SY 9111 UNIT I INTRODUCTION

SOLAR ENGINEERING

LTPC-3003 (9)

Basics of solar energy - Brief History of solar energy utilization - Various approaches of utilizing solar energy - Blackbody radiation- Relation between radiation field energy density and radiation spectrum - Plancks formula in energy unit - Maximum spectral density Plancks formula in wavelength unit - Wien displacement law - Stefan - Boltzmann law Photoelectric effect - Einsteins theory of photons - Einsteins derivation of the black-body formula. UNIT II ORIGIN OF SOLAR ENERGY, TRACKING SUNLIGHT & ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION

(12)

Basic parameters of the Sun - Measurement of the solar constant - The structure of the Sun The origin of solar energy - Rotation and orbital motion of the Earth around the Sun - Solar time, sidereal time, universal standard time, local standard time - Equation of time - Intensity of sunlight on an arbitrary surface at any time - Interaction with the atmosphere - Absorption of the molecules - Air mass - Rayleigh scattering - Direct and scattered sunlight. UNIT III SOLAR CELLS (9)

Formation of a pn junction - Space charge and internal field - Quasi - Fermi levels The Shockley diode equation - Structure of a solar cell - The solar cell equation Fill factor and maximum power - Various electron - hole-pair recombination mechanisms - Crystalline silicon solar cells - Thin film solar cells: CIGS, Cite and a silicon Tandem solar cells Dye - sensitized solar cells - Organic solar cells. UNIT IV CONCENTRATION OF SOLAR ENERGY (9)

Three types of imaging optics: trough or linear collectors, central receiver with heliostats, and parabolic dish concentrator with on - axis tracking- Solar thermal electricity using Stirling engine or Ranking engine - Solar photovoltaics with concentration. UNIT V ENERGY STORAGE (6)

Necessity of storage for solar energy- Chemical energy storage - Thermal energy storage Thermal Flywheels - Compressed air- Rechargeable batteries. PERIODS TOTAL : 4 5 REFERENCES 1. M. Stix, The Sun, An Introduction, Second Edition, Springer 2002 2. Duffie and W. A. Beckman, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Third Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2006 3. Nelson, The Physics of Solar Cells. Imperial College Press, 2003. 4. S. M. Sze, Principles of Semiconductor Devices, John Wiley & Sons, 1969. 5. B.G. Streetman and S. Banerjee, Solid State Electronic Devices, Sixth Edition, Prentice Hall, 2006.

SY 9112

SOLAR THERMAL TECHNOLOGY

LTPC-3003 (9)

UNIT I SOLAR COLLECTORS

Flat plate - Evaculated tube Concentrated - Pool and Air collectors - Construction Function - Suitability Comparison - Storage Tank - Solar Fluids. UNIT II SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEMS (9)

Integral Collector Storage System - Thermosyphon System - Open Loop, Drain Down, Drain Back, Antifreeze Systems - Refrigerant Solar Water Heaters - Solar Heated Pools - Solar Heated Hot Tubs and Spas. UNIT III SOLAR SPACE CONDITIONING SYSTEMS (9)

Liquid Type Solar Heating System With / Without Storage - Heat Storage Configurations Heat Delivery Methods - Air-Type Solar Heating Systems - Solar Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. UNIT IV OTHER SOLAR APPLICATIONS (9)

Solar Cooking Distillation - Desalination - Solar Ponds Solar Passive Architecture Solar Drying Solar Chimney. UNIT V SOLA ECONOMICS (9)

