Brochure of Online IAS Coaching For GS Paper 1

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Online IAS Coaching for CSAT Paper - 1 (GS) 2014
Dear Aspirants,
We have started Paid Online G.S. (Pre.) Coaching from 5
th
July 2013.
In this segment you will get:
1. All the relevant and required materials of subjects mention in the GS syllabus like:
100%IAS Exam Syllabus Covered with MCQs.
History of India and Indian National Movement.
Indian and World Geography - Physical, Social, Economic Geography of India and the World.
Indian Polity and Governance - Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights
Issues, etc.
Economic and Social Development -Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics,
Social Sector initiatives, etc.
General issues on Environmental Ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change - that do not require
subject specialisation
General Science.
Current Affairs.
2. Home assignment: where Multiple Choice Questions of the learned chapters will be given for self
evaluation.
3. Important current affairs materials for civil services preliminary examination will be provided
4. Online Tests will be conducted after the end of each subject.
5. At the end of your course, five comprehensive test will be conducted to evaluate your performance.
What candidates have to do:
1. You just have to register yourself.
2. After Registration you will get Log-in ID & Password from Our Side.
Click Here to Join Online Coaching:
http://upscportal.com/civilservices/courses/ias-pre/csat-paper-1


Structure of the Course:
S.
No.
Subject
No. of
Sessions
No. of Home
Assignments
No. of
Test
1. Indian Polity & Governance 16 16 2
2. Economic and Social Development 14 14 2
3. General Science 14 14 1
4. Indian and World Geography 15 15 2
5. History of India and Indian National Movement. 10 10 1
6.
General Issues on Environmental Ecology, Bio-
diversity and Climate Change
10 10 1
7. Science & Technological Development in India 11 11 1
Total Sessions 90 90 10
FIVE COMPREHENSIVE TEST WILL BE CONDUCTED AFTER THE END OF THE SESSION



History of India and Indian National Movement
ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY
Sources of Indian History
The Harappan Civilization
The Vedic
The Mauryan
Post Mauryan period (200 BC-300 AD)
Gupta & Post - Gupta period: Society, Economy & Polity
MEDIEVAL INDIAN HISTORY
Chronology of Events in Medieval India
North India between 750-1200
The Sultans of Delhi
The Mughal Kings
The Marathas
Vijayanagar Empire
The Saints of Medieval India
MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
Indian in the Eighteenth Century
Rise of the Regional Powers
Economic Impact of The British
Indian Renaissance and Reform Movement
Early Uprisings Against The British
The Revolt of 1857
Nature and Causes For The Rise of National Movement
The Rise of Neo-Nationalists or Extremistss
The Beginning of the Gandhian Era
The National Movements in 1940s
Chronology of The National Movement INDIAN GEOGRAPHY PHYSICAL
GIST OF N.C.E.R.T
The Harappan Culture: Bronze Age Civilization
The Later Vedic Phase
Territorial States And The First Magadhan Empire
The Delhi Sultanat
Architecture
Mughal Empire
Social and Cultural Awakening in the First Half of the 19th Century
The Revolt of 1857
7'2)/2)%

Growth of New India - Religious and Social Reform After 1858
Nationalist Movement
Indian and World Geography
WORLD GEOGRAPHY GENERAL
North America
Middle America
South America
Africa
Europe
Australia
Asia
Antartica
Climatic Region of the World
WORLD GEOGRAPHY PHYSICAL
Lithosphere
Atmosphere
World Climatic Type
INDIAN GEOGRAPHY PHYSICAL
India Physical
INDIAN GEOGRAPHY GENERAL
Land and the People
States and Union Territories
Non-Conventional Energy
Nuclear Energy
Conventional Energy in India
Electricity / Power in India
GIST OF N.C.E.R.T
India Location
Drainage System
Climate
Natural Vegetation
Soils
Land Use and Agriculture
Mineral and Energy Resource
Sugar Industry
Transport and Communication
Our Solar System
Land Form
Composition and Structure of Atmosphere

Indian Polity and Governance
Outstanding features of the Indian Constitution
Preamble
Union and its Territory
Citizenship in India
Fundamental Rights
Fundamental Duties
Directive Principles of State Policy
Constitution Amendment
Emergency Provisions
President of India
Vice-President
Attorney General of India
Parliament of India
Office of Profit
The Judiciary
Lokpal and LokAyukta
Federal System
Governor
Antidefection law
Inter State Council
Electoral System in India
Panchayatraj Institutions
Nagarapalikas
Delegated Legislation
Public Service Commission
Comptroller andAuditor General of India
Delimitation of Constituencies
River Water Disputes India
Right to Information
Good Governance
Seventh Schedule and Taxation Powers
Professional Tax
Order of Procedence
Delhi Government
Article 371
Fifth and Sixth Schedules
Current Affairs : National Polity updates
GIST OF N.C.E.R.T.
Why Do We Need A Constitution?
Philosophy of the Constitution
Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution
Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
Local Governments
Elections and Democracy

Economic and Social Development
Economics :An Introduction
Economic Planning in India
Fiscal System
Monetary and Credit Policy
Money Market and Capital Market in India
Stock Markets in India
Taxation System in India: Concepts and Policies
Inflation : Concepts, Facts and Policy
Public Sector
Banking System in India
Poverty and Inequality Concepts, Data Policy and Analysis
Unemployment
Agriculture
Important Indices
Bretton Woods Institutions and Others
GATT and WTO
Foreign Trade
External Sector
Economy Updates
GIST OF N.C.E.R.T.
Sectors of the Indian Economy
Liberalization
Human Capital and Human Development
Growth and Changing Structure of Employment
Indias economic interaction with the World
ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENT CONCEPT
Organisms and the Environment
Environment, Habitat and Niche
Environmental Factors
Ecological Adaptations
Population, Biotic Community and Succession
Ecosystem: Structure and Function
Natural Resources and their Conservation
Biodiversity
Pollution and Global Environmental Change
BIODIVERSITY
Biosequestraton
Conservation
Commission on sustainable Development (1992)
Nagoya Protocol PROTOCOL

National Biodiversity Authority, Chennai
Project Tiger (1973)
The Biological Diversity Act 2002 and Rules 2004
Concerns & Issues
The Biological Diversity Act 2002
Biological Diversity Rules 2004
Biodiversity Act/Rules and Intellectual Property Rights
Iprs in the context of protection of Plant varieties and Farmers RightAct
Recommended Actions
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
Country Implementation
The International Year of Biodiversity (IYB)
Background
United Nations Decade on Biodiversity
Top 10 Famous Bird Sanctuaries of India
Types of Biodiversity
Genetic Diversity
Species Diversity
Ecosystem
POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENT
Capacity Building for Industrial Pollution Management (CBIPM)
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
ENVIRONMENT MOVEMENT
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (1972)
Brutland Commission (1983)
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992)
Kyoto Protocol (1997)
1997: Rio+5 Conference, New York
Johannesburg Summit 2002
Copenhagen Climate Council (2007) and Summit (2009)
Bali Action
2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference
INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES
Alliance of Small Island and States (AOSIS)
Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate
The International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP)
Land use, Land-Use Change and Forestry
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)
The Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB)
NATIONAL INITIATIVES
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Green Development Initiative (GDI)

National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
Indian Network on Climate Change Assessment
The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR)
ENERGY
Jawaharlal Nehru National SolarMission144
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
Nuclear Power in India
Solar Power in India
The Energy Conservation Building Code
Wind Energy Programme in India
GENERAL SCIENCE
Tissue
Muscular and Skeletal System
The Nervous System
The Endocrine System
Lymphatic System and Immunity
The Respiratory System
The Circulatory System
The Integumentary System
The Reproductive System
The Digestive System
The Excretory System
PHYSICS
Gist of Physics from NCERT Books
CHEMISTRY
Gist of Chemistry from NCERT Books
BOTANY
Photosynthesis
Digestion in Plants
Plant Reproduction
ANIMAL KINGDOM
Diversity in Living Organisms
The Animal Kingdom
WHAT, WHY & HOW?
Gist of What, Why & How?

VARIOUS PROGRAMMES OF INDIA
IndiasNuclear Programme
IndiasDefence Programme
Indias Space Programme
Science and Technological Development in India
UNIVERSE
Universe
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Science and Technology in India: Policy Planning
Space Research
Atomic Research
Defence Research
Oceanographic and Antartic Research
Biotechnology
Information Technology
Health Sector
Laser
Super Conductivity
Internet/Computer Glossary
CURRENT AFFAIRS
1. National
Constitutional Watch
Governments Plan, Programme, Policies& New Initiatives
Political News
2. International
3. India &The World
4.Science & Technology
Science & Technology (Concept)
Science& Technology (Current)
5. Health
6. Economy
7. (i) Energy (Concept)
(ii) Energy (Current)

8. Environment
Environment
International Initiatives on Environment
Environment National Initiatives&Pollution ControlMeasures
Environment Current
9. Awards
10. Sports
11. Railway Budget
12. Union Budget
Multiple Choice Questions


FOR HELP CALL: 011 45151781, 011 65023618

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POLITY
Public Service Commission:
Ques. 1 : Give an account of the Public Service Commission?
Ans.
Union Public Service Commission, State Public Service
Commission, Joint Public Service Commission
The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is a Constitutional body in India authorized to
conduct examinations for appointment to the various civil services of the Union. The Indian
Constitution (Part XIV - Services under the Union and the states- Articles. 315-323) provides for a
Public Service Commission for the Union and a Public Service Commission for each state. There
can be a Commission for two or more states.
The first Public Service Commission was set up in 1926 by the then British Indian Government.
Constitutional Provisions Related to Public Service
Commission
Art. 315 says that there shall be Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States.
The Union Public Service Commission, if requested by the Government of a State may, with the
approval of the President, agree to serve all or any of the needs of the State.
Joint Public Service Commission
Two or more States may agree that there shall be one Public Service Commission for that group
of States, and if a resolution to that effect is passed by the House or, where there are two Houses,
by each House of the Legislature of each of those States, Parliament may by law provide for the
appointment of a Joint State Public Service Commission (referred to as Joint Commission) to
serve the needs of those States.
Chairman and Members
The Chairman and other members of a Public Service Commission are appointed, in the case of
the Union Commission or a Joint Commission, by the President, and in the case of a State
Commission, by the Governor of the State:
Sample Materials of Our Online Coaching

