacted on IT
Fiscal measures
• Rationalisation and reduction of
customs tariffs
• Financial incentives to SMEs for
export promotion
• Increasing public investment on
transportation infrastructure
• Fiscal incentives and capacity
building for IT and IT enabled
services
• Systematic monitoring, evaluation
and impact analysis of public debt
Aid coordination
• Mongolia should try to reduce
dependence on aid and increase
domestic savings.
• Should encourage inflows of foreign
investment.
 • Improving project evaluation systems
• Better coordination of agencies
dealing with aid
External assistance
• An Information and Training Centre
established in Oct 2002 with a grant
from the government of India
Myanmar • Progress has been seen in many areas Myanmar has no Poverty Reduction
through endeavoring on self-reliance Strategy Paper (PRSP). The
basis. following policies are based on MDG
• At the same time, the government Report of Myanmar.
has been cooperating with the UN
agencies to help develop the basic
needs at the grass root level.

Nepal • Diversification of export base and • Measures to increase domestic

destination of markets savings and investment, and to attract
• Encouraging small and medium foreign investment.
enterprises • Despite good record and low level of
• Harmonize national trade and tariff debt servicing, Nepal urges for
policies with regional and development aid to improve
international trading arrangements. infrastructure and human capital.
• Active participation in WTO, SAFTA • Aid for Trade Program
and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for
Multisectoral Technical and
Economic Co-operation Free Trade
Area (BIMSTEC FTA)
• Alliance with like-minded LDCs to
deal with common international trade
and aid problems.
• Supports temporary movement of
natural persons (mode-4) of WTO.
• Promoting research and development
institutions in LDCs.
• Facilitate access to technology and
computers as part of ODA.
Pakistan • A National Environment Action Plan • Partnership with NGOs, primarily the
(NEAP) has been announced Rural Support Program Network
(RSPN) at the grass-root level.
• National Resettlement Safeguard
• The PRSP emphasizes the need for
Policy (NRSP):
increased social and poverty related
• National Response Strategy on
spending and reduction of the public
Climate Change: debt burden.
• National Land Use Programme • Pakistan has significantly liberalized
• Conservation of energy program trade regime and reduced peak tariff
Production systems and consumption rates. The SAFTA signed after PRSP
patterns will be rationalized through the is a significant development.
rational pricing system: environmental
accounting and auditing: and agro-eco-
zoning
• Air and water pollution will be
managed by fuel switching and clean
fuels, and water quality monitoring.

36
 • Governance will be improved and
institutions strengthened through a set
of actions viz.
(a)Legislation enforcement:
(b)Environmental tribunals:
(c)Institutional strengthening:
(d)Awareness and education:
(e)Participation of NGOs and
communities

Papua New Guinea • Official Development Assistance
(ODA) or foreign aid is crucial for
the achievement of MDs in PNG.
• External financing constitutes 96 per
cent of total resources spent on the
control/ treatment of HIV/ AIDS,
malaria and diseases.
• To achieve sustainable level of
external debt through sector wise
donor coordination.
• To encourage trade liberalisation and
rationalization of tariff rates
Samoa Samoa has neither MDG Report nor
PRSP. The following policies are
based on “Strategy for the
Development of Samoa 2005-2007”
• Rationalisation and reduction of taxes
and tariffs consistent with Samoa’s
accession to the World Trade
Organisation and FTAs.
• Analyze the impact of FTAs on
domestic business.
• Continue assistance for domestic
business such as the Structural
Adjustment Facility.
Thailand •Thailand is an active player in
multilateral global cooperation.
•. Thailand is an active member of
many regional groups such as
(a)The Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN)
(b)Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC)
(c)The Greater Mekong Sub region
(GMS)
(d)Indonesia–Malaysia–Thailand
Growth Triangle (IMT-GT)
(e)Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri
Lanka, Thailand Economic
Cooperation (BIMST-EC)
(f)The Mekong-Ganga Cooperation
(MGC)
(g)Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)
(h)The Ayeyawady-Chao Phraya-
Papua New Guinea (PNG) has no
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
(PRSP). The following policies are
based on MDG Report of PNG.
• Decentralized system for government
and administration.
Samoa has neither MDG Report nor
PRSP. The following policies are
based on “Strategy for the
Development of Samoa 2005-2007”
• Maintain close co-operation and
dialogue between government,
business, chambers of commerce and
industry, and donors.
• Enhance market information, access
and research
• Review value added goods and
services tax
Thailand has no Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper (PRSP). The
following policies are based on MDG
Report of Thailand.
•Sub regional and regional
development cooperation is recognized
as a building block for sustainable
human development in the region as a
whole

37
 Mekong Economic Cooperation
Strategy (ACMECS
Timor Leste • As with other post-conflict countries
in transition, the economy of Timor-
Leste is heavily dependent on public
expenditure, which accounted for
more than two-thirds of the GDP in
2003.
• However, the flow of adequate oil/gas
revenues from the Timor Sea is some
time away.
38
• Unlike other countries, the economy
of Timor-Leste has been driven
largely by public investment and
expenditure, which have been funded
mostly by nondomestic/ foreign
savings for more than a quarter
century, including the period of
occupation.
• The development partners continue to
play a crucial role in transforming the
economy to a sustainable economic
growth path in the medium- term.
_____________________________________________________________
Annex 2.1

Bangladesh MDG Targets, Performances, Challenges and Strategy

1. Bangladesh - MDG Progress Report February 2005

The first Bangladesh MDG progress report was prepared jointly by the government of
Bangladesh and the UN country team on Bangladesh in consultation with all
stakeholders. After China and India, Bangladesh has the third largest number of poor. The
report brings out the status and indicates challenges to meat UN-MDG targets by 2015.
But it does not specify the exact programs and measures to do that. The report is an
advocacy for the development partners.

Table-1 assesses the progress in achievement of the MDGs in Bangladesh and Table-4
summarizes challenges to achieve MDGs.
Protection and Prevention against HIV/AIDS MDG 7
Table-1 Current Status, Targets and Achievements

Targets and Achievements 1990 2000 Target

2015
Goal-1 Reduction of poverty and hunger
Target-1: Halve, between 1990 and, 2015, the proportion of people
whose income is below the national poverty line:
(a) Poverty headcount (percent) 58.8 49.8 29.4
(b) Depth of poverty (Gap x Headcount) (percent) 17.2 12.9

Target-2: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people

who suffer from hunger.
(a) Proportion of people in extreme poverty (percent) 28 20 14
(b) Prevalence of underweight U-5 children (percent) 67 51
Goal-2 Achieve universal primary education
Target-3 Provide primary education to all girls and boys by 2015
(a) Net enrolment ratio in primary education 73.7 82.7 100
(b) Proportion of pupils starting grade-1 who complete grade-5 42.5 80.6 100
(c) Literacy of youth aged 15-24 years 36.9 38.8
Goal-3 Promote gender equality and Empower Women
Target-4 Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary
education preferably by 2005 and to all levels of education no
later than by 2015.
(a) Primary schools- female/male ratio (percent) 55.5 4.5 48.5
(b) Secondary schools - female/male ratio (percent) 34.7 52.5 50.5
(c) Tertiary education- - female/male ratio (percent) 25.8 36.6 50.5
(d) Ratio of literate females to literate males of age 20-24 years 42.1 55.7 100
(e) Share of women in non-agricultural employment 22
(percent)
(f) Proportion of women members in national Parliament 2
(percent)

39
Goal-4 Reduce Child mortality
Target-5 Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-
five mortality rate.
(a) U-5 mortality rate (per 1000 live births) 151 82 50
(b) Infant mortality (per 1000 live births) 94 56
(c) Percentage of children below age-1 vaccinated against measles 54 69 100
Goal-5 Improve maternal health
Target-6 Access for all individuals of appropriate age to required
reproductive health services and Reduce by three-quarters, between
1990 and 2015, the maternal maternity ratio.
(a) Maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) 570 320-400 143
(b) Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel 5 12 50
(c) Total fertility rate 3.3 3.3 2.2
(d) Proportion f mothers who are malnourished (percent) 45 <20
(e) Legally stipulated age of girls first marriage (years) 18 20
(f) Proportion of maternal death caused by violence (percent) 14 0
Goal-6 Combat STIs/ HIV/ AIDS, Malaria and other diseases
Target-7 Have halted HIV/ AIDS by 2015, and begun to reverse the
spread of STIs.
(a) Condom use among female sex workers (percent) 2-4
Condom use by rickshaw pullers (percent) 2
Condom use by truck drivers (percent) 25
(b) HIV positive among ICUs 4
HIV positive among female sex workers 0.2- 0.7
HIV positive among men having sex with men 0.2
HIV positive among needle sharing 25 to 75
Target-8 Have halted by 2015, and begun to reverse the incidence of
malaria and tuberculosis.
(a) Prevalence of malaria (million cases) 1 0.5
(b) Death rates associated with malaria 1 0.05
(c) Prevalence of TB (per 100,000) 233
(d) Death rates associated with TB 70000
(e) Proportion of TB cases under directly observed treatment shot
course (DOTS)
Detected 34 70
Cured 84 85
Goal-7 Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Target-9 Integrate the principles of sustainable development into
country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental
resources.
(a) Percentage of land area covered by forest 9 10.2 20
(b) Land area protected to maintain biological diversity (%) 0.01
(c) Energy use (kg oil equivalent per US$1000 PPP adjusted GDP 123.18 92.36
(d) Carbon dioxide remissions (ton/person) 0.141 0.189
Target-10 Halve by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable
access to safe drinking water.
(a) Proportion of people having access to safe drinking water
Urban 82 100
Rural 72 96.5
Target-11 By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the
lives of slum dwellers.