Application of economic methods to analyze the feasibility of solar systems to decide project / policy alternatives - Net energy analysis - and cost requirements for active and passive heating and cooling - for electric power generation - and for industrial process heating. PERIODS TOTAL: 45 REFERENCES 1. Bob Ramlow & Benjamin Nusz, Solar Water Heating, New Society Publishing, 2006. 2. John Canivan, Solar Thermal Energy, Sunny Future Press - 2003 3 Ronald L. Hulstrom, Solar Resources, MIT, 1989. 4. Charles Christopher Newton- Concentrated Solar Thermal Energy- Published by VDM Verlag, 2008 5. Ronald E. West and Frank Kreith, Economic Analysis of Solar Thermal Energy Systems, 1988 6. H.P.Garg, S.C.Mullick, A.K.Bhargava, D.Reidal, Solar Thermal Energy Storage Springer, 1985 7. H P Garg, M Dayal, G Furlan, Physics and Technology of Solar Energy- Volume I: Solar Thermal Applications, Springer, 1987 8. Sukhatme and Nayak, Solar Energy: Principles Of Thermal Collection And Storage, Tata McGraw.Hill, 2008.

SY 9123

SOLAR PHOTO VOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY

LTPC 3 00 3 (9)

UNIT I PHOTO VOLTAIC BASICS

Structure and working of Solar Cells - Types, Electrical properties and Behaviour of Solar Cells - Cell properties and design - PV Cell Interconnection and Module Fabrication - PV Modules and arrays - Basics of Load Estimation. UNIT II STAND ALONE PV SYSTEMS (9)

Schematics, Components, Batteries, Charge Conditioners - Balance of system components for DC and/or AC Applications - Typical applications for lighting, water pumping etc. UNIT III GRID CONNECTED PV SYSTEMS (9)

Schematics, Components, Charge Conditioners, Interface Components - Balance of system Components - PV System in Buildings. UNIT IV HYBRID SYSTEMS Solar, Biomass, Wind, Diesel Hybrid systems - Comparison and selection criteria for a given application. UNIT V DESIGN OF PV SYSTEMS Radiation and load data - Design of System Components for different PV Applications Sizing and Reliability - Simple Case Studies. PERIODS TOTAL: 45 REFERENCES 1. Nelson, J The Physics of Solar Cells. Imperial College Press, 2003. Thomas Markvart, Solar Electricit, John Wiley and Sons, 2001 2. Stuart R. Wenham, Martin A. Green, Muriel E. Watt, Richard Corkish (Editors), Applied Photovoltaics, Earthscan, 2008 3. Michael Boxwell, The Solar Electricity Handbook, Code Green Publishing, UK, 2009 4. Rik DeGunther, Solar Power Your Home for Dummies, Wiley Publishing Inc, 2008 5. Photovoltaics: Design and Installation Manual, Published by Solar Energy International. (9) (9)

EY 9157

ADVANCED THERMAL STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES

LTPC 3 00 3

UNIT I INTRODUCTION

(8)

Necessity of thermal storage types-energy storage devices comparison of energy storage technologies - seasonal thermal energy storage - storage materials. UNIT II SENSIBLE HEAT STORAGE SYSTEM (9)

Basic concepts and modeling of heat storage units - modeling of simple water and rock bed storage system use of TRNSYS pressurized water storage system for power plant applications packed beds. UNIT III REGENERATORS (10)

Parallel flow and counter flow regenerators finite conductivity model non linear model transient performance step changes in inlet gas temperature step changes in gas flow rate parameterization of transient response heat storage exchangers. UNIT IV LATENT HEAT STORAGE SYSTEMS (9)

Modeling of phase change problems temperature based model - enthalpy model - porous medium approach - conduction dominated phase change convection dominated phase change. UNIT V APPLICATIONS (9)

Specific areas of application of energy storage food preservation waste heat recovery solar energy storage green house heating power plant applications drying and heating for process industries. TOTAL 45 PERIODS TEXT BOOKS: 1. Ibrahim Dincer and Mark A. Rosen, Thermal Energy Storage Systems and Applications, John Wiley & Sons 2002. REFERENCES: 1. Schmidt.F.W and Willmott.A.J, Thermal Storage and Regeneration, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 1981. 2. Lunardini.V.J, Heat Transfer in Cold Climates, John Wiley and Sons 1981.