As nearly as one-half of the members of every Public Service Commission shall be persons who
have held office for at least ten year either under the Government of India or under the
Government of a State.
Vacancy and Absence
If the office of the Chairman of the Commission becomes vacant or if any such Chairman is by
reason of absence or for any other reason unable to perform the duties of his office, those duties
shall, until some person appointed to the vacant office has entered on the duties or, as the case
may be, until the Chairman has resumed his duties, be performed by such one of the other
members of the Commission as the President in the case of the Union Commission or a Joint
Commission, amid the Governor of the State in the case of a State Commission, may appoint for
the purpose.
A member of a Public Service Commission shall hold office for a term of six years from the date on
which he enters upon his office or until lie attains, in the case of the Union Commission, the age of
sixty-five years. and in the case of a State Commission or a Joint Commission, the age of sixty-
two years, whichever is earlier.
A member of a Public Service Commission may, by writing under his hand addressed, in the case
of the Union Commission or a Joint Commission, to the President, and in the case of a State
Commission, to the Governor of the State resign his office.
A person who holds office as a member of a Public Service Commission shall, on the expiration of
his term of office, be ineligible for reappointment to that office.
Removal
Chairman or any other member of a Public Service Commission shall only be removed from his
office by order of the President on the ground of misbehaviour after the Supreme Court on
reference being made to it by the President had held an inquiry and recommended removal.
Misbehiviour is : if the Chairman or any other member of a Public Service Commission is
interested in any contract related to Government or participates in any way in the profit thereof or
in any benefit or emolument arising from it otherwise than as a member and in common with the
other members of an incorporated company. the member is considered to be guilty of
misbehaviour.
Suspension
The President, in the case of the Union Commission or a Joint Commission, and the Governor in
the case of a State Commission, may suspend from office the Chairman or any other member of
the Commission in respect of whom a reference has been made to the Supreme Court until the
President has passed orders on receipt of the report of the Supreme Court on such reference.
In the following cases, the President may by order remove from office the Chairman or any other
member of a Public Service Commission
is adjudged an insolvent; or

engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office; or
is, in the opinion of the President, unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or
body.
Strength of the Commission
In the case of the Union Commission or a Joint Commission, the President and, in the case of a
State Commission, the Governor of the State fixes
the number of members of the Commission and
their conditions of service
Conditions of service of a member of a Public Service Commission can not be varied to his
disadvantage after his appointment.
After Retirement, Resignation or Removal
On ceasing to hold office by way of retirement, resignation or removal:
the Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission shall be ineligible for further
employment either under the Government of India or under the Government of a State:
the Chairman of a State Public Service Commission shall be eligible for appointment as the
Chairman or any other member of the Union Public Service Commission or as the
Chairman of any other State Public Service Commission, but not for any other employment
either under the Government of India or under the Government of a State:
a member other than the Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission shall be
eligible for appointment as the Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission or as the
Chairman of a State Public Service Commission but not for any other employment either
under the Government of India or under the Government of a State:
a member other than the Chairman of a State Public Service Commission shall be eligible
for appointment as the Chairman or any other member of the Union Public Service
Commission or as the Chairman of that or any other State Public Service Commission, but
not for any other employment either under the Government of India or under the
Government of a State.
Ques. 2 : Write a short notes on the Functions of Public Service Commissions?
Ans. It is the duty of the Union and the State Public Service Commissions to conduct
examinations for appointments to the services of the Union and the services of the State
respectively.
It shall also be the duty of the Union Public Service Commission if requested by any two or more
States so to do, to assist those States in framing and operating schemes of joint recruitment for
any services for which candidates possession special qualifications are required.
To be consulted
The Union Public Service Commission or the State Public Service Commission, as the Case may
be, shall be consulted

on all matters relating to methods of recruitment to civil services and for civil posts
on the principles to be followed in making appointments to civil services and posts and in
making promotions and transfers from one service to another and on the suitability of
candidates for such appointments, promotions or transfers;
on all disciplinary matters affecting a person serving under the Government of India or the
Government of a state in a civil capacity
on any claim by or in respect of a person who is serving or has served under the
Government of India or the Government of a Slate or under the Crown in India or under the
Government of an Indian State, in a civil capacity, that any costs incurred by him in
defending legal proceedings
instituted against him in respect of acts done or purporting to be done in the execution of
his duty should be paid out of the Consolidated Fund of India or as the case may he, out of
the Consolidated Fund of the State;
on any claim for the award of a pension in respect of injuries sustained by a person while
serving under the Government of India or the Government of a State or under the Crown in
India or under the Government of an Indian State, in a civil capacity, and any question as to
the amount of any such award and
it shall be the duty of a Public Service Commission to advise on any matter so referred to
them and on any other matter which the President, or, as the case may be the Governor of
the State, may refer to them.
The President, for all-India services and. Central services, and the Governor for State Services,
can exempt matters on which Public Service Commission need not be consulted.
Public Service Commission need not be consulted with regard to Article-16 reservation in public
employment or Art. 335 striking balance between reservation and administrative efficiency.
All regulations made by the President or the Governor of State shall be laid for not less than
fourteen days before each House of Parliament or the House or each House of the Legislature of
the State as the case may be, as soon as possible after they are made and shall be subject to
such modification, whether by way of repeal or amendment, as both Houses of Parliament or the
house or both Houses of the Legislature of the State may make during the session in which they
are so laid.
An Act made by Parliament or as the case may be the legislature of State may impose additional
functions on the Union Public Service Commission or the State Public Service Commission
towards
any local authority or
other body corporate (public sector unit) or
any public institution
In short, the functions are
Functions of the UPSC are to conduct examinations for appointment to the services of the Union.
Recruitment to services & posts under the Union through conduct of competitive
examinations;
Recruitment to services & posts under the Central Government by selection through
Interviews;
Advising on the suitability of officers for appointment on promotion as well as transfer-on-
deputation;

Advising the Government on all matter relating to methods of Recruitment to various
services and posts;
Disciplinary cases relating to different civil services: and
Miscellaneous matters, relating to grant to extra ordinary pensions, reimbursement of legal
expenses etc.
Annual Report
Constitution imposes on the UPSC the duty to present annually to the President a report about the
work done by the Commission. The President shall cause a copy of it together with a
memorandum explaining, as respects the cases if any, where the advice of the Commission was
not accepted, the reasons for such non-aceptance to be laid before each house of Parliament.
Similarly the Slate Public Service Commission has the duty to present annually to the Governor of
the State a report as to the work done by the Commission. It shall be the duty of a Joint
Commission to present annually to the Governor of each of the States the needs of which are
served by the Joint Commission a report as to the work done by the Commission in relation to that
State, and in either case the Governor, shall cause a copy thereof together with a memorandum
explaining, as respects the cases, if any, where the advice of the Commission was not accepted,
the reasons for such non- acceptance to be laid before the Legislature of the State.
Ques. 3 : What are the constitutional provisions for the independence of the public serivce
commission?
Ans. Being an important Constitutional authority with the duty to recruit for the higher echelons of
the bureaucracy, the Commission needs to be kept independent. The Constitutional provisions in
this regard are
appointment is beyond politics as President appoints
Removal, in certain circumstances is on the basis of the inquiry concluded by the Supreme
Court judge
Salary etc. and conditions of service can not be altered to their disadvantage after
appointment
Expenses of the Commission including any salaries etc. to the members or staff of the
Commission, are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India or, as the case may be, the
Consolidated Fund of the State.
There are restrictions on post-retirement engagement as mentioned above
The annual report is presented to the President who causes to be tabled in the Parliament
explaining why certain recommendations are not accepted if they are not accepted.
Recruitment Rules
In accordance with the provisions contained in Article 320 of the Constitution read with the
provisions of Union Public Service Commission (Exemption from Consultation) Regulations 1953,
Recruitment Rules of all Group A and Group 13 posts in various Ministries/Departments of
Government of India are required to be framed in Consultation with the Commission. Consultation
with the Commission is also necessary for framing/amending Recruitment Rules for certain
categories of posts under the Employees State Insurance Corporation, The Delhi Municipal
Corporation, The New Delhi Municipal Council, Employees Provident Fund Organisation etc.
under the relevant Acts made by Parliament in pursuance of the provisions of Article 321.

:: MCQ ::
1. Consider the following statements:
1. The Chairman and other members of a Public Service commission are appointed,
in the case of the Union Commission or a joint Commission, by the President,
and in the case of a State Commission, by the Governor of the State.

2. As nearly a one-half of the members of every Public Service Commission Should
be Persons who have held office for at least ten year either under the
Government of India or under the Government of State.
Which of the above statements is/are correct ?
a. Only 1
b. Only 2
c. Both 1 & 2
d. Neither 1 & 2
Ans: C
2. Consider the following statements:
1. Chairmen or any other member of a Public Service Commission Shall only be
removed from his office by order of the President on the ground of misbehaviour
after the Supreme Court on reference being made to it by the President had held
an inquiry and recommended removal.

2. A member of a Union Public Service Commission shall hold office for a term of
Six years from the date on which he enters upon his office or until he attains the
age of sixty-five years.
Which of the above statements is/are correct ?
a. Only 1
b. Only 2
c. Both 1 & 2
d. Neither 1 & 2
Ans: C
3. Which of the following expenditure are charged on the consolidated fund of
India?
1. Salaries of the Supreme Court Judges.


2. Pensions of the Chairman of UPSC.

3. Debt charges for which the Government of India is liable.
Which of the statement given above is / are correct.
a. 1 & 2 Only
b. 1 & 3 Only
c. 2 & 3 Only
d. All of the above
Ans: D
4. Consider the following statements related to UPSC:
1. It derives its functions only from the Constitution.

2. It is not consulted on matters related to the reservation of posts for the BCs, SCs
and STs.

3. The President can place the personnel system of any local authority, corporate
body or public institution within the jurisdiction of UPSC.
Which of the statement given above is / are correct.
a. 2 Only
b. 1 Only
c. 3 Only
d. All of the above
Ans: A
5. Consider the following statements about the functions of the UPSC:
1. To conduct examination for appointments to the services of the Union.

2. To assist states, if requested, in framing and operating schemes of point
recruitment for any services for which candidates possessing special
qualifications are required.