(a) Proportion of people using adequate sanitation facilities

Urban 56 85.5

40
 Rural 29 56.5
(b) Proportion of urban poor households
Owning dwelling 26
Owning land 18
Goal-8 Develop a global partnership for development
Target-12 Develop favourable conditions for achieving MDGs
through developing an open rule-based predictable non-discriminatory
trading and financial systems
(a) Exports of Bangladesh to developed countries (US$ billion) 58.3
(b) Proportion admitted free of duties 66
(c) Average tariffs imposed by developed countries 12
Target-13 Address special needs of LDCs
(a) ODA (US$ billion) 1.02
(b) ODA to LDCs as percentage of donor countries GNI 0.05
(c) Proportion of OECD ODA that is tied 79.1
Target-14 Special needs of landlocked countries Not applicable to Bangladesh
Target-15 Deal comprehensively with the debt problems trough
national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable
in the long term
(a) Debt service as percentage of exports of goods and services 7.3
Target-16 In co-operation with developing countries, develop and
implement strategies for decent and productive work for the youth.
(a) Unemployment rate of 15-24 years old 8
Target-17 In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide
access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries.
(a) Proportion of Bangladesh population with access to affordable 80
essential drugs on a sustainable basis
Target-18 Develop new information communication technologies
building on information society
(a) Telephone lines and cellular subscriptions per 100 persons 1.32
(b) Personal computer use per 100 population 0.34
(c) Internet users per 100 population 0.15

Table-4 Challenges to achieve MDGs

Goals/ taegets
Goal-1 Reduction of poverty
and hunger- Target-1Poverty
reduction
Target-2 Reduction of
underweight children
Challenges
1. Pursuing monetary and fiscal policies to sustain growth and macro-
economic stability
2. Restructuring and privatizing state owned enterprises
3. Improving infrastructure development
4. Enhancing co-operation and partnership with private sector, civil
societies and NGOs
5. Promoting sectoral projects having high impact on employment
6. Supporting safety nets for protection against natural disasters
1. Expanding National Nutrition Program
2. Liberalizing regime for food imports
3. Encouraging breast feeding practices
4. Improving access to drinking water, sanitation and basic health

41
Goal-2 Achieve Universal
Primary Education
Target-3 Provide primary
education to all boys and girls
by 2015
Goal-3 Promote gender
equality & Empower Women-
Target-4 Eliminate gender
disparity in primary and
secondary education preferably
by 2005 and to all levels of
education no later than by 2015.
Goal-4 Reduce Child mortality
Target-5 Reduce U-5 mortality
by two-thirds
Goal-5 Improve maternal
health
Target-6 Reduce by three-
quarters, between 1990 and
2015, the maternal maternity
ratio.
Goal-6 Combat STIs/ HIV/
AIDS and TB
Target-7 Have halted HIV/
AIDS by 2015, and begun to
reverse the spread of STIs.
Target-8 Have halted by 2015,
and begun to reverse the
incidence of malaria and
Tuberculosis (TB)
Goal-7 Ensure Environmental
Sustainability
Target-9 Integrate principles of
sustainable development into
country policies and programs
and reverse the loss of
environmental resources.
Target-10 Halve by 2015 the
proportion of people without
sustainable access to safe
drinking water
1. Government has replaced Food for Education Program by nation-
wide Primary Education Stipend Program
2. Bangladesh needs $928 million in 2005 to provide universal
primary education. The amount is estimated to grow to $1.7 billion
in 2015, about 40% of which needs to come from external finances.
3. Educational facilities need to be enhanced for rural areas, urban
slums, coastal areas and the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
4. The PRSP projection of public expenditure on education as
percentage of GDP is estimated to increase from 2.62 in 2004 to
2.81 in 2005 and to 2.91 in 2006.
1.Effective implementation of existing laws on sexual harassment,
legal age for marriage of girls etc.
2.Roles and functions of women members in Union Parishads need to
be identified and clarified
3.Improving gender awareness
1. Expanded Program on Immunization, Hepatitis B has been
introduced.
2. Strengthening partnerships between government and NGOs
3. Integrated vertical program to reduce child mortality
4. Enhancing need-based targeting of un-served populations
5. Strengthening the management information system
1. Both government and donors are giving priority to the promotion of
safe motherhood from the grassroots levels
2. Increasing access to quality health services through public, private
and NGO initiatives
3. Increasing financial investments in the health sector
4. To increase the median age of marriage of girls
1. The government and donors’ initiatives include developing a
National strategic Plan (NSP) for comprehensive and integrated
action in response to HIV/ AIDS.
2. PRSP has accorded due prominence to and coverage of HIV/ AIDS.
1. Coordinated program to combat malaria and TB
2. Increased access to vaccinations
3. Out of estimated expenditure of $33 million in 2005, $12 million is
expected to be govt expenditure, $4 million govt contribution and
$12 million to come from external resources.
1. The carbon dioxide emission in Bangladesh is insignificant
compared to the global consumption pattern as more than 60
percent of the energy used comes from biomass and more than 60
percent of the commercial energy used comes from natural gas.
2. Govt implemented ODS Phase Out Plans with funds with the help
of the Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund.
1. Technologies for removing arsenic from water are in the process of
being introduced in the large scale.
2. Priority is being given for proper management of ground water and
to tackle water salinity in coastal areas.
3. Treatment of sewage and the disposal of solid water.
4. PRSP, the Pro-Poor Strategy and Sector Development Framework
being coordinated with public-private partnership to improve water
supply and sanitation
42
Target-11 By 2020, to have
achieved a significant
improvement in the lives of
slum dwellers.
Goal-8 Develop a global
partnership for development
Target-12 Develop favourable
conditions for achieving MDGs
through developing open rule-
based and non-discriminatory
trading and financial systems
Target-13 Special needs of
Bangladesh as a LDC (Least
developed Country)
Target-14 Deal
comprehensively with the debt
problems
Target-16 In co-operation with
developing countries, develop
and implement strategies for
decent and productive work for
the youth.
Target-17 In co-operation with
pharmaceutical companies,
provide access to affordable,
essential drugs in developing
countries.
Target-16 Develop new
information communication
technologies building on
information society
1. Priority being given to improve access to safe water, sanitation and
secure and durable housing to slum dwellers
2. General improvement of these services in urban areas
1. Majority of Bangladesh’s exports to the UK and Canada are quota
and duty-free and account for 48 percent of its total exports.
2. Bangladesh’s exports of woven garments and knitwear to the USA
at $2.2 billion were facilitated by the MFA quota, while non-quota
items faced a tariff rate of 12 percent. However, after the phasing
out of this quota by 2004, Bangladesh faces some problems.
3. Bangladesh is performing well in terms of bringing down its debt
services and is classified as a less indebted country by the World
Bank.
4. Bangladesh faces potential vulnerabilities in the global market
place. Its survival as a leading exporter of labor-intensive garments
depends on its ability to increase productivity, to reduce lead-time
and to diversify export markets.
1. Priority for employment generation in both formal and informal
sectors, skill upgradation and encouraging foreign investment
2. Expansion of urban employment
1. Bangladesh formulated National Drug Policy and promulgated the
Drug Control Ordinance in 1982. The number of price-controlled
drugs had been reduced over the years.
2. Bangladesh has the unique position in the region, of not being
required to adhere to the TRIPS Agreement until 2016.
1. By 2005, Bangladesh be connected to the global fibre optic link
through the submarine cable consortium.
2. Internet use is steadily rising due to the proliferation of cyber-cafes
and kiosks especially in rural areas.
43
_____________________________________________________________
Annex 2.2

Cambodia MDG Targets, Performances, Challenges and Strategy

1. Cambodia- MDG Report November 2003

Since 1999, Cambodia followed the path of structural reforms, strengthened political and
economic stability and made some progress toward achieving the MDGs but more efforts are
needed over the next decade. Sound economic management, macro-economic stability and
sustainable growth are required for sustainable poverty reduction and to achieve MDGs.
3
Despite steady economic growth during the past decade, poverty ratio declined marginally from
39 percent in 1994 to 36 percent in 1999. If past trends continue, poverty incidence would decline
to only 28 percent by 2015. Clearly, this falls short of the set target of reducing the poverty
headcount to 19.5 percent. Meeting the MDGs targets would require faster economic growth and
more poverty reduction associated with that growth.
4
On the social side, progress has been slow and uneven. While access to primary education has
improved significantly over the last decade, Cambodia is unlikely to reach its targets in terms of
access to lower-secondary education.
5
Gender equality remains a major issue in most areas of socio-economic life despite clear
government commitment to female empowerment. Health and sanitary conditions of a significant
share of the population are still unacceptable. Under-five mortality rates have increased slightly
over the last decade. Cambodia is unlikely to meet its target of reducing under-five mortality to
65 per 1000 live births by 2015.
7
Cambodia has made limited progress in recent years in improving maternal mortality. There is a
considerable gap between these levels and CMDG target, which aims at reducing the maternal
mortality ratio to 140 per 100,000 live births by 2015.
8
The HIV prevalence rate in the adult (15-49) population fell from 3.3 to 2.6 percent between 1997
and 2002. A linear trend extrapolation would suggest that Cambodia would meet its CMDG target
of 1.8 percent in 2015.
9
Cambodia's natural resources are degrading at an accelerating pace. Considering the large
negative impact of mines on the livelihood of people living in rural areas, mine action is
considered one of the top priorities for the country's rehabilitation and development.

Development Challenges
12
The first development challenge is to maintain a high growth rate to generate employment and
income earning opportunities for an ever-growing population. Trade is a potential candidate to
become this growth engine since it opens vast market opportunities in a globalised world. Legal
reforms to comply with international standards and ensure a FDI-friendly environment; public
sector reforms to reduce red tape and corruption; education sector reforms to train youths and

44
enhancing investment in rural and urban infrastructure are required to reduce transaction costs for
the private sector and make production and trade more competitive.
13
The second development challenge is to pursue a pro-poor growth strategy, which will benefit all
Cambodians. Moreover, growth should translate into increased government revenue, part of
which should be allocated to social protection programs.

Given its size and limited capacity to finance public programs, the efficient use of ODA is crucial
to promote growth and to reduce poverty. Thus, ODA, which represents more than 100 percent of
the national budget, will have to play a major role if Cambodia is to achieve its MDGs.
15
The achievement of the CMDG targets is likely to be spurred through increased participation of a
wide range of stakeholders in the development and decision-making processes. Institutional
strengthening must address three constraints which impede the attainment of the MDGs: viz. (i)
too few effective civil society organizations, (ii) weak coordination and management within the
public sector, and (iii) limited human resource capacities. 17
0
There are significant gender disparities in social, economic and political spheres of life
highlighted in the discussion of CMDG3. Inequalities are also significant between rural and urban
areas and within rural areas, usually to the detriment of regions where minorities are
concentrated. Making progress toward CMDG targets over the next decade requires increased
investment in physical and human capital. Measuring progress towards MDGs requires effective
systems of monitoring and evaluation embedded in a sound institutional framework.

MDG Targets

The following tables summarize the main findings of the “Cambodia Millennium Development Goals
Report 2003” prepared by the Ministry of Planning, Royal Government of Cambodia with funding from
UNDP and SIDA.

