7/13/09

Unit 3.1B
  Structured Qn 1 & 2
  Essay Qn 3 & 4

‘09 April TYS HmWk

Reproduction in Man

Structured Qn 1 Structured Qn 2
a)  A – Placenta; B – Amnion; C – Bladder; D – Vagina
a)  P: Sperm; Testis Q: Pollen; Anther
b)  It protects the fetus against mechanical injury.
b)  R is the tail which enables the sperm to swim up the
c)  (i) 1. Carbon dioxide vagina, uterus and oviduct to fuse with the egg. S is the
2. Urea pollen tube which grows and tunnels through the style
and ovary wall and into the embryo sac to fuse with the
(ii) Artery ovum.

d)  (i) Females have XX sex chromosomes (two X chromosomes) c)  Similarities : T is the nucleus and it contains
while males have XY chromosomes (one X chromosome) chromosomes.

e)  (ii) There are 47 chromosomes instead of the normal 46. Differences: T contains only half the number of
chromosomes.

Essay Qn 2
  Up to 500million sperm are released per ejaculation but
only one ovum is released per menstrual cycle.   Sperm cells are much smaller in size than the ovum,
which adds on their motility.
  Many sperm cells are needed as many of them do not
survive the acidic conditions of the vagina, so a higher   Although both types of cells carry the haploid number
number increases the chance of fertilization. of chromosomes, the ovum also contains much
nutrients required for the early stages after fertilization,
  Only one ovum as the uterus can optimally support one
adding on its mass and reducing motility.
embryo at a time.

  A sperm cell has a tail which enables it to be motile, while

the ovum is reliant on the cilia in the oviduct to move it.

  Sperm cells need to swim up the vagina, uterus and oviduct

to fertilize the egg.

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Essay Qn 3(a)
  Plants produce female gametes in ovules while male   The female gametes are non-motile and are held within
gametes are found in pollen grains. the ovary. The ovary is much bigger than pollen grains
and does not move.
  Pollen grains are a medium of transfer for the male
gametes from the anthers to the stigma for fertilization   There are much less female gametes as they being
process. fertilization is dependent on a pollen grain successfully
reaching the stigma of the flower they are in.
  More pollen grains are produced due to the nature of
pollination (by animal or wind) which can be   When the pollen grain reaches the stigma, a pollen
unpredictable and inconsistent. tube will grow to deliver the male gametes for fusion
with the female gametes.
  Larger number of pollen grains increases the chances of
successful fertilization.

Essay Qn 3(b) Essay Qn 4(a)

  Does not require fertilization to occur and requires   Placenta allows dissolved substances such as glucose,
only one parent. amino acids, mineral salts and oxygen to diffuse from
the mother’s blood into the fetus’ blood.
  Not reliant on external agencies such as wind and
animals for pollination.   It allows waste material such as urea and carbon
dioxide to diffuse from the fetus’ blood to the mother’s
  Daughter plants are genetically similar to the parent blood for excretion.
and retain the desirable qualities of the parent.
  It allows antibodies in the mother’s blood to diffuse
  The parent plant can provide nutrition for the growing into the fetal blood to enable the newborn to have
new plant. immunity against diseases.

  It produces progesterone to maintain the uterine lining

in a suitable state for the duration of the pregnancy.

Essay Qn 4(b)
  Cigarette smoke contains nicotine which stimulates release   Nicotine can also cause the blood vessels in the
of adrenaline, increasing heartbeat and blood pressure. umbilical cord to narrow and reduce the rate of
exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste between
  Together with carbon monoxide, they increase the risk of
fatty deposits in the endothelial lining of the blood vessels mother and fetus.
and risk of plaque formation and atherosclerosis.
  Carbon monoxide will reduce oxygen delivered to the
  Carbon monoxide also reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity fetus and affect its growth.
of blood by binding irreversibly to haemoglobin.

  Tar and other irritants also increase the risk of cancer,

bronchitis and emphysema in the mother.