3. To present, annually to the President a report as to the work done by it.
Which of the statements given above is / are correct.
a. 1 & 3 Only
b. 1 & 2 Only

c. 2 & 3 Only
d. All of the above
Ans: D
Indian Economy
Fiscal System:
Fiscal Policy
Definitions
That part of government policy which is concerned with raising revenue through taxation
and with deciding on the amounts and purposes of government spending.
The governments policy in regard to taxation and spending programs. The balance
between these two areas determines the amount of money the government will withdraw
from or feed into the economy, which can counter economic peaks and slumps.
Government spending policies that influence macroeconomic conditions. These policies
affect tax rates and government spending, in an effort to control the economy.
government policy for dealing with the budget-especially with taxation and borrowing
The policy of a government in controlling its own expenditures and taxation, which together
make up the budget
Fiscal policy is the means by which a government adjusts its levels of revenue and
spending in order to monitor and influence a nations economy.
Ques. 1 : What is Fiscal Policy?
Ans. Fiscal policy involves use of taxation and government spending to influence economy. In
other words, fiscal policy relates to raising and spending money in quantitative and qualitative
terms.
As far as fiscal receipts are concerned, taxes, user charges (power, water, transport charges etc);
disinvestment proceeds; borrowings from internal and external sources are the main channels. All
receipts are not earned and some are borrowed. Receipts and expenditure are divided into
revenue and capital accounts. Expenditure is also shown as Plan and Non-plan items.
Fiscal system deals not only with the quantity but the quality of public finance as well. In other
words, not merely how much is raised and spent but how has it been raised- is it raised by way of
taxes or borrowings; are they excessive or irrational etc. Also, the way the finances so raised are
used wastefully or productively. How much is spent on plan heads and how much populistically
targeted etc also is studied.
Fiscal policy can achieve important public policy goals like growth; equity; promotion of small scale
industries; encouragement to agriculture; location of industries in rural areas; labour-intensive
growth; export promotion; development of sound social and physical infrastructure etc.
Ques. 2 : What do you mean by Revenue account expenditure?

Ans. Revenue account expenditure is essentially the non-plan expenditure that does not create
assets, that is - interest payments, subsidies and public administration. It is synonymous with
maintenance and consumption expenditure as also welfare expenditure.
Ques. 3 : What do you understand by capital account receipts?
Ans. Capital account receipts are recoveries of loans and advances made by the Union
Government to States, UTs and PSUs; fresh borrowings from inside the country and from abroad;
disinvest-ment proceeds etc. As is clear from above, some of them are debt and some are non-
debt.
Ques. 4 : What is Revenue Deficits?
Ans. Revenue deficit is the difference between the revenue receipts on tax and non-tax sides and
the revenue expenditure.
Ques. 5 : What do you mean by Revenue Expenditure?
Ans. Revenue expenditure is synonymous with consumption and non- development, in general.
But in the case of India, the social sector expenditure flag ship schemes like NREGA is in the
revenue expenditure, though as a part of the Plan expenditure.
Ques. 6 : What do you understand by Fiscal deficit?
Ans. Fiscal deficit is the difference between what the government earns and its total expenditure.
That is, the difference between what is received by the government on revenue account and all
the non-debt creating capital receipts like recovered loans and disinvestment proceeds; and the
total expenditure. It amounts to all borrowings of the government in a given period.
FD = Total expenditure of the Government in a budget minus (Revenue receipts + non-debt
creating capital receipts).
Net Central Fiscal Deficit is calculated by deducting from the GFD the financial assistance (loans
and grants) that the States are given.
Ques. 7 : What is Budget deficit?
Ans. Budget deficit considers only the difference between the total budgeted receipts and the
expenditure. It was abolished in 1997.
Fiscal Deficit mirrors the health of government finances most accurately unlike the budget deficit
concept. BD does not cover all borrowings but only that portion of the borrowings for which
government relies on printing money by the RBI
Ques. 8 : What do you mean by monetised deficit?
Ans. Monetised deficit is the borrowings made from the RBI through printing fresh currency. It is
resorted to when the government can not borrow from the market (banks and financial institutions
like LIC etc) any longer due to pressure on interest rates. It means infusion of fresh currency into
the market. It corresponds to the budget deficit that is discarded as a concept since 1997.

Ques. 9 : What is Primary deficit?
Ans. Primary deficit is the difference between the fiscal deficit and the interest payments. The
concept helps in assessing the progress of the government in its fiscal control efforts.
Ques. 10 : Write a short notes on Deficit Financing. (In Indian context)?
Ans. When the Government has to spend more than what it can raise through tax, non-tax and
other sources, it borrows from the market. It can not borrow above a certain amount from the
market as it may be inflationary; drives up wasteful government expenditure-push-up interest
rates; increase governments debt burden and thus divert resources from plan to non- plan;
burden future generations with unduly high taxation and thus disrupt inter generational parity; and
crowd out private investment. Then Reserve Bank of India prints money. In other words, when the
resources from taxes, user charges, public sector enterprises, public borrowings, small scale
borrowings and others are not enough, RB! prints and gives to the Government. It is called deficit
financing.
The money printed by the RBI is called high powered money or reserve money.
The concept of budget deficit was dropped from 1997 budget and as a result deficit financing also
was stopped.
WMAs
Prior to 1997, the RBI lent to central government against ad hoc Treasury bills, (since mid-50s)
This provision for extending short-term financing was created to bridge temporary mismatches in
receipts and payments. However, the central government slipped into the practice of rolling over
this, facility, resulting in automatic monetisation of the governments 4eficit. Automaticity refers to
RBI having to print money if the Governments cash balances with the RBI went below a threshold
fixed. It had no choice but to create currency and lend to the Government of India. The process of
creating 91-day bills and subsequently funding them into non-marketable special securities at a
very low interest rate (4.6%) emerged as, a principal source of borrowing. It was thought to be
irrational for the reasons that the interest rate is not market driven and was very concessional. Nor
did the RBI have any voice in deterring the same.
Adhocs meant money creation-monetary expansion.
In the case of state governments, the RBI provides two types of WMAs. Normal WMAs are clean
or unsecured advances extended at the bank rate, while special WMAs are extended against the
government securities. The latter is exhausted first and then the former may be sought to a limited
extent. If the state government borrows over and above the WMA allowed for it by the RBI, it is
called overdraft and there is a limit to that too set by the RBI.
Adhoc treasury bills and WMA
Union Government entered into an agreement with RBI in 1994 regarding discontinuing the
practice of issuing ad hoc treasury bills to replenish the cash balance with effect from 1997. RBI is
to make ways and means advances to Union Government, if so required. WMAs do not require
any collateral. Its amount is limited and arrived at the beginning of the fiscal year through

consultation between Government and the RBI. There are penal interest rates if the pre-agreed
amount is violated.
Replacement of the adhoc bills with WMA represents an advance in fiscal discipline and
harmonization of the fiscal and monetary policies as the RBI is consulted in Governmental short
term borrowing and the automaticity is dropped in the creation of currency by the RBI to fund
governmental expenditure.
Ques. 11 : According to you how much of Fiscal Deficit is right? (Give answer in the
contextof current economic scenario)?
Ans. Fiscal deficit is bridged by market borrowings and central bank printing fresh currency
(monetization), if necessary. To a limited extent, FD is important as the Governments ability to
help growth and welfare increases. Government can always return the loans when its revenues
improve due to tax buoyancy. However, FD becomes problematic and even destabilizing when it
overshoots a rational threshold.
Therefore, moderation of fiscal deficit is important. Large and persistent fiscal deficits are a cause
of concern, as they pose several risks.
Fiscal deficits may cause macroeconomic instability by inflating the economy as money supply
rises.
Corporate sector is crowded out they are left with inadequate funds in the markets as the
government borrowing requirements increase. Added to that, interest rates will be higher as there
is pressure on the available money in the market.
If the funding route is through RBI monetization, it means inflation and instability.
Inflation may mean less savings, less investment and eventually it hurts the sustainability of high
growth.
Large deficits, even if they do not spill over into macroeconomic instability in the short run, will
require higher taxes in the long term to cover the heavy burden of internal debt. High tax rates will
place India at a significant disadvantage to other fast-growing countries. It means, as the FRBM
Act says, inter generational parity is hurt if debt mounts as future generations will have to pay
higher taxes to help the government repay the debt.
Government liabilities- interest payments- increase and there is far less for development.
BOP pressures may mount if inflows drop due to the country being downgraded by rating agencies
like Standard and Poor, Moody etc.
Therefore, FDs must be moderated- they are desirable within limits but hurtful beyond the limits.
The above analysis applies to FD in normal times. But in abnormal times like since 2008-09 when
the world slipped into recession impacting Indian economy negatively, FD must be allowed to be
increased for the fiscal stimuli which are necessary to arrest downturn in the economy and kick
start growth. FRBM allows such counter-cyclical expenditure. Even then, deficit should be incurred
not for populist expenditure but to stimulate the economy.

The sovereign debt crisis in Eurozone (2010 onwards) and particularly the Greece economy is due
to excessive FD. It borrowed and spent excessively in response to the global financial crisis. The
stimulus package did not work. The need for massive borrowing and spending continued. But the
government was not able to raise the money at normal rates of interest. It had to pay high rates of
interest. That means it will be debt-trapped. The banks and other financial institutions that invested
in Greek government bonds panicked. Their share prices fell. Financial system was in danger of
instability. Similar crisis was seen in Ireland later and Spain and Portugal too. These countries are
acronymally called PIGS .The lesson from Greek crisis is that FD may be incurred only for
productive reasons and ensure good returns.
Ques. 12 : Write a short notes on FRBM Act 2003.
Ans. Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act 2003 was notified in 2004 with
the following salient features
annual targets of reduction in deficits, government borrowing and debt
Government to annually reduce the revenue deficit by 0.5 per cent and the fiscal deficit by
0.3 per cent beginning fiscal 2004-05.
elimination of revenue deficit and reduction of fiscal deficit to 3% of GDP by March 31,
2009.
a cap on the level of guarantees and total liabilities of the Government.
prohibits Government to borrow from the RBI (primary borrowing) after April 1, 2006. RBI
can not print money to lend to the government.
on a quarterly basis, that Government shall place before both the Houses of Parliament an
assessment of trends in receipts and expenditure.
annually present the macro-economic framework statement, medium term fiscal
policy statement and fiscal policy strategy statement. The three statements would provide
the macro-economic background and assessment relating to the achievement of FRBM
goals.
Under exceptional circumstances, Government may be compelled to breach targets. In
case of deviations, the Government would not only be required to take corrective measures,
but the Finance Minister shall also make a statement in both the Houses of Parliament.
Borrowing from the RBI is permitted in exceptional situations like natural calamities.
FRBM was brought in for fiscal discipline; increase plan expenditure; reduce the amount of
borrowings; meet consumption from governments own fiscal resources; leave the RBI with
autonomy as far as money creation goes etc. Fiscal consolidation is necessary particularly in the
era of globalization when the penalty for irresponsibility is high.
New Zealand was the first country to enact a Fiscal Responsibility Act in 1994, thereby setting
legal standards for transparency of fiscal policy and reporting, and holding the Government
formally responsible to the public for its fiscal performance. A similar legislation, the Charter of
Budget Honesty, has been enacted in Australia. The UK, too, has enacted a Code for Fiscal
Stability.
Kelkar Task Force in its report on implementing FRBMA (2004) said that plan expenditure should
be enhanced and the way to cut deficit is by enhancing revenues (taxes) and rationalize non-asset
creating expenditure like subsidies which should be targeted better.
Ques. 13 : What is Fiscal Consolidation?