Table-1 Cambodia: MDG Targets

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Overall target 1: Halve, between 1993 and 2015, the proportion of people whose
income is less than the national poverty line
Target 1.1: Decreasing the proportion of people whose income is less than the national
poverty line from 39% in 1993 to 19.5% in 2015
Target 1.2: Increasing the share of poorest quintile in national consumption from 7.4%
in 1993 to 11% in 2015
Target 1.3: Decreasing the proportion of working children aged between 5-17 years old
from 16.5% in 1999 to 8% in 2015
Overall target 2: Halve, between 1993 and 2015, the proportion of people who
suffer from hunger
Target 1.4: Decreasing the prevalence of underweight (weight for age <2 SD) children
under-five years of age from 45.2% in 2000 to 22% in 2015
Target 1.5: Decreasing the proportion of population below the food poverty line from
20% in 1993 to 10% in 2015
Target 1.6: Decreasing the prevalence of stunted (height for age <2 SD) children under
five years of age from 44.6% in 2000 to 22% in 2015

45
 Target 1.7: Decreasing the prevalence of wasted (weight for height <2 SD) children
under five years of age from 15% in 2000 to 9% in 2015
Target 1.8: Increasing the proportion of households using iodized salt from 14% in
2000 to 90% in 2015
Cambodia MDG2: Achieve universal nine-year basic education
Overall target 3: Ensure all children complete primary schooling by 2010 and
nine-year basic schooling by 2015
Target 2.1: Improving net admission rate from 81% in 2001 to 100% in 2010
Target 2.2: Improving net enrolment ratio in primary education from 87% in 2001 to
100% in 2010
Target 2.3: Improving net enrolment ratio in lower-secondary education from 19% in
2001 to 100% in 2015
Target 2.4: Reducing the proportion of 6-14 years old out of school from 35% in 1999
to 0% 2015
Target 2.5: Increasing the survival rate from grade 1 to 5 from 58% in 2001 to 100% in
2010
Target 2.6: Increasing the survival rate from grade 1 to 6 (last grade of primary cycle)
from 51% in 2001 to 100% in 2010
Target 2.7: Increasing the survival rate from grade 1 to 9 (last grade of basic cycle)
from 33% in 2001 to 100% in 2015
Target 2.8: Increasing the literacy rate of 15-24 years old from 82% in 1999 to 100%
in 2015
Overall target 4: Eliminate gender disparity in nine-year basic education by 2010
Target 2.9: Improving the ratio of girls to boys in primary education from 87% in 2001
to 100% in 2010
Target 2.10: Improving the ratio of girls to boys in lower-secondary education from
63% in 2001 to 100% in 2010
Cambodia MDG3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Overall target 5: Reduce significantly gender disparities in upper secondary
education and tertiary education
Target 3.1: Improving the ratio of girls to boys in upper secondary education from 48%
in 2001 to 100% in 2015
Target 3.2: Improving the ratio of girls to boys in tertiary education from 38% in 2001
to 85% in 2015
Target 3.3: Improving the ratio of literate females to males 15-24 years old from 87%
in 1998 to 100% in 2010
Target 3.4: Improving the ratio of literate females to males 25-44 years old from 78%
in 1998 to 100% in 2010
Overall target 6: Eliminate gender disparities in wage employment in all economic
sectors
Target 3.5: Increasing the female share in wage employment in agriculture (primary
sector) from 35% in 1998 to 50% in 2005
Target 3.6: Increasing female share in wage employment in industry (secondary sector)
from 44% in 1998 to 50% in 2005
Target 3.7: Increasing the female share in wage employment in services (tertiary
sector) from 21% in 1998 to 50% in 2015

46
 Overall target 7: Eliminate gender disparities in public institutions
Target 3.8: Increasing the proportion of seats held by women in the National Assembly
from 12% in 2003 to 30% by 2015
Target 3.9: Increasing the proportion of seats held by women in the Senate from 13%
in 2003 to 30% by 2015
Target 3.10: Increasing the proportion of female ministers from 8% in 2003 to 15% by
2015
Target 3.11: Increasing the proportion of female secretaries of state from 6% in 2003 to
18% by 2015
Target 3.12: Increasing the proportion of female under secretaries of state from 5% in
2003 to 20% by 2015
Target 3.13: Increasing the proportion of female provincial governors from 0% in 2003
to 10% by 2015
Target 3.14: Increasing the proportion of female deputy provincial governors from 1%
in 2003 to 15% by 2015
Target 3.15: Increasing the proportion of seats held by women in commune councils
from 8% in 2003 to 25% by 2015
Overall target 8: Reduce significantly all forms of violence against women and
children
Target 3.16: Increasing the proportion of cases of domestic violence counseled by
qualified personal to 100 by 2015
Target 3.17: Increasing the population percentage aware that violence against women is
wrongful behaviour and a criminal act to 100 by 2015
Target 3.18: Developing and implementing laws against all forms of violence against
women and children according to international requirements and standards by 2005
Target 3.19: Collecting annual statistics to monitor violence against women by 2005
Target 3.20: Developing and Implementing a Prevention Plan by 2005
Cambodia MDG4: Reduce child mortality
Overall target 9: Reduce the under-five mortality rate
Target 4.1: Reducing the under-five mortality rate from 124 in 1998 to 65 per 1,000 live
births by 2015
Target 4.2: Reducing infant mortality rate from 95 in 1998 to 50 per 1,000 live births by
2015
Target 4.3: Increasing the proportion of children under 1 year immunized against
measles from 41.4% in 2000 to 90% by 2015
Target 4.4: Increasing the proportion of children aged 6-59 months receiving Vitamin A
capsules from 28% in 2000 to 90% by 2015
Target 4.5: Increasing the proportion of children under 1 year immunized against DPT3
from 43% in 2000 to 90% by 2015
Target 4.6: Increasing the proportion of infants exclusively breastfed up to 6 months of
age from 11.4% in 2000 to 49% in 2015
Target 4.7: Increasing the proportion of mothers who start breast-feeding newborn child
within 1 hour of birth from 11% in 2000 to 62% in 2015
Cambodia MDG5: Improve maternal health
Overall target 10: Reduce the maternal mortality ratio

47
Target 5.1: Reducing the maternal mortality ratio from 437 in 1997 to 140 per 100,000
live births in 2015
Target 5.2: Reducing the total fertility rate from 4 in 1998 to 3 in 2015
Target 5.3: Increasing the proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel from
32% in 2000 to 80% in 2015
Target 5.4: Increasing the proportion of married women using modern birth spacing
methods from 18.5% in 2000 to 60% by 2015
Target 5.5: Increasing the percentage of pregnant women with 2 or more ANC
consultations from skilled health personnel from 30.5%
in 2000 to 90% in 2015
Target 5.6: Reducing the proportion of pregnant women with Iron Deficiency Anemia
from 66% in 2000 to 33% in 2015
Target 5.7: Decreasing the proportion of women aged 15-49 with BMI<18.5Kg/Sq.
meter from 21% in 2000 to 8% in 2015
Target 5.8: Decreasing the proportion of women aged 15-49 with Iron Deficiency
Anemia from 58% in 2000 to 19% in 2015
Target 5.9: Increasing the proportion of pregnant women who delivered by Caesarean
Section from 0.8% in 2000 to 4% in 2015
Cambodia MDG6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Overall target 11: Decreasing the spread of HIV/AIDS
Target 6.1: Reducing HIV prevalence rate among adults aged 15-49 from 2.6% in 2002
to 1.8% in 2015
xiii Cambodia Millennium Development Goals Report 2003
Target 6.2: Reducing the HIV prevalence rate among pregnant women aged 15-24
visiting ANC from 2.7% in 2002 to 1.5% in 2015
Target 6.3: Increasing the condom use rate among commercial sex workers during last
commercial sexual intercourse from 91% in
2002 to 98% in 2005
Target 6.4: Increasing the percentage of young people aged 15-24 reporting the use of a
condom during sexual intercourse with a
Non-regular sexual partner from 82% in 2002 to 95% in 2015
Target 6.5: Increasing the proportion of condom use reported by married women who
identified themselves at risk from 1% in 2000 to
10% in 2015
Target 6.6: Increasing the percentage of HIV infected pregnant women attending ANC
receiving a complete course of antiretroviral
Prophylaxis to reduce the risk of MTCT from 2.7% in 2002 to 50% in 2015
Target 6.7: Increasing the percentage of people with advanced HIV infection receiving
antiretroviral combination therapy from 3% in
2002 to 75% in 2015
Overall target 12: Decreasing the spread of malaria, DF and TB
Target 6.8: Decreasing the malaria case fatality rate reported by public health sector
from 0.4% in 2000 to 0.1% in 2015
Target 6.9: Increasing the proportion of population a t high risk who slept under
insecticide-treated bed nets during the previous night
from 57% in 2002 to 98% in 2015

48
Target 6.10: Decreasing the number of malaria cases treated in the public health sector
per 1 000 population from 11.4 in 2000 to 4.0
in 2015
Target 6.11: Increasing the proportion of public health facilities able to confirm malaria
diagnosis according to national guidelines with
95% accuracy from 60% in 2002 to 95% in 2015
Target 6.12: Decreasing the number of dengue cases treated in the public health sector
per 1000 population from 1 in 2001 to 0.4 in
2015
Target 6.13: Decreasing the dengue case fatality rate reported by public health facilities
from 1.5% in 2003 to 0.3% in 2015
Target 6.14: Decreasing the prevalence of smear-positive TB per 100 000 population
from 428 in 1997 to 135 in 2015
Target 6.15: Decreasing the TB deaths rate per 100 000 population from 90 in 1997 to
32 in 2015
Target 6.16: Increasing the proportion of all estimated new smear-positive TB cases
detected under DOTS from 57% in 2002 to more
than 70% in 2010 and 2015
Target 6.17: Maintaining the proportion of registered smear-positive TB cases
successfully treated under DOTS above 85% through 2005
Cambodia MDG7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Overall target 13: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country
policies and programs and reverse the loss
of environmental resources
Target 7.1: Maintaining forest coverage at the 2000 level of 60 % of total land area
through 2015
Target 7.2: Maintaining the surface of 23 protected areas at the 1993 level of 3.3 million
ha through 2015
Target 7.3: Maintaining the surface of 6 new forest-protected area at the present level of
1.35 million ha through 2015
Target 7.4: Increasing the number of rangers in protected areas from 600 in 2001 to
1,200 by 2015
Target 7.5: Maintaining the number of rangers in forest protected areas at the level of
500 through 2015
Target 7.6: Increasing the proportion of fishing lots released to local communities from
56% in 1998 to 60% in 2015
Target 7.7: Increasing the number of community-based fisheries from 264 in 2000 to
589 in 2015
Target 7.8: Increasing the surface of fish sanctuaries from 264500 ha in 2000 to 580800
ha in 2015
Target 7.9: Reducing the fuel wood dependency from 92% of households in 1993 to
52% in 2015
Overall target 14: Halve by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable
access to safe drinking water
Target 7.10: Increasing the proportion of rural population with access to safe water
source from 24% in 1998 to 50% in 2015

49
Target 7.11: Increasing the proportion of urban population with access to safe water
source from 60% in 1998 to 80% in 2015
Overall target 15: Halve by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable
access to improved sanitation
xiv Cambodia Millennium Development Goals Report 2003
Target 7.12: Increasing the proportion of rural population with access to improved
sanitation from 8.6% in 1996 to 30% in 2015
Target 7.13: Increasing the proportion of urban population with access to improved
sanitation from 49% in 1998 to 74% in 2015
Overall target 16: Increase the proportion of the population in both urban and
rural areas with access to land security by 2015
Target 7.14: Increase the percentage of land parcels having titles in both urban and rural
areas from 15% in 2000 to 65% in 2015
MDG8: Forge A Global Partnership For Development2
Overall target 17: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-
discriminatory trading and financial system
Indicator 8.1: Net ODA as percentage of DAC donors' GNI [targets of 0.7% in total and
0.15% for LDCs]
Indicator 8.2: Proportion of ODA to basic social services (basic education, primary
health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation)
Overall target 18: Address the Special Needs of the Least Developed Countries
Indicator 8.3: Proportion of ODA that is untied
Indicator 8.4: Proportion of ODA for environment in Small Island developing states
Indicator 8.5: Proportion of ODA for transport sector in land-locked countries
Indicator 8.6: Proportion of exports (by value and excluding arms) admitted free of
duties and quotas
Indicator 8.7: Average tariffs and quotas on agricultural products and textiles and
clothing
Overall target 19: Address the Special Needs of landlocked countries and small
island developing states
Indicator 8.8: Domestic and export agricultural subsidies in OECD countries
Indicator 8.9: Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity
Overall target 20: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing
countries through national and international
Measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term
Indicator 8.10: Proportion of official bilateral HIPC debt cancelled
Indicator 8.11: Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services
Indicator 8.12: Proportion of ODA provided as debt relief
Indicator 8.13: Number of countries reaching HIPC decision and completion points
Overall target 21: In co-operation with developing countries, develop and
implement strategies for decent and productive work
for youth
Indicator 8.14: Unemployment rate of 15-24 year old
Overall target 22: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access
to affordable, essential drugs in developing
countries

50
 Indicator 8.15: Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a
sustainable basis
Overall target 23: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the
benefits of new technologies, especially information
and communications
Indicator 8.16: Telephone lines per 1000 people
Indicator 8.17: Personal computers per 1000 people
Cambodia MDG9: De-mining, UXO and Victim Assistance3
Overall target 24: Moving towards zero impact from landmines and UXOs by 2012
Target 9.1: Reduce the annual number of civilian casualties recorded to 0 by 2012
Target 9.2: Clear completely all high/medium/low suspected contaminated areas by
2012
Overall target 25: Eliminate the negative humanitarian and socio-economic impacts
of landmines and UXOs by 2025
Target 9.3: Develop a comprehensive victim assistance framework by 2005 and fully
implement it.
Target 9.4: Increase the numbers of landmine/UXO victims receiving an assistance
package and integrated into the society (to be set).