IC 9162

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

LTPC 3 00 3

UNIT I GOVERNING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION & FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD (10) Classification, Initial and Boundary conditions Initial and Boundary Value problems Finite difference method, Central, Forward, Backward difference, Uniform and non uniform Grids, Numerical Errors, Grid Independence Test. UNIT II CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER (10)

Steady one-dimensional conduction, Two and three dimensional steady state problems, Transient one-dimensional problem, Two-dimensional Transient Problems. UNIT III INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW (10)

Governing Equations, Stream Function Verticity method, Determination of pressure for viscous flow, SIMPLE Procedure of Patankar and Spalding, Computation of Boundary layer flow, finite difference approach. UNIT IV CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER & FEM (10)

Steady One-Dimensional and Two-Dimensional Convection diffusion, Unsteady one dimensional convection diffusion, Unsteady two-dimensional convection Diffusion Introduction to finite element method solution of steady heat conduction by FEM Incompressible flow simulation by FEM. UNIT V TURBULENCE MODELS (5)

Algebraic Models One equation model, K Models, Standard and High and Low Reynolds number models, Prediction of fluid flow and heat transfer using standard codes. TEXT BOOKS : 1. Muralidhar, K., and Sundararajan, T., Computational Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 1995. 2. Ghoshdasdidar, P.S., Computer Simulation of flow and heat transfer Tata McGrawHill Publishing Company Ltd., 1998. 3. Subas, V.Patankar Numerical heat transfer fluid flow, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 1980. REFERENCES : 1. Taylor, C and Hughes, J.B. Finite Element Programming of the Navier-Stokes Equation, Pineridge Press Limited, U.K., 1981. 2. Anderson, D.A., Tannehill, J.I., and Pletcher, R.H., Computational fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, USA,1984. 3. Fletcher, C.A.J. Computational Techniques for Fluid Dynamics 1 Fundamental and General Techniques, Springer Verlag, 1987. 4. Fletcher, C.A.J. Computational Techniques for fluid Dynamics 2 Specific Techniques for Different Flow Categories, Springer Verlag, 1987. 5. Bose, T.X., Numerical Fluid Dynamics Narosa Publishing House, 1997.

SY 9152

INSTRUMENTATION FOR SOLAR SYSTEMS

LTPC 3 00 3 (9)

UNIT I MEASUREMENT CHARACTERISTICS

Instrument Classification - Characteristics of Instruments Static and Dynamic Experimental Analysis. UNIT II SOLAR RADIATION MEASUREMENTS (9)

ngstrm and Thermoelectric Pyrheliometers - Thermoelectric Pyranometer with / without Shading Ring - Inverted Pyranometer Sun-Photometer - ngstrm Pyrgeometer Pyradiometer. UNIT III MEASUREMENT OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES Instruments for Measuring Temperature, Pressure, Velocity and Volume Flow Rate. UNIT IV FLOW VISUALISATION (9) (9)

Dye and Smoke Visualization - Molecular Tagging Velocimetry - Digital Particle Image Velocimetry - Surface Temperatures Sensing with Thermochromic Liquid Crystals - Pressure and Shear Sensitive Coatings. Heat Flux Measurements. UNIT V MEASUREMENT ANALYSIS (9)

Data plotting and interpretation - Systematic and Random errors, Error analysis.- Uncertainty - Experimental planning and selection of measuring instruments, Reliability of instruments. TOTAL: 45 PERIODS REFERENCES 1. Holman, J.P., Experimental methods for engineers, McGraw-Hill, 1958. 2. Barney, Intelligent Instrumentation, Prentice Hall of India, 1988. 3. Solar radiation hand book, Indian Metrological Department, 2008 4. J. A. Duffie and W. A. Beckman, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Second edition, John Wiley, New York, 1991 5. D. Y. Goswami, F. Kreith and J. F. Kreider, Principles of Solar Engineering, Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia, 2004.