Ans. Fiscal consolidation means strengthening government finances. Fiscal consolidation is
critical as it provides macro economic stability; cuts wasteful expenditure; can enable government
to spend more on infrastructure and social sectors. Tax reforms, disinvestment, better targeting of
subsidies and so on are the hallmarks of fiscal consolidation.
Enactment of FRBM Act provides an institutional framework and binds the government to adopt
prudent fiscal policies. There is a need to involve states to effect overall fiscal consolidation and
strengthen the growth momentum.
GST and revised DTC are an important federal effort toward fiscal reforms and consolidation.
Ques. 14 : Clearly distinguish between Plan and Non Plan Expenditure?
Ans. In the Budget, expenditure is shown both as revenue and capital and also as plan and non-
plan. Plan expenditures, as the name implies, relate to expenditures on annual plan projects
contributing to five-year plan; these include projects like dams, roads, power plants etc. Non-Plan
expenditure relates to maintenance, consumption and welfare. Non-plan expenditure does not
create assets. When a project is being built, it is a plan item of expenditure. When completed and
being maintained, it is a non-plan item of expenditure.
Non-plan expenditure is a generic term, which is used to coyer all expenditures of government
not included in its annual plan programmes. But essentially covers consumption and maintenance
expenditure. Non plan expenditures has the following items
Interest payments
Subsidies
Defence
Public admn
It is important to mention that not only that maintenance expenditures subsequent to the
completion of plan programmes are non-plan, but even expenditures on research projects and
operating expenses of power stations are classified as non-plan.
The distinction between plan and non-plan expenditure items has become simplistic arid is
artificial and untenable. The building of a new school or a primary health centre is considered a
Plan investment but its running and maintenance is considered non-Plan spending. Thus, very
often it had led to Government allocation being reduced for maintenance as it is classified as non-
plan item and will be criticized. Thus, assets are neglected. New projects are allotted money while
the completed projects are neglected.
It is important to take a consolidated view of finances keeping in perspective the interdependence
of Plan and non-Plan expenditures.
Kelkar Task Force to implement FRBMA 2003 recommend reexamination of the distinction
between Plan and Non-plan expenditure.
Ques. 15 : What was Rangarajan Panel on Public Expenditure.
Ans. 18-member high-level expert committee has been set up under the Chairmanship of Dr C.
Rangarajan to suggest measures for efficient management of public expenditure.
This committee will see whether the classification of expenditure into Plan and Non-Plan is rational

and can be continued. The committee would also look at new mechanisms that have evolved such
as special purpose vehicles for NREGA, NRHM, etc.
The committee, which has been set up by the Planning Commission would examine the
classification of expenditure into revenue and capital in the context of the constitutional provisions.
Table 1. : Trends in Deficits of Central Government
Year Revenue Deficit Fiscal Deficit Primary Deficit
Revenue Deficit
as percent of Fiscal Deficit
(As per cent of GDP)
2003-04 3.6 4.5 0.0 79.7
2004-05 2.4 3.9 0.0 62.3
2005-06 2.5 4.0 0.4 63.0
2006-07 1.9 3.3 -0.2 56.3
2007-08 1.1 2.5 -0.9 41.4
2008-09 4.5 6.0 2.6 75.2
2009-10 5.2 6.5 3.2 81.0
2010-1(P) 3.2 4.8 1.8 66.3
2011-12(BE) 3.4 4.6 1.6 74.4
Ques. 16 : What do you mean by Public Debt?
Ans. Public debt includes internal debt comprising borrowings inside the country like market loans;
borrowing from the RBI on the basis of treasury bills; and external debt comprising loans from
foreign countries, international .financial institutions, NRI deposits etc. In the expression public
debt and other liabilities, other liabilities include outstanding against the various small saving
schemes, provident funds etc. It includes private sector borrowings too.
Public debt is justified as the government does not have adequate resources and taxation can not
be done beyond a point. It should be for productive reasons and also welfare reasons. The spiral
of deficit and debt run the risk of undermining the countrys creditworthiness, devaluing the
currency and destabilising the entire economy with grave social consequences. Therefore, it
should be incurred judiciously.
Ques. 17 : What is External Debt & its main component?
Ans. External debt includes both the government and private debt.
External debt consists of:
long-term external debt which is the bulk part
NRJ deposits and multilateral loans
commercial borrowings
bilateral loans and
Trade credit
Ques. 18 : What is Internal debt?

Ans. Internal debt includes loans raised by the government in the open market through treasury
bills and government securities, special securities issued to the RBI and most importantly, various
bonds like the oil bonds, fertilizer bonds etc.
Ques. 19 : What do you mean by Zero based budget?
Ans. ZBB, a close and critical examination is made of the existing government programmes,
projects and other activities to ensure that funds are made available to high priority items by
eliminating outdated programmes and reducing funds to the low priority items. Governmental
programmes and projects are appraised every year as if they are new and funding for the existing
items is not continued merely because a part of the project cost has already been incurred.
Programmes are discarded if the cost-benefit ratio is below the prescribed norms.
The objective of the ZBB is to overhaul the functioning of the government departments and PSUs
so that productivity can be increased and wastage can be minimised. Scarce government
resources can be deployed efficiently.
ZBB as a resource planning and control technique and process yielded substantial benefits in the
advanced countries like New Zealand, UK, Australia and Sweden in terms of efficiency gains,
better resource use, lower costs and finally surplus budgets, particularly in New Zealand.
However, the use of ZBB to human development programmes and poverty alleviation and
employment generation programmes is limited and the results are cumulative and can not be
assessed annually.
Ques. 20 : Write a short notes on Fringe benefit tax?
Ans. The benefits that are usually enjoyed collectively by the employees and cannot be attributed
to individual employees. They are the fringe benefits. They are taxed in the hands of the employer.
Examples are transport services for workers and staff, gym, club, etc.
The rationale for levying a FBT on the employer lies in the inherent difficulty in isolating the
personal element where there is collective enjoyment of such benefits and attributing the same
directly to the employee. This is so especially where the expenditure incurred by the employer is
ostensibly for purposes of the business but includes, in partial measure, a benefit of a personal
nature. It is abolished in the Union Budget 2009-10.
Ques. 21 : What is Fiscal Drag?
Ans. A situation where inflation pushes income into higher tax brackets- bracket creep. The result
is increase in income taxes but no increase in real purchasing power. This is a problem during
periods of high inflation. Government gains due to higher tax collections and the economy suffers
as growth is dragged down due to less demand. In high-growth and high inflation economies
(overheated), fiscal drag acts as an automatic stabiliser, as it acts naturally to keep demand
stable.
Ques. 22 : What do you mean by Fiscal Neutrality?
Ans. When the net effect of taxation and public spending is neutral, neither stimulating nor
dampening demand- a balanced budget. It is neutral, as total tax revenue equals total public
spending.

Crowding Out
Excessive government borrowing can lead to shrinkage of the liquidity in the market; forces the
interest rates to go up; private investment is crowed out for two reasons: liquidity availability is less
and the rates are high. Investment suffers and growth decelerates. The Government also may not
spend the borrowed resources well to generate returns. If the government deploys the funds well,
it may have a crowding in effect: the infrastructure built can have a multiplier effect on investment,
tax collections and growth.
Pump-Priming
Deficit financing and spending by a government on public works in an attempt to revive economy
during recession - countercyclical measures. It can raise the purchasing power of the people and
thus stimulate and revive economic activity to the point that deficit spending will no longer be
considered necessary to maintain the desired economic activity.
Ques. 23 : What do you understand by small saving?
Ans. Small savings are a sizeable portion of the financial savings of the country. They contribute
to the finances of the Government- federal and State- that is they are an important source of
borrowing for the government. These schemes have a built in tax concession that enhances their
attraction for the small savers. They also earn a rate of interest that is higher in comparison to
what the banks offer- approximately 8%. They are called small savings as savings are made in
small amounts by low income and other groups. Small savings instruments in India are retailed
through 1.53 lakh post offices of which about 1.29 lakh are in rural areas. The National Small
Savings Fund (NSSF), in the Public Account of India has all the small savings. They are
completely onlent to the state in which they are collected.
Ques. 24 : What is merit & Demerit goods?
Ans. Merit goods are goods like education, health care etc that are important for the society as a
whole- that is, they have positive externalities. Market may not supply them in adequate quantities:
Government supplements the market. Demerit Goods are those whose consumption should be
discouraged. They have negative externalities. Examples of Demerit Goods include: tobacco,
alcohol etc. Thirteenth Finance Commission calls them sin goods and wants them to be harshly
taxed.
Ques. 25 : What do you mean by Giffen Goods?
Ans. They include goods whose demand goes up when the price increases. They are the status
markers and exclusivist in nature.
Ques. 26 : What is Twin Deficits?
Ans. Budget deficit (fiscal deficit) and current account deficit-the two fuelling each other - are
known as twin deficits.
Union Budget Independence Agency to Manage Debt

An independent debt management agency will be set up to help enforce fiscal responsibilities
among states and the central government.
The government is in the process of setting up an independent debt management office in the
finance ministry. A middle office is already operational and in a next step, government proposes to
introduce the Public Debt Management Agency of India Bill in the next financial year, said
Mukherjee while presenting the budget for 2011-12 in the Lok Sabha.
He said statutory targets set under the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act
of 2003 had a positive impact in reducing fiscal and revenue deficits.
In the course of a year, the central government will introduce an amendment to the FRBM Act,
laying down the fiscal roadmap for the next five years, Mukherjee said.
He said the 13th Finance Commission has worked out a fiscal consolidation roadmap for states,
requiring them to eliminate revenue deficit and achieve a fiscal deficit of three percent of their
respective gross domestic products (GDPs) latest by 2014-15.
It has also recommended a combined state debt target of 24.3 percent of GDP to be reached
during this period, he added.
:: MCQ ::
1. Consider the following statements.
1. A depression is an economic down turn that is less severe.

2. A recession is any economic down turn where real GDP declines by more than
10 percent.
Which of the above statements is / are true.
a. Both 1 & 2
b. 1 only
c. Neither 1 nor 2
d. 2 only
Ans: C
1. Difference between fiscal deficit & the interest payments are called primary
deficit.