Table-2 Cambodia’s progress towards MDGs: Status at a glance
Goals and Targets Will MDG targets Status of enabling
be realized?* environment**
Overall target 1: Halve, between 1993 and Potentially Fair
2015, the proportion of people whose income
is less than the national poverty line
Overall target 2: Halve, between 1993 and Potentially Fair
2015, the proportion of people who suffer
from hunger
Overall target 3: Ensure all children Potentially Fair
complete primary schooling by 2010 and
nine-year basic schooling by 2015
Overall target 4: Eliminate gender disparity Potentially Fair
in nine-year basic education by 2010
Overall target 5: Reduce significantly Unlikely Weak but
gender disparities in upper secondary Improving
education and tertiary education
Overall target 6: Eliminate gender Potentially Fair
disparities in wage employment in all
economic sectors
Overall target 7: Eliminate gender Unlikely Fair
disparities in government 
Overall target 8: Reduce significantly all Lack of data Weak but
forms of violence against women and Improving
children
Overall target 9: Reduce the under-five Unlikely Fair
mortality rate 

51
Overall target 10: Reduce the maternal Unlikely Fair
mortality ratio
Overall target 11: Decreasing the spread of Probably Strong
HIV/AIDS 
Overall target 12: Decreasing the spread of Potentially Fair
malaria, DF and TB 
Overall target 13: Integrate the principles of Probably Fair
sustainable development into country
policies and programs and reverse the loss of
environmental resources
Overall target 14: Halve by 2015 the Potentially Fair
proportion of people without sustainable
access to safe drinking water
Overall target 15: Halve by 2015 the Potentially Fair
proportion of people without sustainable
access to improved sanitation
Overall target 16: Increase the proportion of Lack of data Weak but
the population in both urban and rural areas Improving
with access to land security by 2015
Overall target 17: Develop further an open, NA NA
rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory
trading and financial system

Overall target 18: Address the Special NA NA

Needs of the Least Developed Countries

Overall target 19: Address the Special NA NA

Needs of landlocked countries and small
island developing states

Overall target 20: Deal comprehensively NA NA

with the debt problems of developing
countries through national and international
measures in order to make debt sustainable in
the long term
Overall target 21: In co-operation with NA NA
developing countries, develop and implement
strategies for decent and productive work for
youth
Overall target 22: In co-operation with NA NA
pharmaceutical companies, provide access to
affordable, essential drugs in developing
countries

52
Overall target 23: In co-operation with the NA NA
private sector, make available the benefits of
new technologies, especially information and
communications
Overall target 24: Moving towards zero Unlikely Strong
impact from landmines and UXOs by 2012

Overall target 25: Eliminate the negative Probably Strong

humanitarian and socio-economic impacts of
landmines and UXOs by 2025
* Grades in ascending order of importance: Lack of data, Unlikely, Potentially,
and Probably.
** Grades in ascending order of importance: Weak, Weak but Improving, Fair, and Strong.

Table-3 Capacity for Monitoring and Reporting MDGs Progress- Status at a Glance

Goals and Targets Quantity & Quality of Statistica Statistics Reporting &
regularity survey l analysis in Policy dissemination
of survey informatio making of
informatio n information
n
1. Poverty and hunger Fair Fair Fair Strong Strong

2. Universal primary Strong Fair Strong Strong Strong

education
3. Gender equality Fair Fair Fair Weak Weak

4. Child mortality Strong Fair Strong Fair Fair

5. Maternal health Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair

6a. STI/HIV/AIDS Fair Fair Fair Strong Fair

6b. Malaria, DF, TB Weak Weak Fair Weak Fair

7a. Environment Weak Fair Fair Fair Weak

sustainability
7b. Water and sanitation Fair Fair Fair Fair Weak

9. Mine action Strong Strong Fair Fair Fair

Note: Grading in ascending order of importance: Weak, Fair and Strong

53
Table-4 Challenges and Measures

54
Goals/ targets Measures

55
Goal-1 Reduction (a) Macroeconomic Environment
of poverty and
hunger A key factor in meeting the 2015 MDG targets is the ability of the
economy to strengthen its resilience to internal and external shocks. The
Cambodian government intends to reinforce macroeconomic stability,
mainly through prudent fiscal policies and pro-poor structural reforms. In
addition, the government aims at improving public sector management,
activity-based budgeting, strategic planning and financial management.

(b) Microeconomic Environment

• The government desires to intensify its efforts in the following areas:

• Promoting the adoption of modern technologies in farming, in particular
yield-increasing production techniques, improved pests management and
seed varieties,
• Promoting the development of agro-industry and marketing channels,
• Investing in high growth potential sectors where the poor can be
employed such as the garment industry, fisheries, sericulture, etc.
• Facilitating the expansion of micro-financial services, including credit,
savings and insurance and non-financial services to support income
generating activities and micro-enterprise;
• Investing in pro-poor rural infrastructure such as small-scale irrigation
facilities, all weather roads, rural electrification, physical infrastructure to
stimulate production, enhance productivity and facilitate trade and labour
mobility.
• Enhancing land security and land market, natural resource management
in effective, equitable and sustainable way and equitable land
distribution;
• Improving marketing channels to promote agricultural exports and
facilitate economic exchange across regions and between rural and urban
areas;
• Intensifying measures to promote community-based participation in
service delivery and directly productive activities and strengthening the
process of decentralization.

(c) Social Protection and Risk Reduction

• Establishing food insecurity, vulnerability and information mapping
system;
• Developing strategic plans and expanding the national special program
for food security which is both cost effective and uses appropriate
technology;
• Strengthening non-court resolution mechanism through cadastral
committees, particularly for land titles for the poor.
• Increasing social protection to economically active groups through
community-based rehabilitation services, vocational training and job
placement;

56
 • Strengthening social assistance for those enables to participate in the
economy such as certain categories of the elderly and the disabled and to
assist orphans and street children;
• Enforcing measures to increase child protection in the workplace
• Improving disaster management through enhanced coordination among
key stakeholders and heightened preparedness for future calamities.
• Promoting enforcement of social land concession program for those who
have no residential and family agricultural production lands which
account for 12 percent of the total population.

Goal-2 Achieve • Allocation of more expenditure for universal education.

Universal Primary
Education

Goal-3 Promote Increasing access of girls and women to secondary and higher
gender equality & education by:
Empower Women • Providing scholarships for girls to promote their retention in the
education system.
• Building safe and healthy dormitories for accommodation of girls
studying away from home.
• Building separate toilets for girls and boys at secondary and tertiary
levels.
• Expanding higher education institutions at the regional level.
• Expanding community-based non-formal education to increase female
literacy.
• Establishing night schools in urban areas to encourage girls to attend
school after work.
Putting women in a position to seize economic opportunities through:
• Promoting the development of a viable microfinance sector offering
savings, credit and insurance services to poor women
• Supporting empowerment programs for women to enhance their capacity
to find a job in agriculture, manufacturing and the service sectors.
-Changing cultural perceptions about women:
Conducting information, education and communication campaigns to raise
awareness of men and women about gender issues and responsibilities.
- Increasing the share of women holding political positions:
• Influencing political parties to place women candidates higher on the
electoral lists
•

57
Goal-3 Promote - Increasing the share of women in public administration:
gender equality & • Developing gender responsive recruitment/promotion criteria and
Empower Women- procedures for the civil service and judiciary.
• Enhancing gender mainstreaming in line ministries through training
activities for both men and women.
• Increasing resources to implement the Gender Mainstreaming Strategy of
the Seila Program and to build the capacity and promote the participation
of women in decision-making at provincial level.
• Supporting training programs at local levels (districts, communes, and
villages) on gender issues and women leadership and self-confidence.
- Fighting against violence against women:
• Conducting information, education and communication campaigns
against domestic violence.
• Amending the law against trafficking of women and passing a law
against domestic violence.

Goal-4 Reduce • Improving access to public health services among poor women. The lack
Child mortality of physical access as well as the inability to afford health care costs act
Target-6 Reduce U-5
mortality by two-
limit effective access to health care for many poor women;
thirds • Increasing the health budget and ensuring regular flows of funds to sub-
Goal-5 Improve national levels for essential obstetric care including safe abortions;
maternal health • Increasing the number of skilled personnel and ensure their placement in
Target-7 Reduce by under serviced areas. The lack of skilled personnel in remote and isolated
three-quarters, areas limits access to safe delivery for many women;
between 1990 and
2015, the maternal • Expanding knowledge on the importance of reproductive health care
maternity ratio. among poor women, as well as the effectiveness of contraception and
other means of family planning, especially among those living in isolated
areas where traditional beliefs still dominate;
• Empowering women on issues of reproductive choice including
contraceptive use.

Goal-6 Combat • Changing popular perceptions and Behavioural patterns with respect
STIs/ HIV/ AIDS to condom use, illicit drug use, sexual behaviour, HIV/AIDS
and TB transmission mechanism, and reducing stigmatization for PLWHA;
Target-8 Have halted
HIV/ AIDS by 2015, • Improving data collection and analysis on the status, trends and
and begun to reverse socioeconomic impact of the epidemic;
the spread of STIs. • Improving and expanding support program for PLWHA with
emphasis on community-based care;
• Improving preventive measures to protect population groups at risk;
• Increasing the coverage and effectiveness of IEC for those residing
in areas of risk.
• The focus is on strategic orientations 3 and 4, i.e., the distribution of
Insecticide Treated Bed Nets (ITN) by the National Malaria Centre
and NGOs to all communities in endemic areas and the
encouragement of people to use them to protect themselves against
mosquito bites. The ITN distribution is a combined effort of National
Malaria Centre, Provincial Health Department, Operational Districts,
Health Centre staff and local authorities. Most important is the

58
 involvement of community leaders and the people themselves.
Key interventions of the CNM include:
1. Application of pre-packaged combination therapy following diagnosis
by dipstick/microscopy;
2. Distribution of insecticide treated bed nets following a stratification of
the malarial areas in the country;
3. Social marketing of dipsticks, and malarial combination and insecticide
treated hammock nets.
National dengue control program
The National Dengue Control Program (NDCP) based at the NMC, the
MOH is directly responsible for DHF control. In line with the WHO global
strategy in the prevention and control of DF/DHF in 1999, the MOH
Cambodia identified two major goals of DHF control:
1. To prevent childhood mortality due to DHF, by strengthening clinical
management and seeking early hospitalization,
2. To reduce morbidity of DF/DHF through the implementation of
appropriate vector control interventions. The control program has been
supported by USAID under its global umbrella grant to implement the
following five key elements:

Target-9 Have halted • Increased budgetary allocation to fighting TB as well as more efficient
by 2015, and begun use of those resources by expanding result-based management of the
to reverse the
incidence of
public health system;
Tuberculosis (TB) • Improved capacity of staff at all levels, especially capacity in planning,
management and implementing DOTS;
• Expanded DOTS program and extended HC/HP for TB treatment at the
community level.
• Information, education and communication campaigns for the general
population about proper TB prevention, detection and cure.