RA 9162 ENERGY FORECASTING, MODELING AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIT I ENERGY CONSERVATION (10)

Avenues for Energy Conservation - Energy Conservation in Pumps, Fans, Blowers Refrigeration Equipments - Heat Rejection Equipments - Insulation - Efficient Lighting and Economics. UNIT II FORECASTING MODEL (10)

Forecasting Techniques - Regression Analysis - Double Moving Average Double Experimental Smoothing - Triple Experiential Smoothing ARIMA model Validation techniques Qualitative forecasting Delphi technique - Concept of Neural Net Works. UNIT III OPTIMIZATION MODEL (10)

Principles of Optimization - Formulation of Objective Function - Constraints Multi Objective Optimization Mathematical Optimization Software Development of Energy Optimization Model - Development of Scenarios Sensitivity Analysis - Concept of Fuzzy Logic. UNIT IV PROJECT MANAGEMENT (10)

Project Preparation Feasibility Study DPR - Project Appraisal Social-cost benefit Analysis - Project Cost Estimation Project Risk Analysis - Project Financing Financial Evaluation. UNIT V RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR COOLING (5)

Solar Energy - Bio Energy - Other Renewable Energy Sources for Cooling Purpose Cost Analysis. TEXT BOOKS: 1. S. Makridakis, Wiley (1983) Forecasting Methods and applications. 2. Yang X.S. (2008) Introduction to mathematical optimization: From linear programming to Metaheuristics, Cambridge, Int. Science Publishing. REFERENCES: 1. Austin H. Church, centrifugal pumps and blowers, John Wiley and sons, 1980. 2. Fred Luthans, Organisational Behaviour, McGraw Hill, lnc, USA, 1992. 3. Armstrong, J.Scott (ed.)(2001). Principles of forecasting: a hand book for researchers and practitioners, Norwell, Masschusetts:Kluwer Academic Publishers.

EY 9163

SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS

LTPC 3 00 3 (9)

UNIT I SOLAR RADIATION AND COLLECTORS

Solar angles - day length, angle of incidence on tilted surface - Sunpath diagrams - shadow determination - extraterrestrial characteristics - measurement and estimation on horizontal and tilted surfaces - flat plate collector thermal analysis - heat capacity effect - testing methods-evacuated tubular collectors - concentrator collectors classification - design and performance parameters - tracking systems - compound parabolic concentrators - parabolic trough concentrators - concentrators with point focus - Heliostats performance of the collectors. UNIT II APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR THERMAL TECHNOLOGY (9)

Principle of working, types - design and operation of - solar heating and cooling systems solar water heaters thermal storage systems solar still solar cooker domestic, community solar pond solar drying. UNIT III SOLAR PV FUNDAMENTALS (9)

Semiconductor properties - energy levels - basic equations of semiconductor devices physics. Solar cells - p-n junction: homo and hetro junctions - metal-semiconductor interface - dark and illumination characteristics - figure of merits of solar cell efficiency limits variation of efficiency with band-gap and temperature - efficiency measurements - high efficiency cells - preparation of metallurgical, electronic and solar grade Silicon - production of single crystal Silicon: Czokralski (CZ) and Float Zone (FZ) method - Design of a complete silicon GaAs- InP solar cell - high efficiency III-V, II-VI multi junction solar cell; a-Si-H based solar cells-quantum well solar cell - thermophotovoltaics. UNIT IV SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM DESIGN&APPLICATIONS (9) Solar cell array system analysis and performance prediction- Shadow analysis: reliabilitysolar cell array design concepts - PV system design - design process and optimization detailed array design - storage autonomy - voltage regulation - maximum tracking use of computers in array design - quick sizing method - array protection and trouble shooting centralized and decentralized SPV systems - stand alone - hybrid and grid connected system System installation - operation and maintenances - field experience - PV market analysis and economics of SPV systems. UNIT V SOLAR PASSIVE ARCHITECTURE (9) Thermal comfort - heat transmission in buildings- bioclimatic classification passive heating concepts: direct heat gain - indirect heat gain - isolated gain and sunspaces - passive cooling concepts: evaporative cooling - radiative cooling - application of wind, water and earth for cooling; shading - paints and cavity walls for cooling - roof radiation traps - earth air-tunnel. energy efficient landscape design - thermal comfort - concept of solar temperature and its significance - calculation of instantaneous heat gain through building envelope. TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