2. Revenue deficit is the difference between the Revenue receipts on tax & non tax
sides & the revenue expenditure.

a. Both 1 & 2
b. 2 only
c. 1 only
d. Neither 1 nor 2
Ans: A
1. Difference between what the government earns & its total expenditure is called
Budget deficit.

2. Peter O Pier is known as the father of Zero Based Budget.

3. Borrowings made from the RBI through printing fresh currency is called
monetised deficit.
a. 1, 2, & 3
b. 2 & 3 only
c. 1 & 2 only
d. 3 only
Ans: B
1. Revenue account expenditure essentially the non-plan expenditure that does not
create assets.

2. Capital account receipts are recoveries of loans made by the union government
to states, UTs & PSUs fresh borrowings from inside the country & from abroad.
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. Neither 1 nor 2
d. Both 1 & 2
Ans: D

1. The money printed by the RBI is called high powered money or reserve money.

2. Australia was the first country to enact a fiscal responsibility Act in 1994.

3. FRBM Act (India) was notified in 2004.

4. Fiscal deficits may causes macro economic instability.
a. 1 & 2 only
b. 2, 3, 4 only
c. 1, 3 & 4 only
d. 1, 2, 3 & 4
Ans: C
General Science (Botany)
Photosynthesis:
INTRODUCTION
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, some bacteria, and some protistans use the
energy from sunlight to produce sugar, which cellular respiration converts into ATP, the fuel used
by all living things. The conversion of unusable sunlight energy (solar energy) into usable chemical
energy, is associated with the actions of the green pigment chlorophyll. Most of the time, the
photosynthetic process uses water and releases the oxygen .We can write the overall reaction of
this process as :

The above chemical equation translates as: Six molecules of water plus six molecules of
carbon dioxide produce one molecule of sugar plus six molecules of oxygen.
STRUCTURE OF LEAF
Plants are the only photosynthetic organisms to have leaves (and not all plants have
leaves). A leaf may be viewed as a solar collector crammed full of photosynthetic cells.
The raw materials of photosynthesis, water and carbon dioxide, enter the cells of the leaf,
and the products of photosynthesis, sugar and oxygen, leave the leaf.
Water enters the root and is transported up to the leaves through specialized plant cells
known as xylem.
Land plants must guard against drying out (desiccation) and so have evolved specialized
structures known as stomata to allow gas to enter and leave the leaf. Carbon dioxide
cannot pass through the protective waxy layer covering the leaf (cuticle), but it can enter the

leaf through an opening (the stoma; plural = stomata; Greek for hole) flanked by two guard
cells.
Likewise, oxygen produced during photosynthesis can only pass out of the leaf through the
opened stomata.

Unfortunately for the plant, while these gases are moving between the inside and outside of
the leaf, a great deal water is also lost.
Cottonwood trees, for example, will lose 100 gallons of water per hour during hot desert
days. Carbon dioxide enters single-celled and aquatic autotrophs through no specialized
structures.
CHLOROPHYLL AND ACCESSORY PIGMENTS
A pigment is any substance that absorbs light. The color of the pigment comes from the
wavelengths of light reflected (in other words, those not absorbed).
Chlorophyll, the green pigment common to all photosynthetic cells, absorbs all wavelengths
of visible light except green, which it reflects to be detected by our eyes.
Black pigments absorb all of the wavelengths that strike them.
White pigments/lighter colors reflect all or almost all of the energy striking them. Pigments
have their own characteristic absorption spectra, the absorption pattern of a given pigment.
Chlorophyll is a complex molecule. Several modifications of chlorophyll occur among plants
and other photosynthetic organisms. All photosynthetic organisms (plants, certain
protistans, prochlorobacteria, and cyanobacteria) have chlorophyll a. Accessory pigments
absorb energy that chlorophyll a does not absorb. Accessory pigments include chlorophyll b
(also c, d, and e in algae and protistans), xanthophylls, and carotenoids (such as beta-
carotene). Chlorophyll absorbs its energy from the Violet- Blue and Reddish orange-Red
wavelengths, and little from the intermediate (Green-Yellow-Orange) wavelengths.
STAGES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis is a two stage process.
The first process is the Light Dependent Process (Light Reactions), requires the direct
energy of light to make energy carrier molecules that are used in the second process. The
Light Independent Process (or Dark Reactions) occurs when the products of the Light
Reaction are used to form C-C covalent bonds of carbohydrates. The Dark Reactions can
usually occur in the dark, if the energy carriers from the light process are present. Recent
evidence suggests that a major enzyme of the Dark Reaction is indirectly stimulated by

light, thus the term Dark Reaction is somewhat of a misnomer. The Light Reactions occur in
the grana and the Dark Reactions take place in the stroma of the chloroplasts.
THE CARBON CYCLE
Plants may be viewed as carbon sinks, removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and
oceans by fixing it into organic chemicals. Plants also produce some carbon dioxide by their
respiration, but this is quickly used by photosynthesis. Plants also convert energy from light
into chemical energy of C-C covalent bonds. Animals are carbon dioxide producers that
derive their energy from carbohydrates and other chemicals produced by plants by the
process of photosynthesis.
The balance between the plant carbon dioxide removal and animal carbon dioxide
generation is equalized also by the formation of carbonates in the oceans. This removes
excess carbon dioxide from the air and water (both of which are in equilibrium with regard
to carbon dioxide). Fossil fuels, such as petroleum and coal, as well as more recent fuels
such as peat and wood generate carbon dioxide when burned. Fossil fuels are formed
ultimately by organic processes, and represent also a tremendous carbon sink. Human
activity has greatly increased the concentration of carbon dioxide in air.
:: MCQ ::
(i) Plants are the only photosynthetic organisms to have leaves.
(ii) Not all plants have leaves.
(iii) A leaf may be viewed as a solar collector.
Which of the above are true?
a) I & ii
b) Ii & iii
c) Iii only
d) All of the above
Ans: D
(i) A pigment is any substance that absorbs light.
(ii) The color of pigment comes from the wavelength of light reflected.
(iii) Black pigments absorb all wavelengths that strike them.
Which of the above are false?

a) i & ii
b) ii & iii
c) None of the above
d) iii only
Ans: C
(i) Accessory pigments absorbs energy that chlorophyll A does not absorb.
(ii) All photosynthetic organisms have chlorophyll
(iii) Chlorophyll absorbs energy from violet, blue & reddish orange radiation.
Which of the above are correct?
a) i & ii
b) ii & iii
c) iii & i
d) All of the above
Ans: D
Indian & World Geography (World Geography General)
Nuclear Energy:
NUCLEAR ENERGY IN INDIA
Overview
Nuclear energy contributes about 4.1% of power generation in India. The share of nuclear
energy is expected to reach 9% by 2035.
Currently, there are 6 nuclear power plants generating about 4120 MW Power Station.
Power Station State Type Capacity (MW)
Kaiga Karnataka PHWR 660
Kakrapar Gujarat PHWR 440
Kalpakka Tamil Nadu PHWR 440
Narora Uttar Prdesh PHWR 440
Rawatbhata Rajasthan PHWR 740

Tarapur Maharashtra BWR, PHWR 1400
The largest nuclear power station in India is located in Tarapur, Maharastra. The
largest research reactor is the Dhruva at the Babha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in
Mumbai
Currently India uses two types of reactors for power production: Pressurised Heavy Water
Reactor (PHWR), Boiling Water Reactor (BWR). Additionally the Prototype Fast Breeder
Reactor is under experiments at the Madras Kalpakkam
The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd. (NPCIL) is the sole company authorised
to set up nuclear power plants in India
Nuclear power plants in India
Nuclear power projects under construction
Power Station State Type Capacity (MW)
Kaiga Karnataka PHWR 220
Kakrapar Gujarat PHWR 440
Kalpakkam Tamil Nadu PHWR 2000
Narora Uttar Prdesh PHWR 500
Rawatbhata Rajasthan PHWR 740
Tarapur Maharashtra BWR, PHWR 1400
Availability of nuclear materials
Australia has the largest reserves of Uranium in the world. Canada, which has the
second largest reserves, is the largest exporter of Uranium.
India has limited availability of Uranium reserves in the country (about 1% of world
availability).
The primary source of Uranium in India are the Jaduguda mines in Jharkhand.
Uranium is extracted in the form of Yellow Cake.
However, Thorium is widely available in the world. Worldwide, Thorium is about three
times as abundant Uanium.
India has about 25% of the worlds reserves of Thorium.
In India, Throium is commonly found in the form of the mineral Monazite in the beach
sands of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
The waiver of restrictions on nuclear fuel supply by the Nuclear Suppliers Group in Sep
2008 has increased Indias opportunities for importing nuclear fuel (esp. Uranium).
India now has nuclear supply agreements with France (Sep 2008), the US (Sep 2008),
the EU Nov 2009), Canada (Nov 2009) and Russia (Dec 2009).
Department of Atomic Energy

The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) functions directly under the Prime Minister.
The Department was established in 1958.
The DAE is responsible for all nuclear technology in India, including nuclear power
and nuclear research.
Australia has the largest reserves of Uranium in the world. Canada, which has the second
largest.
The Secretary, Dept. of Atomic Energy is the ex-officio Chairman of the Atomic Energy
Commission. Other members of the AEC include the Foreign Secretary and the Cabinet
Secretary.
Indias three-stage nuclear power programme
Due to limited availability of Ranium and the restrictions on nuclear fuel export, India has
had to develop ingenious technologies to make optimal use of available minerals
Subsequently, India has developed a three-stage programme to make use of uranium as
well as Thoriom.
Stage II Fast Breeder Reactor: the PHWR uses Uranium as fuel and produces Plutonium-
239 as a by-product.
Stage II Fast breader Reactor: uses Plutonium-239 and Thorium-239 as fuel and
produces Uranium- 233.
Stage III advanced Heavy Water Reactor: would use Thorium-232 and Uranium-233 as
fuels. Currently under development at the BARC.
GOVERNMENTAL BODIES IN NUCLEAR ENERGY
All bodies listed below function under the Department of Atomic Energy unless otherwise
noted
Heavy Water Board
Established 1969, headquarters Mumbai
Responsible for production of heavy water (D2O)
Operates six heavy water plants in the country:
o Kota (Rajasthan)
o Baroda (Gujarat)
o Hazira (Gujarat)
o Thal (Maharashtra)
o Talcher (Orissa)
o Munuguru (Andhra Pradesh)
o Tuticorin (Tamil Nadu)
India is the worlds largest manufacturer of heavy water.
India has exported heavy water to South Korea in 2002-2003.
Nuclear Fuel Complex
Established 1971, location Hyderabad.
Responsible for enrichment and supply of nuclear fuel for all nuclear power plants in the
country.
Also responsible for manufacturer of reactor core components.