Goal-7 Ensure • Emphasis on environmental sustainability and mine development.

Environmental
Sustainability • In response to the unprecedented forest loss in recent years, a
Forest Law was adopted by the National Assembly on 30 July 2002. In
December 2002, the MAFF issued Prakas No 540 KSK on the
Suspension of Forest Concession Logging Activities.

59
Goal-8 Develop a • The RGC is strongly committed to further integrate Cambodia into
global partnership the world economy by forming bilateral and multilateral trade
for development agreements, as Cambodia's recent entrance into the WTO
demonstrate.
• More so than ODA, which is expected to decrease over time, trade is
considered a growth engine which has the potential to contribute to
sustainable poverty reduction and other MDGs.
• There are a number of trade-related issues of pressing concern. First,
there is a need to increase the efficiency of key export sectors.
Second, it will be important to diversify the export base, given the
heavy reliance on the garment industry, by promoting sectors where
Cambodia is likely to have a comparative advantage. Third the
negative development impacts of trade reforms must be identified
and mitigated. Finally, there is a need to acquire technical know-how
and attract investment to put Cambodia in a position to seize export
market opportunities.
• The RGC considers the private sector, both domestic and foreign, as
the "engine of growth". To remove the critical bottlenecks impeding
the development of the private sector as well as to provide inputs in
the processes of administrative and regulatory reforms, a
Government-Private Sector Forum was established in December
1999.

60
______________________________________________________________________________________

Annex 2.3

Maldives MDG Targets, Performances, Challenges and Strategy

1. Maldives - MDG Progress Report 2005

Table-1 Current Status, Targets and Achievements

Targets and Achievements 1990 2000 Target

2015
Goal-1 Reduction of poverty and hunger
Target-1: Halve, between 1990 and, 2015, the proportion of
people whose income is below the national poverty line:
(a) Poverty headcount (percent) 3 1 1.5
(b) Depth of poverty (Gap x Headcount) (percent) 1 0
Target-2: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of
people who suffer from hunger.
(a) Prevalence of underweight U-5 children (percent) 46-52 27 23-26
Goal-2 Achieve universal primary education
Target-3 Provide primary education to all girls and boys by 2015
(a) Net enrolment ratio in primary education 99 102-105 100
(b) Literacy of youth aged 15-24 years 98 98
Goal-3 Promote gender equality and Empower Women
Target-4 Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary
education preferably by 2005 and to all levels of education no
later than by 2015.
(a) Primary schools- female/male ratio (percent) 96 91 100
(b) Secondary schools - female/male ratio (percent) 96 113
(c) Tertiary education- - female/male ratio (percent) 33 45
(d) Proportion of women members in national Parliament (percent) 4 12
Goal-4 Reduce Child mortality
Target-5 Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-
five mortality rate.
(a) U-5 mortality rate (per 1000 live births) 48 18 16
(b) Infant mortality (per 1000 live births) 34 14 11
(c) Percentage of children below age-1 vaccinated against measles 92
Goal-5 Improve maternal health
Target-6 Access for all individuals of appropriate age to required
reproductive health services and Reduce by three-quarters,
between 1990 and 2015, the maternal maternity ratio.
(a) Maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) 500 100 125
(b) Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel 87
Goal-6 Combat STIs/ HIV/ AIDS, Malaria and other diseases
Target-7 Have halted HIV/ AIDS by 2015, and begun to reverse
the spread of STIs.
(a) Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate (percent) 6 9
(b) Contraceptive prevalence rate (percent) 42 39
(c) HIV positive among pregnant women (number of cases) 0
Target-8 Have halted by 2015, and begun to reverse the incidence

61
of malaria and tuberculosis.
(a) Prevalence of malaria (per 1000 population) 0 0
(b) Prevalence of TB (per 1000) 0.2
(c) Death rates associated with TB 5 0
Goal-7 Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Target-9 Integrate the principles of sustainable development into
country policies and programs and reverse the loss of
environmental resources.
(a) Percentage of people using firewood for cooking 79 24
Target-10 Halve by 2015 the proportion of people without
sustainable access to safe drinking water.
(b) Proportion of people having access to safe drinking water 100% in
Male’
Target-11 By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in
the lives of slum dwellers.

(c) Proportion of people using adequate sanitation facilities Deteriorated

Maldives MDG: Priorities for Action

Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger

1. Speed up the population and development consolidation process

2. Reduce the isolation of small pockets of population through establishing a proper inter-
atoll transport system
3. Remove disparities in costs of basic services across the Maldives
4. Ensure secure property rights and access to credit for women
5. Discourage voluntary unemployment through building values and work ethics among
youth

Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education

1. Improve access to education for children with special needs

2. Provide additional incentives for teachers to work in the atolls
3. Improve access to quality education through population consolidation and better inter-atoll
transport systems
4. Develop performance targets and identify reliable and trackable indicators to measure
quality of education in schools

Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

1. Develop and implement a national policy on gender

2. Study the obstacles to women's employment in formal and informal sector
3. Develop policy to implement family friendly work practices across all sectors
4. Promote equal access and opportunity to property and credit
5. Ensure proper enforcement of legislation on domestic violence, child support and divorce
procedures
6. Allocate more public funding for the empowerment of women Integration of life skills
education into the school system
7. Establish vocational training opportunities at schools
8. Conduct targeted training for women candidates to contest in parliamentary elections
9. Increase public awareness on women’s rights to contest in elections

62
 Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality

1. Improving access to quality health care services through population consolidation and
establishment of a proper transport mechanism
2. Provide minimum level of maternal and child health services at island level through a
trained person such as, at least, a community health worker/nurse practitioner
3. Improve access and affordability to essential medicines through community pharmacies
and/or provision by the government
4. Advocate to policymakers and parliamentarians for preventive health and public
awareness on role of public health and also increase investment in public health and
health promotion
5. Integrate preventive health and health promotion into medical services and build
institutional capacity
6. Prioritize training of public health professionals including institutional capacity for local
training and establish partnerships with NGOs and CBOs
7. Develop national standard protocols for procedures and management of childhood
illnesses and conditions, with special focus on perinatal, neonatal care and supervise
application of these protocols
8. Strengthen prenatal diagnosis for congenital malformation and inherited conditions such
as thalassaemia
Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health

1. Establish regular mobile team visits with specialists and necessary equipments for
investigation and essential medicines at atoll level
2. Improving access to quality health care services through population consolidation
and establishment of a proper transport mechanism
3. Provide minimum level of maternal and child health services at island level through a
trained person such as, at least, a community health worker/nurse practitioner
4. Improve access and affordability to essential medicines through community
pharmacies and/or provision by the government
5. Improve access to contraceptives by reduced cost and increase availability by
allowing general sales other than pharmacies and also by introducing social
marketing
6. Conduct targeted awareness and behaviour change communication focusing on men and
adolescents through education system
7. Develop national standard protocols for procedures and management of pregnancy and
maternal health conditions, and supervise application of these protocols Conduct regular
maternal death audits
8. Improve advocacy on legal issues related to unwanted pregnancies and improve
healthcare seeking behaviour for people with unwanted pregnancies
9. Introduce targeted interventions to improve maternal nutrition

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other Diseases

1. Maintain and strengthen active surveillance system for communicable and non
communicable diseases at international accepted standards
2. Improve access to condoms by reduced cost and increase availability by allowing general
sales other than pharmacies and also by introducing social marketing

63
3. Institute screening of pregnant women for early detection and prevention of mother to
child transmission
4. Conduct targeted awareness and behaviour change communication to high risk groups
5. Promote voluntary counseling and testing (VCT)
6. Advocate and create awareness for health promoting public policy in sectors other than
health, especially housing development
7. Institutional strengthening and capacity building for outbreak preparedness and response
8. Strengthen laboratory surveillance
9. Invest and strengthen public health and preventive Programmes
10. Conduct targeted awareness to reduce stigma on TB to improve case detection and
continue successful implementation of directly observed treatment short course (DOTS)

Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability

1. Speed up the implementation of the population and development consolidation process

and ensure effective public participation in the decision making process
2. Implement the “safer island” philosophy in development consolidation
3. Increase the use of renewable energy and explore solar desalination technologies
4. Nationwide capacity building in areas of environmental legislation, environmental
assessment and monitoring
5. Allocate more public financing for water and sanitation
6. Develop land use plans for all islands and strengthen the implementation of the plans
7. Establish and implement sanitation standards for the country
8. Adopt policies to reduce the vulnerability of the Maldives to climate change and natural
disasters

64
_____________________________________________________________

Annex 2.4
Mongolia MDG Targets, Performances, Challenges and Strategy

1. Mongolia- MDG Evaluation Report 2004

Mongolian government produced a report entitled “Millennium Development Goals:

National Report on the Status of implementation in Mongolia” in 2004. In the foreward,
the President of Mongolia has observed that:

“Mongolia in line with its commitment is now presenting its first national report on the
status of implementation of the Millennium Development Goals. The report seeks to
reflect in detail the current situation in the target areas of the Millennium Development
Goals, measures that have been taken nationwide to address the issues, the challenges
that still exist and the support and assistance needed to overcome them.”

“The document is significant not only because it draws the attention and directs the
policies of political parties, politicians and non-governmental organizations in our
country to complex and critical issues of development and social progress, but also
because it sets comprehensive yardstick against which the public will evaluate their
programme.”

“It could also be of interest and help to the donor community which areas of pressing
social issues suffer from inadequate national resources, an where the support and
assistance of foreign countries are needed most.”

“The Millennium Development Goals could only be realized through fruitful cooperation
between, on the one hand, citizens who should benefit from implementation of the Goals,
particularly the poor and the vulnerable groups, and, on the other hand, the Government,
its branches and offices, self-governing local institutions and other constituting segments
of the civil society.”

The Report’s main findings are summarized in Table-1 and details of targets and
achievements are given in Table-2. Table-3 describes the challenges and policies and
measures which are either being implemented or need to be taken to achieve MDGs.
Table-4 presents the status of monitoring systems, and Table-5 evalutaes the quality of
capacity for monitoring and evalution.

It may be observed from Table-1 that Mongolia is unlikely to achieve the MDG
targets for poverty reduction and improvement in the levels o living of slum dwellers
by 2005. In the case of other MDG targets also, the progress is slow. However, it will be
able to achieve 100% adult literacy by 2015 as it already started with 99 percent literacy

65
rate in 1990, although it declined to 98 percent in 2000 (Table-2). The enrolment ratios
for both boys and girls have also shown declining trends during 1990s.