TEXT BOOKS: 1. Sukhatme & Nayak Solar Energy, Tata McGraw Hill, 2008. 2. Kreider, J.F. and Frank Kreith, Solar Energy Handbook, McGraw Hill, 1981. 3. Goswami, D.Y., Kreider, J. F. and & Francis., Principles of Solar Engineering, 2000. REFERENCES: 1. Garg H P., Prakash J., Solar Energy: Fundamentals & Applications, Tata McGraw Hill, 2000. 2. Duffie, J. A. and Beckman, W. A., Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, John Wiley, 1991. 3. Alan L Fahrenbruch and Richard H Bube, Fundamentals of Solar Cells: PV Solar Energy Conversion, Academic Press, 1983. 4. Larry D Partain, Solar Cells and their Applications, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 1995. 5. Roger Messenger and Jerry Vnetre, Photovoltaic Systems Engineering, CRC Press, 2004. 6. Sodha, M.S, Bansal, N.K., Bansal, P.K., Kumar, A. and Malik, M.A.S. Solar Passive Building, Science and Design, Pergamon Press, 1986. 7. Krieder, J and Rabi, A., Heating and Cooling of Buildings: Design for Efficiency, McGraw-Hill, 1994.

SY 9153

MATERIALS FOR SOLAR DEVICES

LTPC 3 00 3 (9)

UNIT I MATERIALS FOR SOLAR COLLECTORS

Collector Materials for Low, Medium and High Temperature Applications Glazing Materials, Optical Materials - Absorber Coatings, Insulations, Desiccants, Use of Plastics Reliability and Durability of Solar Collectors - Environmental Degradation of Low Cost Solar Collectors. UNIT II MATERIALS FOR SOLAR CELLS. (9)

Silicon, Cadmium Telluride, Galium-Arsenic, GaInP / GaAs / Ge - Thin Film, Single Crystalline, Polycrystalline Materials - Multi Junction and Tandem Junction Solar Cells Low Cost and High Efficiency Materials - Conversion Efficiency of Solar Cells. UNIT III THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS (9)

Thermal Storage Concepts - Materials for Sensible and Latent Heat Energy Storage. Organic, Inorganic Eutectic Materials, Materials for Low and High Temperature Storage Applications. UNIT IV ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS (9)

Chemical storage Concepts - Rechargeable Batteries Types, Operating range, Comparison and suitability for various applications - Super Capacitors. UNIT V BALANCE OF SYSTEM MATERIALS & COST ANALYSIS (9)

Functional requirements of other materials for components like Invertors, Charge Controllers, Wires, Pipes, Valves, etc. and identification of suitable materials Simple Cost Analysis for alternative selection of materials - Case studies. TOTAL : 45 PERIODS REFERENCES : 1. Sukhatme and Nayak , Solar Energy: Principles Of Thermal Collection & Storage, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2008 2. Nelson, J, The Physics of Solar Cells, Imperial College Press, 2003. 3. Jef Poortmans and Vladimir Arkhipov, Thin Film Solar Cells, John Wiley, 2008 4. Thomas Markvart, Solar Electricity, John Wiley and Sons, 2001 5. A.R. Jha, Solar Cell Technology and Applications, Aurbach Publications, 2010 6. H.P.Garg., S.C.Mullick, A.K.Bhargava, D.Reidal, Solar Thermal Energy Storage, Springer, 1985 . 7. Ibrahim Dincer and Marc A Rosan, Thermal Energy Storage: Systems and Applications, John Wiley, 2002 8. Thomas P J Crompton, Battery Reference Book, NEWNES, 2000