The NFC processes both Uranium concentrates (for nuclear fuel) and Zirconium (for reactor
components).
Uranium Corporation of India Ltd.
Established 1967, headquarters Singhbhum (Jharkhand)
Responsbile for extraction and processing of uranium
Operates five uranium mines and two processing plants
All five uranium mines are located in Singhbum district of Jharkhand
o Jaduguda mine - oldest mine, commissioned 1967
o Bhatin mine
o Narwapahar mine -0 latest mine, commissioned 1995
o Turamdih mine
o Banduhurang mine - only open pit uranium min
India produces about 300 tonnes a year of uranium
Indian Rare Earths Ltd.
Established 1950, headquarters Mumbai
Responsible for extraction of minerals from beach sands
It primary responsibility is the extraction of Thorium (in the form of monazite) for use
in nuclear industry.
Operates four mineral extraction units
o Aluva (Kerala)
o Chavara (Kerala)
o Manavalakurichi (Tamil Nadu)
o Chatrapur Orissa)
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
Established as the Atomic Energy Establishment Trombay in 1957. Located in Mumbai
It is Indias first and primary nuclear research facility
Site of CIRUS reactor (Canada-India-US Research)
Developed Dhruva reactor (1958) - largest research reactor in the country
Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR)
Established 1971, located at Kalpakkam (near Chennai)
Site of Fast Brreeder Test Reactor (FBTR), the first raactor in the world to use Plutonium
(70%) Uranium (30%) Carbide fuel. The Plutonium for the reactor comes from spent fuel
from the power plant on site
Developed KAMINI (Kalpakkam Mini) reactor in 1996, tghe only reactor in the world that
uses Uranium-233 as fuel
Currently, construction of 500 MW Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor is under progress
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC)
Established 1977, located Kolkata

Operates the first cyclotron in India
Provides protons, deuterons, alpha particles and heavy ion beams to other institutions in
the country
Institute for Plasma Research
Established 1986, located in Gandhinagar, Gujarat
Functions under the Department of Atomic Energy
The IPR is involved in research of various aspects of plasma science
It is the biggest plasma physics organisation in India
The IPR was responsible for developing the ADITYA tokamak in 1989. A tokamak is a
magnetic confinement fusion device used for thermonuclear fusion power
The IPR is a major contributor to the International Thermonuclear Experimental
Reactor (TER) in Cadarache, France. Expected to be operational by 2016, the ITER is the
first large scale research incentive on nuclear fusion based power plants
TYPES OF NUCLEAR POWER REACTORS
Reactor Fuel Moderator Coolant Notes
Pressurised
water reactor
(PWR)
Enriched
uranium
Light water
(demineralised
water)
Light
water
PWR, BWRand Supercritical
water reactors are 3 types of Light
Water Reactors PWR is compact
and high power and so used
commonly in aircraft carriers,
submarines etc PWR is the
oldest,most widely used reactor
for power generation. In PWR, the
water is maintained at high
pressure such that it does not boil
even at high temperatures
Pressurised
Heavy Water
Reactor
(PHWR)
Natural
uranium
Heavy water
(D2O)
Heavy
water
Uses natural uneriched uranium
Lower fuel costs No enrichment
required Needs
large quantities of fuel
Boiling water
reactor
(BWR)
Enriched
uranium
Light water
Light
water
Second most common type of
reactor for power plants (after
PWR) Water is allowed to boil
Simple, uncomplicated design
Lower risk, longer lifetime than
PWR
Fast Breader
Reactor
(FBR)
Enriched
Uranium,Plutonium
Also nonfissile
Uranium 238
Nomoderator
Liquid
metal
(usually
kuqyud
Sodium)
Breeds fuel by producing more
fissile material than it consumes
Reactor core consists of Plutonim
and Uranium Reactor core is
surrounded by non-fissile
Uranium-238 which gets
converted into fissile Pu-239 by

captruring fast neutrons Since fast
neutrons are specifically desired
to bombard the U-238, no
moderator is required
Advanced
Heavy Water
Reactor
(AHWR)
Thorium
Heavy water
Amorphous
carbon
Bioling
water
Currently under development at
BARC Designed to use Thorium
as fuel
:: MCQ ::
1. Consider the following, which of these are correct?
i) The largest power station in India is in Tarapur Maharashtra.
ii) The largest research reactor is Dhruva at the Babha Atomic Resarch Center.
iii) Currently India is using two types of Power reactors, Pressurized Heavy Water
Reactor and the Boiling Water Reactor.

a) i and ii

b) ii and iii
c) i and iii

d) All of the above
Ans: D
2. Which of the following are correct?
i) Canada has the largest reserves of Uranium in the world.
ii) Australia which has the second largest reserves is the largest exporter of Uranium.
iii) The primary source of Uranium in India is Jaduguda. Uranium is extracted in the
form of yellow cake.

a) ii and iii

b) i and ii

c) iii only

d) i only
Ans: C
3. Match the following
Power Station State
i) Kaiga a) Karnataka
ii) Kakrapara b) Tamil Nadu
iii) Kalpakkam c) Gujarat
iv) Rawatbhatta d) Maharashtra
v) Tarapur e) Rajasthan

a) i-d, ii-b, iii-c, iv-a, v-e
b) i-a, ii-c, iii-b, iv-e, v-d
c) i-a, ii-b, iii-d, iv-e, v-c
d) i-b, ii-d, iii-c, iv-a, v-e
Ans: B
4. Which of these are correct?
i) India has about 25 % of the worlds reserve of Thorium.
ii) Thorium is found in the form of mineral Monazite in the beach sands of Kerala and
Tamil Nadu.

a) i only
b) ii only
c) i and ii
d) none

Ans: C
5. Which of these are correct?
i) The Department of Atomic Energy functions directly under the Prime Minister.
ii) The DAE is responsible for all nuclear technology in India.

a) Both i and ii
b) i only
c) ii only
d) none
Ans: A
Indian History (Modern India)
The Revolt of 1857:
Introduction
The Revolt of 1857 has been hailed as the watershed or the great divide in the colonial history of
British India. Battle of Plassey in 1757 marked the beginning of the political influence of the
English East India Company, an influence which ended in 1858 when the Crown rule was
established in British India. A decade short of a century later in 1947, India gained independence.
It is also regarded as an historic landmark for its suppression was followed by some fundamental
changes in the administration of India.
The Revolt of 1857 was fundamentally different from earlier rebellions by the soldiers, peasants
and tribals of the nineteenth century. Prior to this, the mutinies and rebellions had remained
sporadic or local affairs. However, unlike these, the scale and spread of the Revolt of 1857 was
larger; sepoys at many centres mutinied and this was accompanied by civil disturbances.
Unexpected as it was, it managed to shake the British. Though by the end of 1857 itself the British
had started to regain control, the Revolt of 1857 remains a significant event.
What differentiated the Revolt of 1857 from the earlier uprisings was that unlike the preceding
mutinies and revolts, which were limited to a relatively smaller area, within a town or at the most a
few districts, the 1857 Revolt escalated to an unprecedented degree and the participation was
wider.
Areas affected by the Revolt of 1857- In Bengal, it was primarily the Bengal army which was
recruited from North Western. Provinces and especially Awadh, that rose up in mutiny. The
sepoys wore joined by the civilians from the North, Central and Western India.

Areas that did not participate in the Revolt- The Punjab, Bengal, most of Central Provinces, the
Coasts and the South remained largely unaffected by it. While the Bombay and the Madras
regiments did not participate in the revolt, the Gurkha and the Punjabi soldiers fought on behalf of
the English to put down the rebels.
Ques. 1 : Briefly discuss the causes of the revolt of 1857?
Ans. The revolt did not happen overnight. From the beginning of the political influence .of the
British after the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the British faced resistance from various sections of the
society. The miscellaneous populace had been harbouring resentment against the British. Due to
the nature of the early historiography of the revolt, which was written by officials turned historians,
it was believed to be a mere mutiny of the sepoys in Bengal and Meerut, which was later joined
by the civil populace. However, an analysis shows that such a simplistic view is limited in its
scope. It is difficult to highlight a single cause for the outbreak of the revolt. There were multiple
grievances, which were acutely felt by the different sections of the society. While noting the anti-
British sentiments in the revolt it is equally essential to take into account the fact that the revolt in
later stages was directed against the landlords, banias and money-lenders. The landlords in the
British period were principally the creation of the new revenue policies introduced under them and
had become vehicles of peasant exploitation.
Social and Religious Causes: From the early decades of the nineteenth century, the British had
abandoned its policy of non-interference in the socio-religious life of the Indians. Abolition of Sati in
1829 under Lord Bentinck, the Hindu Widow Remarriage Act of 1856, and western education all
led to disruption in the social world of the people After the Charter of 1813, the Christian
missionaries were allowed to enter India and carry on with their mission of proselytizing. This,
combined with the Religious Disabilities Act of 1856, which sought to do away with the previous
ban on Christian converts from Hinduism in inheriting property, created a feeling amongst the
people of threat to their religion and way of life.
Economic Causes: British rule led to breakdown of the village self-sufficiency and also disturbed
order of land settlements in India. The British ordered an enquiry into the title deeds of the landed
estates in Bengal and its adjoining areas, Bombay Provinces and North-Western Provinces Many
people who had held lands before the coming of the British lost their lands under the
reorganisation of the land titles. Added to this was the commercialisation of agriculture which
burdened the peasantry, adoption of free trade imperialism from 1800, de-industrilization and drain
of wealth all of which led to overall decline of the economy.
Military Grievances: The sepoys of the Bengal army were recruited mainly from the North-West
Provinces, and Awadh. It had a high proportion of high caste men, Bhumihar, Brahmins and
Rajputs of the Ganges Valley. Given the social status of the sepoys, in the early years of the
Company rule, the British tolerated and even encouraged the caste privileges and customs within
the Bengal Army. But by 1820s, these customs -and privileges were threatened by the
modernizing forces that sought to introduce a stricter universalised military culture. In accordance
with the changes, the sepoys were prohibited to observe some customary practices, like wearing a
saffron mark on their forehead, growing beard and wearing turbans. The sepoys who had become
accustomed to very high ritual status were extremely sensitive to suggestions that threatened their
caste rules.
Serving abroad was also against the caste-rules of the sepoys and this clashed with the need to
defend the growing British Empire outside India. The mutiny in Afghanistan during 1839-42 was
met with reprisals and led the Company to widen the recruitment base of the Bengal army to