Table-1 Mongolia’s progress towards MDGs: Status at a glance

Goals and Targets Will MDG targets be Status of enabling

realized?* environment**
1.Halve poverty by 2015 Unlikely Weak

2. Halve hunger by 2015 Potentially Weak but

Improving
3. Provide universal primary Probably Strong
education to all girls and boys
4. Eliminate gender disparity in Probably Strong
primary and secondary education
5. Reduce U-5 mortality by two- Potentially Fair
thirds
6. Reduce maternal mortality by Potentially Strong
three-fourths
7. Halt and reverse the spread of Potentially Weak but
STI/ HIV/ AIDS Improving
8. Halt and reverse spread of TB Potentially Weak but
Improving
9. Reverse the loss of Potentially Weak but
environmental resources Improving
10. Halve the proportion of persons Potentially Weak but
without safe drinking water Improving
11. Improve the lives of slum Unlikely Weak but
dwellers Improving
* Grades are in ascending order of importance: Lack of data, Unlikely,
Potentially, and Probably.
** Grades are in ascending order of importance: Weak, Weak but Improving,
Fair, and Strong.

2. Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (2001)

Another report entitled “A Strategy for Poverty Reduction in Mongolia” was prepared
by a UNDP mission led by Keith Griffin (University of California, Riverside) and
submitted in July 2001. The other team members consisted of Mark Brenner (Political
Economy Research Institute of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst), Amy Ickowitz
(University of California, Riverside), Takayoshi Kusago (Hokkaido University, Japan)
and Terry McKinley (UNDP, New York). N. Oyuntungalag was responsible for
organizing administrative services and translating documents when necessary. She was
assisted by T. Amarbayasgalan, E. Dolguun and B. Undrakh in the final preparation of the
report.

66
A Repot has a number of themes, particularly the following:

• The first is that the most important requirement for poverty reduction is to accelerate
the growth of per capita income. Faster growth should be a sine qua non of a
comprehensive strategy to reduce poverty.

• The second is that growth is only a necessary but not sufficient condition for
reduction of poverty and hunger. Policies to reduce inequality will be necessary in
order to reduce poverty, even if the rate of growth accelerates. That is, the objective
of economic policy should be pro-poor growth.

• A third theme is that there need be no conflict between growth and equity. In fact a
redistribution of productive assets in favour of poor could actually result in a faster
rate of growth of output, as it would reduce economic insecurity and risk aversion,
increase the access to credit and investment opportunities by many people. All of this
should lead to higher levels of investment and faster growth of output and
employment.

• Employment is a fourth theme. One of the quickest ways to reduce poverty is to

create productive employment in the livestock sector, non-farm rural activities, small
and medium sized enterprises and public works projects.

• The fifth theme is the investment in human capital (e.g., in the education of young
boys and girls), in physical capital (including improved infrastructure) and in natural
capital (particularly in improved pasture and water management).

• A sixth theme is the importance of working through local government institutions,

organizations of civil society and local communities so that they can identify
priorities, search for solutions and contribute resources to help finance small scale
local projects. In Mongolia, decentralization, participation, democracy and efficiency
can go hand- in-hand.

• A final theme is the need for a strong state to guide the transition process, to create
new institutions, to introduce economic reforms, to finance public investment and to
help poor to participate and gain from the process of development. The report does
not advocate a small, shrunken, weak state, but wants the state to do more things, to
do different things and to do them better than they have been done in the past. A
national poverty reduction strategy will require firm, consistent leadership by the
state, sustained over a long period of time.

67
 Table-2 Targets and Achievements
Targets and Achievements 1990 2000 Target
2015
Goal-1 Reduction of poverty and hunger
Target-1: Halve, between 1990 and, 2015, the proportion of people
whose income is below the national poverty line:
(a) Poverty headcount (percent) 36 35 18
(b) Depth of poverty (Gap x Headcount) (percent) 10.9 11.7
Target-2: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people
who suffer from hunger.
Target-2: Prevalence of underweight U-5 children (percent) 12 12 6
Target-3 Develop and implement strategies for decent and productive
work for youth
Goal-2 Achieve universal primary education
Target-4 Provide primary education to all girls and boys by 2015
(a) Net enrolment ratio in primary education 98 91 100
(b) Proportion of pupils starting grade-1 who complete grade-5 91 84 100
(c) Literacy of youth aged 15-24 years 99 98 100
Goal-3 Promote gender equality and Empower Women
Target-5 Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary
education preferably by 2005 and to all levels of education no
later than by 2015.
(a) Gross primary enrolment- female/male ratio (percent) 1.01 1.01 1.00
(b) Gross secondary enrolment- female/male ratio (percent) 1.12 1.20 1.00
(c) Literacy rate of ages 15-25 years- female/male ratio (percent) 1.00 1.00 1.00
(d) Females/male ratio in higher educational institutes (percent) 1.56 1.72 1.00
(e) Share of women in non-agricultural employment (percent) 47 50
(f) Proportion of women members in national Parliament (percent) 4 12 45
Goal-4 Reduce Child mortality
Target-6 Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-
five mortality rate.
(a) U-5 mortality rate (per 1000 live births) 87.5 42.4 292
(b) Infant mortality (per 1000 live births) 63.4 32.8
(c) Percentage of children below age-1 vaccinated against measles 85.2 92.4
Goal-5 Improve maternal health
Target-7 Access for all individuals of appropriate age to required
reproductive health services and Reduce by three-quarters, between
1990 and 2015, the maternal maternity ratio.
(a) Maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) 200 158 50
(b) Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel 99.9 99.7 99.8
Goal-6 Combat STIs/ HIV/ AIDS and TB
Target-8 Have halted HIV/ AIDS by 2015, and begun to reverse the
spread of STIs.
(a) HIV prevalence among 15-24 year old pregnant women (percent) 0 0 0
(b) Contraceptive prevalence rate 49.1
(c) Number of children orphaned by HIV/ AIDS 0 0 0
Target-9 Have halted by 2015, and begun to reverse the incidence of
Tuberculosis (TB)
(a) Prevalence of TB per 100,000 persons 79 125 40
(b) Death rates associated with TB per 100,000 persons 5 3
(c) Proportion of TB cases detected and cured 100/80
Goal-7 Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Target-10 Integrate the principles of sustainable development into
country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental

68
resources.
(a) Percentage of land area covered by forest 9 8.2 9
(b) Land area protected to maintain biological diversity (%) 7 13.3 13.3
(c) Carbon dioxide emissions (ton/person) 4.08 4.19 5.61
Target-11 Halve by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable
access to safe drinking water.
(a) Proportion of people having access to safe drinking water 55 60 80
Target-12 By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the
lives of slum dwellers.

(a) Proportion of people using adequate sanitation facilities 22 25 50

Goal-8 Develop a global partnership for development
Target-13 Develop favourable conditions for achieving MDGs
through developing trading and financial systems
Target-14 Special needs of landlocked Mongolia
Target-15 Deal comprehensively with the debt problems trough
national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable
in the long term
Target-16 Develop new information communication technologies
building on information society

Table-1-B Mongolia’s progress towards MDGs: Status at a glance

Goals and Targets Will MDG targets be realized?* Status of enabling
environment**
1. Halve poverty Unlikely Weak
2. Halve hunger Potentially Weak but Improving
3. Provide universal primary education to Probably Strong
all girls and boys
4. Eliminate gender disparity in primary Probably Strong
and secondary education
5. Reduce U-5 mortality by two-thirds Potentially Fair
6. Reduce maternal mortality by three- Potentially Strong
fourths
7. Halt and reverse the spread of STI/ HIV/ Potentially Weak but Improving
AIDS
8. Halt and reverse spread of TB Potentially Weak but Improving
9. Reverse the loss of environmental Potentially Weak but Improving
resources
10. Halve the proportion of persons Potentially Weak but Improving
without safe drinking water
11. Improve the lives of slum dwellers Unlikely Weak but Improving
* Grades in ascending order of importance: Lack of data, Unlikely, Potentially, and Probably.
** Grades in ascending order of importance: Weak, Weak but Improving, Fair, and Strong.

69

Goals/ targets
Goal-1 Reduction of poverty
and hunger- Target-1Poverty
reduction
Target-2 Reduction of
underweight children
Target-3 Develop and
implement strategies for youth
employment
Goal-2 Achieve Universal
Primary Education
Target-4 Provide primary
education to all boys and girls
by 2015
Goal-3 Promote gender
equality & Empower Women-
Target-5 Eliminate gender
disparity in primary and
secondary education preferably
by 2005 and to all levels of
education no later than by 2015.
Goal-4 Reduce Child
mortality
Target-6 Reduce U-5 mortality
by two-thirds
Goal-5 Improve maternal
health
Target-7 Reduce by three-
quarters, between 1990 and
2015, the maternal maternity
ratio.
Goal-6 Combat STIs/ HIV/
AIDS and TB
Target-8 Have halted HIV/
AIDS by 2015, and begun to
reverse the spread of STIs.
Target-9 Have halted by 2015,
and begun to reverse the
incidence of Tuberculosis (TB)
Table-3 Challenges and Measures
Measures
• Number of development projects being implemented with external
assistance such as sustainable livelihood project (WB), social
security (ADB), poverty reduction & employment generation
(UNDP /SIDA), rural poverty reduction (IFAD), disaster
mitigation (UNDP/ Luxemburg)
• Direct nutritional interventions for the poor
• Improving information, education and communication
• Micronutrient supplement
• Enforcing food safety regulations
• Tertiary and vocational training linked to job-skill demands
• Youth internship placement programs
• Support for youth focused SMEs
• Fiscal incentives for promoting urban youth employment
• Free and compulsory primary education to all.
• Completed ADB funded Education Sector Development Program
• Enhancing development assistance to education through financial
support to poor students, teacher training, Curriculum reforms,
rehabilitation of schools and dormitories, inclusive education to
disabled children and community involvement
• Government is implementing the National Gender Equality
Program since 2002.
• Enhancing development assistance to education through supply of
clothing and food to poor students, improving teaching quality,
• Implementing gender-sensitive budgets
• Promoting economic empowerment of women through laws
• Implementing law on combating domestic violence
• Increasing women representation in decision making
• Amend laws on political parties to increase share of women
members in Parliament
• Improve quality of basic health services
• Improving health of mother
• Integrated child health program
• Health care provisions for vulnerable sections
• Improving information, education and communications
• Specialised training for medical staff
• Strengthening emergency health care
• Upgrading public maternity hospitals
• Upgrading rural reproductive health care
• Providing specialized training
• Programs for family planning
• Behavioral change through communications
• Improved national surveillance systems
• Involve civil society organizations
• Social marketing programs promoting condoms use
• Mongolia introduced the Directly Observed Treatment Short
Course (DOTS) in 1995 for combating TB.
• Extension of DOTS in high-risk population groups and areas
70