include other castes and regional groups. The sepoys had refused to serve in Burma and it led to
the passing of the General Services Enlistment Act by Lord Cannings Government in 1856. It
compelled the sepoys to serve abroad, if the need arose.
In 1856, in accordance with the new rules, the soldiers no longer received extra allowance bhatta
for service outside their own regions because they were no longer considered to be foreign
missions. This affected the extra pay of the sepoys. But the English soldiers in the Indian army
continued to receive this allowance. Thus, the denial of this allowance amounted to gross
discrimination against the sepoys.
Also, the Indian sepoys were discriminated against in terms of promotion and salary. While the
sepoys outnumbered the European soldiers, the former were not promoted to higher posts in the
army.
Political Causes: -Annexation of Awadh in 1856 was a blow to the prestige of the ruling classes,
the local population and the sepoys. Apart from Delhi, Awadh was the second most important
centre of the revolt. Multiple causes were present here in their true form. About three-fourth of the
Companys sepoys were recruited from Awadh and most of them were simply peasants in uniform.
Thus, any change in the agrarian set-up and in the cultural fabric would also be acutely felt by
them; Annexation of Awadh in 1856 on the pretext maladministration became an important cause
for many of those who participated. The annexation led to disbanding of the Nawabs army and
also affected the entire aristocracy, which in turn severely affected the economy of the region. In
Awadh, many taulkdars who lost their property as a result of the Summary Settlement in 1856
supported the rebels. The revolt was perhaps of the highest intensity in Awadh.
Initially, when the British were expanding their hold over India and consolidating their rule, they
were careful in showing due deference to Indian Princes and their privileges. But as their
confidence grew, there was an attempt by the British to take away the nominal authority of the
native. Princes and their pensions were greatly reduced. This created unease among the various
regional kingdoms. The earlier treaties made with the Indian Princes came to be increasingly
disregarded. Policies of Aggressive Annexation, and the Doctrine of Lapse were aggressively
followed under Lord Dalhousie and came to be widely resented. By following the Doctrine of
Lapse, the adopted sons of the deceased kings were derecognisied as heirs to the throne, which
subsequently led to the annexation a large number of kingdoms. Satara (1848), Nagpur,
Sambalpur and Baghat (1850), Udaipur (1852), and Jhansi (1853) to name a few, were annexed
by the British.
However, each of these states was brought under the British rule for their strategic value,
administrative and military. Annexation of Jhansi was important in order to further improve the
Companys internal adminis-tration in Bundelkhand. Satara was geographically placed between
two principal military stations in the Bombay Presidency, and lay along the main lines of
communication between Bombay and Madras. Nagpur was placed right across the main lines of
communication between Bombay and Calcutta. Aside from administrative expediency, Lord
Dalhousie had a firm belief that if placed under the direct administration of the Companys
Government, people would enjoy greater prosperity and happiness. In retrospect due to this
policy, the disgruntled and deposed Princes or guardians of some, of these annexed states
became leaders of the revolt in their regions.
Annexation of the Princely or Native States, which were previously left largely undisturbed, added
to the growing apprehension amongst the Princes regarding the future of their sovereignty The
forfeiture or reduction of the princely pensions also affected them and their dependants.

Agrarian Causes: The Summary Settlement of 1856, which was first introduced in the North
Western Provinces, was extended to Awadh Since its main aim was to bypass the middlemen in
the collection of revenues and to win the confidence of the agricultural populace, the settlement
was made-with the actual occupiers of the land and it disregarded all other proprietary rights. Due
to this, the talukdars, who functioned almost independently under the Nawab and extracted
exorbitant revenues, lost about half of their estates and the connected regalia. In most of the
regions there was an increase in the power and hold of the money-lenders and in the number of
absentee landlords.
The condition, of the peasants, however, only got worse. Heavy over assessment of land revenue
impoverished them. While talukdars used to appropriate the surplus produced by the peasant, the
extractive powers were limited and constrained by the relations of mutual interdependence
between the Nawab, talukdars, the peasants, and the traditional worldview of social norms at,
ob1igations, The British conquest assaulted this traditional world view, and removal of the king
had an emotional impact on the people of Awadh after its annexation in 1856.
One of the most important changes that took place in the early years of the British rule was the
introduction of the institution of private property rights in land. With this change, land became a
commodity, which could be bought, sold, rented or leased. If the landholder defaulted on his due,
he faced a real possibility of forfeiting his land. In point of fact, many of the new landed elites
emerged after buying the lands of the older landed classes who had either defaulted on their dues
or could not produce the title deeds.
Administrative Causes: The annexation of the Indian states did not only lead to dislocation of the
ruling elites and the local populace, but the British also actively followed the policy of
discrimination against the Indians. All high posts in the Companys government were reserved for
the Europeans.
The administrative machinery of the East India Company was inefficient and inadequate. Their
revenue policies were widely resented. Many districts in the newly annexed states were in the
state of perpetual revolt. Significant numbers of talukdars / hereditary landlords were deprived of
their position and resources. There was a large scale confiscation and auctioning of the estates.
The new revenue policies created a vicious circle of problems for all concerned. The old
aristocracy and landlords lost their power and lands; the new landlords thus created, extracted
mercilessly from the peasants but the demand being unreasonably high, often led to the landlords,
losing their land; and the peasants had to face perpetual hardship at the hands of the Companys
policies along with the demands of the landlords and ultimately fell under the debt-trap of the
money-lenders in an effort to meet the various fiscal demands.
Main Events of the Revolt of 1857
On March 29, 1857 at Barrackpore (now Barrackpur) near Calcutta, Mangal Pandey, a Bhumihar
Brahman sepoy of Ballia district of modern UP, attacked and injured his British sergeant on the
parade ground and wounded an Adjutant with a sword after failing to shoot at him. The officer in
charge, General Hearsay, ordered a Jamadaar of the troops, Ishwaria Pandey, to arrest Mangal
Pandey, which he refused to do as did the whole regiment. Pandey was executed. As a collective
punishment for his act and in an attempt to circumvent a possible revolt, the entire regiment was
subsequently disbanded.

On May 11, 1857 a band of discontented sepoys from Meerut marched to Red Fort, Delhi and
appealed to an aging Mughal Emperor Bhahdur Shah II, who had been reduced to the status of a
pensioner of the British, to become the leader of their Revolt and hailed him as the Emperor of
Hindustan. This marked the beginning of the widespread uprising by the sepoys. On June 4, the
sepoys of 2nd Calvary and the 1st Native Infantry rose up in mutiny in Kanpur, killing many British
men, women and children.
The Cawnpore (now Kanpur in U.P.) Massacre is the most infamous event in the revolts history.
The rebels under Nana Sahib attacked the British in Kanpur on June 6, 1857. The British suffered
heavy losses. The British, who were besieged in Kanpur, were promised a safe passage by Nana
Sahib to Allahbad on June 27, 1857. However, under some circumstances, the details of which
are still debated, the captives were attacked in their boats while on the river. The remaining were
held at Bibigarh. The rebels on hearing the news of the British rescue troops approaching from
Allahabad, hacked all the captives, which included 120 women and some children, to death and
threw them in a well in the compound. As the details of the massacre spread, the counter-
atrocities by the British increased and the rebels lost many pro-Indian rebel supporters amongst
the non-Indian populace.
Prominent Leaders of the Revolt
Bahadur Shah II, Nana Sahib, Begum Hazrat Mahal, Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, Khan Bahadur
Khan of Rohilkhand, Kunwar Singh of Arrah, Maulvi Ahmad-ullah of Faizabad, Tantia Tope and
Prince Firoz Shah of the Mughal royal family and raised the banner of the revolt in Mandasor
(M.P.)
Ques. 2 : Give a brief description of the suppresion of the revolt of 1857?
Ans. Towards the middle of 1857, the English started regaining the lost control. Under the
Governor-General Lord Canning, who gained the sobriquet of Clemency Canning on account of
his voice of reason against the demands for brutal retributions by the pro-British public on the
rebels, troops from Calcutta, the Punjab and Madras were galvanised. By July of 1858, the Revolt
was declared to be officially over. On July 16 1857, Bithur and Kanpur were wrestled away from
Nana Sahib, who, it is claimed, escaped to Nepal. Tantia Tope, his Prime Minister, threw his
forces behind Rani Lakshmibai.
Sir Archdale Wilson, Nicholson and Sir John Lawrence were the military officers who freed Delhi
from the rebels. The Kashmiri Gate in Delhi was blown up in September; the city and the Red Fort
were captured after desperate fighting. The city was sacked by the British soldiers and the people
were massacred mercilessly.
Delhi was captured on September 20, 1857, with Bahadur Shah II surrendering. He was found
guilty by trial and exiled with his favourite Queen Begum Zinnat Mahal and her sons in Rangoon.
He died on November 7, 1862. Three of his younger sons were shot dead publicly on September
2, 1857 at Khooni Darwaza, Delhi. In retribution, the British forces almost depopulated Delhi. The
siege of Delhi lasted from July 1, 1857 to September 21, 1857.
In Awadh, Lucknow was captured in March 1858, with Begum Hazrat Mahal escaping to Nepal
and Maulvi Ahmadullah killed in an encounter in June 1858. The struggle was carried forward by
the distressed talukdars till late 1858.

Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi is perhaps the most famous personality of the Revolt of 1857. Apart
from her bravery in combating the British forces, she is famous for her capture of the Gwalior Fort
in May-June, 1858. By capturing Gwalior, she had hoped to break the lines of communication
between the British in North India and the Bombay Presidency, Province, while simultaneously
garnering the support of the Marathas against the British. Alarmed, British army was dispatched
under Commander Sir Hugh Rose to capture Gwlior. Rani met her death on June 17, 1858,
during the battle for Gwalior.
The renowned Maratha leader and a close accomplice of Nana Sahib, Tantia Tope managed to
escape to the jungles of Central. India where he continued to fight the British forces in guerrilla
warfare only to be betrayed by a zamindar friend. He was captured while sleeping and sentenced
to death on April 15, 1859. By the end of 1859, all leaders of the revolt were dead with two of
them, Begum Hazrat Mahal and Nana Sahib escaping to Nepal.
The revolt was ruthlessly crushed by the British. The British adopted the policy of no prisoners,
which meant that the rebels were executed in massi. Large number of rebels were simply tied to
the mouth of the canons and blown to bits. Sometimes the entire pro-rebel villages were wiped
out. This British retaliation is called the Devils Wind and reflects the hostile mood of the time.
Ques. 3 : Briefly discuss the reasons of the failure of the revolt of 1857?
Ans.
(i) The revolt of 1857 failed because it suffered from weak leadership and was hardly organized.
This proved a major handicap when dealing with the well trained and equipped British troops.
(ii) The revolt failed to extend to all parts of the country, and large sections of the population did
not support it. And some sections infact threw their support behind the British. Some of the
loyalists were the Nizam of Hyderabad, Sikander Begum of Bhopal, Sir Jang Bahadur (Minister of
Nepal) and Maharaja Sindhia of Gwalior. There was absence of support from the intelligentsia.
(iii) The different groups of rebels fought for different reasons and served their respective leaders.
Each sought restoration of the order of their leaders. By hailing Bahadur Shah as the Emperor of
Hindustan, the rebels sought to revert back to the medieval political order rather than replace it
with an alternate political authority. Nana Sahib and Tantia Tope sought to revive the Maratha
power while Rani Lakshmibai, her own control over the lost territories.
Ques. 4 : Briefly discuss the changes introduced by the British after the revolt?
Ans. British control was re-established but some major changes in the administrative policies and
set-up were introduced
(1) After the revolt, the English East India Companys rule came to an end by the Act of 1858 and
the Proclamation of Queen Victoria. The administration of India was taken over directly by the
British Crown.
(2) The Governor-General of India was given an additional title, the Viceroy and was a
representative of the Crown By a special Act both, the Board of Directors and the Board of Control
were abolished. In their place the office of the Secretary of State for India was created. He was
assisted by an Indian Council of 15 members.

(3) The Indian Army was thoroughly reorganized. It had a higher proportion of Europeans in it and
they were to be responsible for manning the artillery and the field.
(4) The importance of having Native States as allies was realised during the revolt. Had more
Native States allied with the rebels then the British suzerainty would have faced a real threat.
Henceforth, concrete efforts were made to woo the Native Princes as allies. The policy of ruthless
conquest in India was given up. The British realised the mistake of antagonising the rulers of the
Indian states. Under the Proclamation, also known as the Magna Carta of the Indian people, which
was read out bye Lord Canning at a Durbar held at Allahabad on November 1, 1858, the earlier
treaties of the English East India Company with the Princes were affirmed. The Queens
Proclamation thus sought to pay due regard to the ancient traditions and customs of India. Indian
Princes were given the right to adopt. It marked an end to the policy of annexation and establish-
ment of almost feudal like relations between the Crown and the native princes.
(5) The Proclamation declared that all Indians would be eligible to enter the administrative services
on the basis of their education and ability, irrespective of race and creed. Administrative changes
were made in the executive, legislative and judicial arenas with greater participation of Indians.
This change was visible in the Indian Councils Act, of 1861, the Indian High Court Act of 1861 and
the Indian Civil Services Act of 1861. The beginnings of elective representation of Indians in
politics, which created competition amongst the various communities, can be traced back to the
post-revolt period.
(6) Unconditional pardon was granted to the rebels except those who had been responsible for the
murder of the British during the revolt.
(7) The post-revolt period saw the British actively pursuing the policy of divide and rule towards
the general populace. Two opposite policies,, were at work., While on one hand, India was being
brought under unified system of administration and governance, on the other hand, for political
necessity, Indias diversity was being highlighted in order to depict the claims and needs of
different sections as divergent. As late as 1942 Sir Stafford Cripps claimed in the great
subcontinent of India there is more than one people. This claim of diversity- was later countered
by the efforts of the nationalists to affirm the uniformity of Indians, which in turn often led to
papering over of the divergent demands of the different communities, regions and sections.
(8) The British believed that the Revolt of 1857 was instigated primarily by the Muslims when the
sepoys hailed the Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah II as the Emperor of Hindustan. Moreover, the
English were the direct successors of the Mughal rule, which lent credence to the belief of the
Muslim instigated revolt. Consequently, the British adopted conservative attitude towards the
Muslims for almost a decade after the revolt. It was only under the Governor-Generalship of Lord
Mayo and with the publication of Sir William Hunters book. The Indian Musalmans, in 1871 which
addressed the grievance of the Muslims of Bengal and their backward status in comparison to the
Hindus, that the British Government undertook some measures to alleviate the conditions of the
Muslims. The book presented the loss of Muslims as the gain of the Hindus. Later this work and
belief led to the growth of Muslim separatism and widened the fault lines between the two
communities.
(9) In the aftermath of the Revolt, India was made to bear the entire financial burden of the
outbreak and suppression of the revolt. The public debt of India increased approximately by 98
million sterling, which inturn added to the annual interest charges by 2 million sterlings.
Ques. 5 : Briefly discuss the nature of the revolt of 1857?

Ans. The main strands of debates on the nature of the Revolt of 1857 can be understood by four
main questions.
Was it merely a mutiny of sepoys or a civil rebellion?
A revolt or the first war of Indian Independence?
Was it popular or elitist in character?
An important feature observed in this was the Hindu-Muslim unity which adds another
dimension to the debate- if it was a secular revolt that cut across religious affiliations or a
religiously inspired jihad?
(1) Mutiny or Civil Rebellion
The earliest people to write about the Revolt of 1857 were members of the ruling colonial elite /
officials turned historians and they believed that it was a sepoy mutiny. In their opinion once law
and order broke down, the civil unrest gained in strength.
Sir John Lawrence; G. B. Malleson and R.C. Majumdar, Disraeli and Sir John Kaye - they believed
that the revolt was due to the increasing defence of the British Government and missionaries alike
in the socio-cultural fabric of the Indian which led Indians to feel threatened.
Talzim Khaldun- the Revolt of 1857 was a civil rebellion. He cites the support given by the
villagers to the rebels and how they provided rations and hourly intelligence. He also points to
prolonged continuation of resistance to the British well after the latters re-occupation in regions
like Chakradharpur and Sambalpur bordering Bengal.
(2) First war for Indias Independence
V. D. Savarkar and S. B. Chaudhuri Savarkar was the first one to claim that the revolt was War of
Independence. It is important to remember that in 1907 when Savarkar made such a claim, it was
aimed at mobilizing people in the emerging freedom movement!
But Was IT Realty the War of independence?
Each leader had his/her own reasons to fight the British- Nana Sahib, Rani Lakshmibai and Hazrat
Mahal were deposed rulers; Kunwar Singh was a disgruntled zamindar.
Leaders and rebels owned loyalty to their respective regions and leaders. The idea of pan-India
was as of then absent. They were patriotic rather than nationalistic. Moreover, not all the people in
British India participated in the revolt.
(3) Was it popular or elitist in character?
Marx believed it to be popular and identified the peasantry as the revolutionary force.
Talmiz Khalduns opines that the 1857 Revolt was developing into a peasant [and, therefore anti-
feudal] war against indigenous landlordism, and foreign-imperialism

P.C. Joshi Identifies the elitist nature of the leadership. The peasants fought against the new type
of landlords who were created by the policies of the British and not against the traditional
landlords.
(4) Was it secular or religious?
British officials serving in the North West Provinces were convinced of the Islamic character of the
revolt. Alfred Lyall, who served in the Bulandshahr district, wrote, the whole insurrection is a great
Mohomedan Conspiracy and the sepoys are merely the tools of the Mussulmans. It was felt that
the old Muslim elite had Conspired to arouse political rebellion among the masses. However, it
must be remembered Muslims alone had not arisen in rebellion. The causes of the revolt clearly
show that Hindu-Muslims alike had grievances against the British. Both hailed Bhahdur Shah II as
the Emperor of Hindustan because he symbolized the Mughal authority and a political order that
the British had recently displaced.
One of the recent developments in the records of the Revolt of 1857 has been the debunking of
the infamous theory of the greased cartridges. It was previously held that the newly introduced
Enfield cartridges, which had to be bitten off before loading them, were greased with the fats of pig
and cow. This was against the religious sentiments of the Muslims and the Hindus. Introduction of
such cartridges added to the trepidations of the people that the colonial government had as its
secret agenda, conversion of Indians to Christianity. However, careful study has uncovered that
the greased cartridges were given as an excuse to cover the real reasons, which were political,
economic and social in nature. The withdrawal of the bhatta was no less an important cause of the
revolt. Moreover, by forwarding a cause like greased cartridges, in a manner of speaking, re-
iterated the long held notions about the inferior intellect and senseless religiosity, of the Indians;
and it served as a convenient explanation for the outbreak of the revolt.
Ques. 6 : Briefly discuss the significance of the revolt of 1857?
Ans. The significance of the Revolt of 1857 lies in the fact that it voiced, though violently, the
grievances of various classes of people. The British were made to realise that all was not, under
control in British India. The Revolt was written about and discussed not only within the confines of
India but also in England, France and Germany. It is also interesting to note that amongst the
Indian intelligentsia, which was then focused in Bengal and did not support the rebels, the revolt
brought out the dilemma regarding their place and allegiance towards their native land.
One cannot identify just a singular cause for the outbreak of the revolt. To quote C.A. Bayly the
Indian Rebellion of 1857 was not one movement, be it a peasant revolt or a war a national
liberation; it was many. The lineaments of revolt differed vastly from district to district, even village
to village, and were determined by a complex counterpoint reflecting ecology, tenurial forms, and
the variable impact of the colonial state.
:: MCQ ::
1. 1) Annexation of Awadh
2) Role of Christian Missionaries
3) Military Grievances

4) Administrative Cause
Which of the above causes are the reason for revolt of 1857 ?
a) All of the above
b) 1 & 2
c) 2 & 3
d) 2, 3 & 4
Ans: A
1) Lord Canning was the Governor - General during Revolt of 1857.
2) The British adopted the policy of no prisioners in revolt of 1857.
3) Maulvi Ahmad-ullah was the leader of Lucknow during 1857 revolt.
a) All of the above
b) 1 & 2 only
c) 2 & 3 only
d) 1 & 3 only
Ans: B
3. Consider the following statements about changes of post 1857 revolt.
1) English East India Company rule came to end by the Act of 1858.
2) The Board of Directors & the Board of Control were abolished.
3) Lord Canning held a Darbar at New Delhi.
a) All of the above
b) 1 & 3 only

c) 1 & 2 only
d) 2 & 3 only
Ans: C
1) Book 'The Indian Musalmans' written by Sir Benjamin Dissaeli.
2) Indian Councils Act passed in 1861.
a) Both 1 & 2
b) 1 only
c) Neither 1 nor 2
d) 2 only
Ans: D
5. The whole insurrection is a great Mohanedan conspiracy & the sepoys are merely
the tools of the Musalmans.
Who had given this statement (in the context of 1857).
a) Alfred Lyall
b) G.B. Malleson
c) Disraeli
d) All of the above
Ans: A

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