Goal-7 Ensure Environmental
Sustainability
Target-10 Integrate principles of
sustainable development into
country policies and programs
and reverse the loss of
environmental resources.
Target-11 Halve by 2015 the
proportion of people without
sustainable access to safe
drinking water
• Target-12 By 2020, to have
achieved a significant
improvement in the lives of
slum dwellers.
• Goal-8 Develop a global
partnership for
development
• Target-13 Develop
favourable conditions for
achieving MDGs through
developing trading and
financial systems
• Target-14 Special needs of
landlocked Mongolia
• Target-15 Deal
comprehensively with the
debt problems
• Target-16 Develop new
information
communication
technologies building on
information society
• Coordinated program to combat TB and health sector reforms
• Increase access to vaccination for nomadic herder and migrant
households
• Country has strengthened legal and institutional set up for sound
environmental management.
• Education, training and public awareness are being integrated into
environmental sustainability programs.
• Community based pasture management
• Vehicles inspection
• Improved energy efficiency
• Improving information, education and communications
• Supporting community forestry
• Extension of water supply networks
• Rehabilitation of rural deep-water wells
• Investment in water quality monitoring and water treatment
facilities
• Using demand-responsive approaches and cost recovery for
improved water supply and sanitation
• Improving information, education and communications for proper
water use
• Passage of the National Program on Housing, Housing and Land
Laws to create enabling legal environment for housing
development
• Public infrastructure development for poor communities
• Immediate and long term housing for the poor
• Development of technology for cost-effective and energy-efficient
housing
• Financial assistance to poor for housing
• Joined WTO and reduced customs tariffs
• Poverty impact analysis of trade systems
• Financial to SMEs for export promotion
• Investment on transportation infrastructure
• Promotion of micro-financial systems
• Improving financial regulations
• Increasing competition between transit states
• Improving national transportation networks and integrated
transportation systems
• Exporting only high-value products
• Attempting to implement UNCTAD Financial Information System
on Debt management
• Systematic monitoring, evaluation and impact analysis of public
debt
• Improving project evaluation systems
• Better coordination of agencies dealing with aid
• Several laws enacted on IT
• A National Information Technology Park set up in 2001
• Developing other ICT infrastructure
• Developing IT services in education, medical, transportation
• Encouraging private investment in IT
71
 • Helping in capacity building in IT and T enabled services
• An Information and Training Centre established in October 2002
with a grant from the government of India

Table-4 Monitoring and Evaluation

Goals and Capacity of Quality of Statistical Statistical Capacity for Mechanism

Targets collecting available data analysis planning and for
quantitative research collection capacity identification monitoring /
data data capacity of resources evaluation
Goal-1 Medium Medium Medium Poor Poor Medium
Target-1 and
Target-2
Goal-1 Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium
Target-3
Goal-2 Good Good Medium Medium Good Good
Target-4
Goal-3 N.A. N.A. Medium Medium N.A. N.A.
Target-5
Goal-4 Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium
Target-6
Goal-5 Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium
Target-7
Goal-6 Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium
Target-8
Goal-6 Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium
Target-9
Goal-7 Medium Medium Poor Poor Poor Poor
Target-10
Goal-7 Good Poor Medium Poor Poor Poor
Target-11
Goal-7 NA Medium Poor Poor Poor Poor
Target-12
Goal-8
Target-13

Table-5 Monitoring and Evaluation Capacity for Tracking MDGs- Status at a Glance

Goals and Targets Data Quality of Statistical Statistical Statistics Monitoring &
collecting data tracking analysis into Policy evaluation
1. Poverty Fair Fair Fair Weak Weak Fair
2. Hunger Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair
3. Education Strong Strong Fair Fair Strong Strong
4. Gender Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair
5. Child mortality Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair
6. Maternal health Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair
7. STI/HIV/AIDS Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair
8. TB Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair
9. Environment Fair Fair Weak Weak Weak Weak
10. Water Strong Weak Fair Weak Weak Weak
11. Housing Fair Fair Weak Weak Weak Weak

72
Note: Grading in ascending order of importance: Weak, Fair

73
______________________________________________________________________________________

Annex 2.5
Pakistan MDG Targets, Performances, Challenges and Strategy

.
In general, MDG Report of Pakistan has been prepared after extensive consultation with
all stakeholders such as the Planning Commission and all concerned Ministries, the PRSP
Secretariat, all UN agencies, civil society organizations and the private sector. The draft
report was also subjected to technical and stakeholder scrutiny and validation.
Consequently, policies and programs identifies in MDG Report would be consistent with
other reports. But the report is firmly based on National ownership of the process and product
for monitoring progress towards MDGs, and the Capacity development to enable the full exercise
of national ownership.

Table-1: Pakistan- MDG Targets and Current Status

2005/06 2011
1990/ 2000/ 2002/ Perspective 2015
Indicators Definitions PRSP
91 01 03 Targets1
Plan MDG Targets
Targets2
Goal-1 Eradicating Extreme Poverty and Hunger
Target 1: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people below the poverty line
Head-count index
based on the
Proportion of
official poverty
population
line of Rs 748.56
below the
per capita per 26.1
calorie based 32.1% n.a. 28% 15% 13%
month, based on %
food plus
2000-01 prices
non-food
and 2350
poverty line.
minimum caloric
requirement.
Target 2: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
Prevalence
Proportion of
of
children under 5
underweight
years who are 40% 41.5% n.a. 33% 28% <20%
children
underweight for
under years
their age
of age
Proportion of
population Proportion of
below population below
minimum 2350 calories per
25% 30% n.a. - 15% 13%
level of day of food
dietary intake (Food
energy poverty line)
consumption
Goal 2: Achieving Universal Primary Education

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Target 3: Ensure that by, 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a
full course of primary schooling
Number of
children aged 5-9
years attending
primary level
Net primary classes i.e., 1-5,
46%3 51%4 - 58% 91% 100%
enrolment divided by the
ratio (%) total number of
children aged 5-9
years, multiplied
by 100.
Proportion of
Completion/s
students who 68% 79%
urvival rate Approx
complete their 5 (M:72, 725 (M:82, - 100%
to grade 5 . 50%
studies from F:65)5 F:76)
(%)
grade1 to grade 5
Proportion of
people aged 10+
36.3% 50.5% 54% 59.5% 78%
Adult literacy years who can 88%
(M:50, (M:63, (M:66 (M:70, (M:88,
rate (%) read and write (M:89, F:87)
F:21) F:38) F:42) F:49) F:67)
with
understanding 5
Goal 3: Promoting Gender Equality and Women Empowerment

Target 4: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005 and to all levels
of education no later than 2015
Proportion of
Gender
girls’ Primary: Primary: Primary: - -
parity index
enrolment at 0.51 0.57 0.57
(GPI) for Primary: 1.00
primary, Secondary: Secondary: Secondary:
primary, Secondary:
secondary and 0.50 0.64 0.64 0.73 -
0.94
secondary Tertiary: Tertiary:
Tertiary:
tertiary levels
and tertiary 0.46 0.78 0.78 - -
in comparison
education
with boys 5
Proportion of
females as
Youth compared with -
0.51 0.65 0.65 0.70 1.00
literacy GPI boys aged 15-
24 who can
read and write
Share of The
women in share/proportio
wage n of women
-
employmen employed in 8.7%6 8.9%7 - - 14%
t in the non- the non-
agricultural agricultural
sector wage sector
National National National
Proportion
Proportion of Assembly Assembly Assembly7
of seats 2/217 72/342 - - -
seats held by 2/342
held by =0.9% =21%
women in the =21%
women in Senate: Senate:
national Senate:
national 1/87 17/100 - - -
parliament 17/100
parliament =1%8 =17%8 =17%8

75
Goal 4: Reducing Child Mortality
Target 5 Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate
Under-five No. Of deaths of
mortality rate children under five
14011 10512 103 80 65 52
years of age per
thousand live births
Infant mortality No. of deaths of
rate children under 1 year of
10210 7713 75 63 50 40
age per thousand live
births
Proportion of children
Proportion of
of 12 to 23 months of
fully immunized
age who are fully 75%10 53%3 55% 82% 90% >90%
children 12-23
vaccinated against EPI
months
target diseases
Proportion of
Proportion of children
under 1 year
12 months of age and
children 80%10 57%3 57% 80%10 90% >90%
received measles
immunized
vaccine
against measles
Prevalence of Proportion of children
under weight under 5 years who are 41.5%1
40%14 4 40% 33% 28% <20%
children (under underweight for their
5 years of age) age
Proportion of Proportion of children
children under under 5 years who
five who passed more than 3
suffered from watery stools per day n/a 45% 40% 40% 20% <10%
diarrhea in the and received ORS
last 30 days and (treated with oral
received ORT rehydration salt)
Lady Health
Households covered by
Workers’
Lady Health Workers
coverage of n/a9 33.6% 55% 83% 92.2% 100%
for their health care
target
services
population
Goal-5 Improving Maternal Health
Target 6 Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
No. of mothers dying
Maternal
due to complications of 350- 300-
mortality ratio 55011 35015 180 140
pregnancy and delivery 400 350
per 100,000 live births
Proportion of
Proportion of deliveries
births attended
attended by skilled
by skilled birth 18%16 40%3 40% 75% 90% >90%
health personnel (MOs,
attendants
midwives, LHVs)
Proportion of eligible
couples for family
Contraceptive
planning programs 12%11 30%11 33% 41.7% 53% 55%
prevalence rate
using one of the
contraceptive methods
Total fertility Average number of 5.413 4.113 3.9 3.76 2.5 2.1
rate children a woman

76
 delivered during her
reproductive age (15-
49)
Proportion of Proportion of women
women 15-49 (15-49) who delivered
years who had during the last 3 years
given birth and received at least one
during last 3 antenatal care during 15%6 31%6 35% 50% 75% 100%
years and made their pregnancy period
at least one from either
antenatal care public/private care
consultation providers
Goal 6: Combating HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases
Target 7 Have halted by 2015, and begun to reverse, the spread of HIV/AIDS
HIV
prevalence
Baseline to
among 15-
n/a Nil n/a n/a n/a be reduced
24 year old
by 50%
pregnant
women
HIV
prevalence
among
vulnerable Baseline to
group n/a 0.03% n/a n/a n/a be reduced
(e.g., by 50%
active
sexual
workers)
Target 8 Have halted by 2015, and begun to reverse, incidence of malaria and other major diseases
Proportion of
population in Proportion of population
malaria risk living in 19 high risk districts
areas using of Pakistan having access and
effective using effective malaria n/a 20% 25% 25% n/a 75%
malaria prevention and treatment as
prevention / guided in roll back malaria
treatment strategy
measures
Incidence of
tuberculosis Total number of new cases of
n/a 177 177 133 n/a 45
per 100,000 TB reported
population
Proportion of
TB cases
detected and
cured under
Proportion of TB cases
DOTS
detected and managed n/a 25% 27% 70% n/a 85%
(Direct
through DOTS strategy
Observed
Treatment
Short
Course)

77
 Goal 7: Ensuring Environmental Sustainability
Target 9 Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and
reverse the loss of environmental resources
Forest cover
Forest cover including state-
including state- owned and private
owned and forest and 4.8% 4.8% 4.8 5.0% 5.7% 6.0%
private forest and farmlands, as
farmlands percentage of the
total land area
Land area Land area
protected for the protected as
conservation of percentage of total
9.1% 11.25% 11.26 11.3%4 11.5% 12.0%
wildlife land area
GDP (at constant
factor cost) per Value added (in
unit of energy use Rs) per ton of oil 26,471 27,047 27,141 27,3004 27,650 28,000
as a proxy for equivalent
energy efficiency
No. of petrol and
No. of vehicles
using CNG fuel
diesel vehicles 500 280,000 370,000 n/a 812,000 920,000
using CNG fuel
Sulphuric content
Percentage of
in high speed
sculpture (by 0.5 to
diesel (as a proxy
weight) in high
1.0 1.0 1.0 n/a n/a
for ambient air 0.25
speed diesel
quality)
Target 10 Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water
Proportion of
population (urban
Percentage of
and rural) with
population with
sustainable
access to piped
53%10 63% 64% 70%10 84% 93%
access to a safe
water
(improved) water
source
Target 11 Have achieved, by 2020, a significant improvement in the lives of slum dwellers
Proportion of
Percentage of
population (urban
population with
and rural) with
access to sewerage
30%10 40% 41% 55% 63% 90%
access to
and drainage
sanitation
Katchi abadis
regularized as
Proportion of
percentage of those
katchi abadis
identified by the
n/a 50% 51% 60%10 75%10 95%
regularized
cut-off date of
1985

Sources:
1 All PRSP targets are taken from Accelerating Economic Growth and Reducing Poverty: The Road
Ahead. Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, Government of Pakistan, December 2003.
2 Ten-Year Perspective Development Plan 2001 – 2011, Government of Pakistan, Planning
Commission, September 2001.
3 Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS) 1991 and 2001-2002
4 Sub-Committee headed by the Director, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics. However,
the National Educational Management Information System (NEMIS) reports 66%.
5 Ministry of Education.

78
 6 Labour Force Survey 1991-92
7 Labour Force Survey 2001-02
8 Women and Men in Pakistan, Federal Bureau of Statistics
9 The LHW Programme started in 1994 with 30,000 LHWs
10 Planning Commission
11 Progress in Agenda for Health Sector Reforms, Ministry of Health, May 2003
12 Pakistan Reproductive Health and Family Planning Survey 2000-2001
13 Pakistan Demographic Survey 2001
14 National Nutrition Survey 2001-02, Planning Commission
15 National Institute of Population Studies 2003
16 Advisory Committee, Planning Commission

2. Tracking the Goal: Monitoring and Evaluation

Table-2: Status at a Glance – Summary of Progress

WILL TARGET BE STATE OF SUPPORTIVE
GOAL/TARGETS
REACHED?* ENVIRONMENT**
Goal-1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion
Potentially Strong
of people below the poverty line
Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of
Potentially Strong
people who suffer from hunger
Goal-2: Universal primary education
Achieve universal primary education by 2015 Potentially Weak but improving
Goal-3: Gender equality
Eliminate gender disparity in primary and
secondary education by 2005 and to all levels of Unlikely Weak but improving
education no later than 2015
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015,
Potentially Fair
the under-five mortality rate
Goal-5: Improving maternal health
Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and Potentially Fair
2015, the maternal mortality ratio
Goal-6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Have halted by 2015, and begun to reverse, the
No data Weak but improving
spread of HIV/AIDS
Have halted by 2015, and begun to reverse, the
Probably Fair
incidence of Malaria and other major diseases
Goal-7 Ensure environmental sustainability
Integrate the principles of sustainable
development into country policies and
Potentially Weak but improving
programme and reverse the loss of
environmental resources
Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without
Potentially Fair
sustainable access to safe drinking water
Have achieved, by 2020, a significant
Potentially Weak but improving
improvement in the lives of slum dwellers
• Grades in descending order of importance are Probably, Potentially, Unlikely, No data
** Grades in descending order of importance are Strong, Fair, weak but Improving, Weak

79
 Table-3: Capacity for Monitoring and Reporting Progress
Quality and
Reporting and
Regularity of Quality of Survey Statistical Statistics in
Dissemination of
Survey Information Analysis Policy Making
Information
Information
Goal 1 Strong Strong Strong Fair Fair
Goal 2 Weak Weak Fair Fair Weak
Goal 3 Weak Weak Fair Fair Weak
Goal 4 Fair Fair Fair Fair Weak
Goal 5 Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair
Goal 6 Weak Weak Weak Weak Weak
Goal 7 Weak Weak Fair Fair Fair
Note: Grades in descending order of importance are Strong, Fair and Weak

80
 3. Supportive Environment: Policies and Programmes

Strategies to attain MDGs

 Achieving high and broad-based economic growth focusing particularly on the rural economy, while
maintaining macroeconomic stability.
 Improving governance and consolidating devolution, both as a means of delivering better development
results and ensuring social and economic justice.
 In response to the challenges outlined above, the Government aims at employing a
combination of growth promoting policies and direct interventions to attack the problem of
poverty as part of its Investing in human capital with a renewed emphasis on effective delivery of
basic social services.
 Bringing the poor and vulnerable and backward regions into the mainstream of development, and to
make marked progress in reducing existing inequalities.

4. Priorities for Development Assistance for Goal-1

The priorities for development assistance for Goal 1 are expected to closely match the PRSP
projections of the Government, summarized in the following table.

Percent of GDP
Baseline Projection
PRSP Budgetary Expenditures* (Actual 2001/02) (2005/06)
Overall
Development expenditure 1.00 2.00
Current expenditure 3.49 4.00
Total 4.49 6.00
Market Access and Community Services
Roads, highways and buildings 0.17 0.35
Water supply and sanitation 0.12 0.11
Human Development Inputs
Education 1.78 2.15
Health 0.52 0.82
Population planning 0.04 0.10
Social security and welfare 0.10 0.08
Natural calamities and other disasters 0.01 0.01
Rural Development Expenditures
Irrigation 0.27 0.80
Land reclamation 0.05 0.05
Rural development 0.33 0.16
Rural electirfication - 0.02
Safety Nets
Food subsidies 0.14 0.30
Food support programme 0.05 0.07
Tawana Pakistan 0.02 0.01
Governance
Administration of Justice 0.05 0.08
Law and Order 0.80 0.89
* In denominator appears the old GDP Series

81
In addition to these budgetary PRSP expenditures, there are the non-budgetary poverty-related
expenditures such as micro finance, Zakat, social security and the private philanthropy of
considerable significance.

5 Supportive Environment: Policies and Programmes

(1) Goal 2: Achieving Universal Primary Education

• The National Education Policy 1998-2010 emphasizes increased enrolments in

public sector schools and enhanced funding for them, removing urban-rural and
gender imbalances.

• The National Plan of Action for Education for All (EFA) is an international
commitment made by the GoP at Dakar. Emphasis is placed on three main priority
areas, viz. Universal primary education and quality EFA, adult literacy rate and
raising the net participation rate of early childhood education.

• The Education Sector Reforms (ESR) is essentially an “Action Plan for Reform”
and is built upon the 1998 Education Policy.

(2) Goal 3: Promoting Gender Equality and Women Empowerment

• GoP announced the first ever National Policy for Development and Empowerment of
Women in March 2002. The key objective is to remove inequities and imbalances in all
sectors, protection of Women’s rights and ensure equitable benefits to and participation of
women in national development and decision-making processes.

• GoP prepared the National Plan of Action (NPA) for Women as a key follow up of the
Platform for Action adopted by Pakistan at the Fourth UN World Conference for Women
in Beijing in 1995. The NPA is a strategic plan of action that lays down a set of priority
actions in 12 critical areas viz. (i) poverty (ii) education and training (iii) health (iv)
violence (v) armed conflict (vi) economy (vii) women in power and decision making
(viii) institutional mechanisms for the advancement of women (ix) human rights of
women (x) media (xi) environment, and (xii) the girl child.

• The PRSP seeks to address gender disparities through policy measures to enhance
women’s capacities and opportunities in the economic, social and political spheres.
These include provision of soft loans to women, improving educational and health
facilities, skill development and enforcing the 5% quota for women’s employment in
government.

• In order to improve women’s political participation, a National Programme for

Women’s Political Participation had been launched in December 2002 for the period
May 2002 to April 2006.

. Supportive Environment: Policies and Programmes

The National Health Policy outlines implementation modalities and sets targets and timeframe for
each of the key areas identified for implementation over a 10-year period. The Ten Year

82
Perspective Development Plan 2001-2011 places emphasis on the pursuit of “Health for All”
(HFA). The National EPI Programme aims at protecting children and mothers by immunizing
them against preventable diseases. Others measures taken include program on Immunization,
Child nutrition support Micronutrient supplementation.
(3) Goal 4: Reducing Child Mortality and Goal-5 Improving Maternal Health
.

• Health Care for All (HFA), which is accessible, acceptable and affordable, is being
pursued as a long-term vision within the context of improving mother and childcare
services. The MoH has taken a number of steps to address inadequacies in primary and
secondary health care services.

• The National Programme for Family Planning (FP) and Primary Health Care
(PHC) was launched in 1994 to introduce primary health care services including
reproductive health care services to the community at its doorsteps.

• The Women Health Programme was launched in July 2000 with assistance from the
Asian Development Bank.

• The main objective of the Nutrition Improvement Programme is to prevent

malnutrition in the most vulnerable groups.

• Tawana Pakistan is a social safety net intervention for malnourished girls and mothers
in poor districts.

• The Improved Family Planning and Primary Health Care Services by Lady Health
Workers Programme has created a close-to-client opportunity for providing iron
supplementation to pregnant and lactating mothers.

(4) Goal-6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

• The Government of Pakistan is channeling its response to HIV/AIDs through the

National AIDS Control Programme (NACP). A project on Enhanced National AIDS
Control Programme costing Rs 2.9 billion has been under implementation since 2003-
04. The Malaria Control Programme aims at reducing the prevalence of Malaria in the
country.

• The National TB Control Programme was revived in June 2002 with an allocation of
Rs 66 million for 2000-2004 in view of the re-emergence of a large number of reported
cases and a 22% MDR.

• The National Hepatitis B Programme is a comprehensive programme for the control of

Hepatitis B under support from GAVI.

(5) Goal-7 Ensure environmental sustainability

83
 • The NCS represents the broad national environment policy of Pakistan, within which a
National Environment Action Plan (NEAP) has also been approved.
• National Resettlement Safeguard Policy (NRSP): The NRSP will be promulgated to
minimize negative environmental and social impacts of land acquisition and
rehabilitation for national projects, and displacement of native people.
• National Response Strategy on Climate Change: This policy-guiding document is also
nearing completion, which envisages policies and action plans to combat adverse impacts
of climate change on different sectors of economy, with existing sources of technical and
financial cooperation.
• National Land Use Programme: This plan will categorize the country into capability
classes for suggesting best use of each land unit. It is under preparation with the Ministry
of Environment.
• Conservation will focus on the following areas: Energy efficiency and renewable
energy, Land and Water, Forests:
• Production systems and consumption patterns will be rationalized through the
following measures:
(a) Rational pricing system:
(b) Environmental accounting and auditing:
(c) Agro-eco-zoning:

• Air and water pollution will be managed in the following ways:

(a)Fuel switching and clean fuels:
(b)Water quality monitoring:

• Governance will be improved and institutions strengthened through the following set of
actions:

(a)Legislation enforcement:
(b)Environmental tribunals:
(c)Institutional strengthening:
(d)Awareness and education:
(e)Participation of NGOs and communities

84