A LUSOSPHERICAL TRIANGLE Pradip Baksi

ABSTRACT: This paper is about a Lusospherical triangle, the vertices of which are, geographically speaking, located at Lisboa/Lisbon, Kolkata/Calcutta and So Paulo and, conceptually speaking in some responses to the mutually interrelated grammatical, aesthetic and mathematical domains of the Northern and Western Mediterranean Basin Culture. These responses came, respectively , from: Manoel da Assumpam /Manuel da Assumpo [c. 1700+; dates of birth and death still unknown] of Portugal, Henry Louis Vivian Derozio [1809-1831] of Bengal, India and, Ubiratan DAmbrosio [1932-] of Brazil. The assumption that the planet Earth is spherical is an oversimplification. The geographical contours of these three cities , consequently the latitudes and longitudes of their centers, the conceptual concerns and priorities of the domains of grammars, aesthetics and mathematics and, their interrelationships have shifted in the past, are continuing to shift at present and, will probably shift in future along many random, chaotic, complex, dynamic and nonlinear paths; hence, the title of the paper is provisional and tentative. It is a first approximation of many complex and chaotic grids of conceptual networks. The title will probably be changed into something else by the future

investigators of the various conceptual networks of this and similar cultural spheres. KEYWORDS: Lusosphere; Grammar; Aesthetics; Mathematics.

We are now living in a time which resembles the intellectual effervescence of the Middle Ages. It is thus justifiable to speak of a new renaissance. Ubiratan DAmbrosio, 2006: 19

1. DATA

LUSOSPHERE Lusosphere is the cultural sphere, created by the people of Portuguese ancestry and/or, the Portuguese speaking people of the world, over the last several centuries. On this term see: Seminar, #630, February 2012 [see link in the References below (henceforth, see link)]. In this paper the geometrical terms have been used in their literal and metaphorical senses. The usage is literal, because one may provisionally use a spherical triangle to join the central points of the three cities of Lisboa, Kolkata and So Paulo on the planet earth. This usage is metaphorical, because here we are dealing with the circulation of some ideas over a cultural triangle in the widest sense of the term. The centers of these three urban landscapes, the various aspects of human culture of these three cities, including their relative positions within the Lusosphere, the trajectories of grammars, aesthetics and mathematics and, their mutual relationships in human culture have changed, are changing and, will probably continue to change over time. That is why there is some uncertainty about the possible title of the paper.

VERTEX ONE: GRAMMAR Aquas do Gange, e a terra de Bengala Fertil de sort que outra no lhe iguala. Os Lusiadas, VII. 20 Manoel da Assumpam /Manuel da Assumpo, was born [date of birth not known] in Evora, Portugal, where he entered the Order of the Augustinians [Zwartjes, 2011: 2

58], wrote the first standardized grammatical instructions for the Bangla [Bengali] language [Assumpam, 1743: 1-40], while staying in Naagari, Gaazipur, Faridpur, in rural South East Bengal [now in Bangladesh], during the years 1734-37. He wrote it in the Latin script, based on the model of Latin and/or Latinized Portuguese grammar. Latin grammars were based on the model of Greek grammars. Though systematic investigations on the languages of South Asia date back to many centuries [Yaskacharya, c. 500 BCE; Panini, c. 4th century BCE; see links], no attempt was made, before Assumpam, by any local author to write a Bangla Vyakaran [see link] based on the model of standardized Sanskrit, Prakrit or, Pali Vyakaran, and Persian or Arabic grammars, already known to the local literati [Mandal, 2002]. It may be mentioned in this connection that more than a dozen lexicons and grammars of Persian were written in India, in Sanskrit, between the fourteenth and eighteenth centuries [Truschke, 2012]. It is also of interest to note that no one attempted to write a grammar of Bengali before Assumpam, in spite of the fact that written old and medieval Bengali literature consisted of 1000/2000 volumes of poetic texts [Shastri, 1901] and, have been dated back to a period between the 8th and 12th centuries [Shastri, 1916]. Assumpam brought his manuscript to Lisboa in 1737. It was published there, as a part of a book of 592 pages in 1743. Thus, the first vertex or, the grammatical vertex, of our Lusospherical triangle emerged from Lisboa, as an attempted imposition of the grammatical culture of the Northern and Western Mediterranean Basin Culture upon the language(s) of the people of South Asia, which includes Bengal. In South Asia this process of imposition of the linguistic hegemony of Latin grammar over local languages started about a couple of centuries before the publication of the first ever grammar of Bangla in 1743. Henrique Henriques/Anrique Anriquez [1520-1600] reputedly wrote the first Northern and Western Mediterranean Basin style grammar of spoken Tamil [Rajamanickam, 1968], despite the existence of Vyakarans of old standardized Tamil like the Tolkappiyam, evolving since c. 100 BCE [Zvelebil, 1974: 9]. Within the Northern and Western Mediterranean Basin countries, the attempts at imposing the structure of Greek-Latin grammar over the various languages spoken by the various people of Europe began slightly earlier. It began in Spain, together with the simultaneous aim of imposing that structure over the languages of the people of the possible future colonies of the Spanish crown, when Antonio de Nebrija [1441-1522] presented his Gramatica de la lengua castellana [1492] to Isabella I of Castile. These attempts were motivated by various religio-cultural and politico-economic aspirations of the milieu of their authors and, shaped by the conditions available to the colonizers on ground [La Rosa, 1995-1996]. Their aims succeeded and failed at varying levels from time to time. The first grammar of Bangla is a product of that bygone era of Late Middle Bengali Language [1400-1800], when Persian was the court language, Portuguese was the lingua franka and, various dialects of Bangla were the mother tongues of most of the people of Bengal. 3

Later scholars have noted that Assumpam discussed only the morphology and syntax of Bangla but, did not say anything about its phonetics [Kaium, 2012: 28]. It may be mentioned here, that even though writing in those days of dominance of Latin grammar over the consciousness of Portuguese missionary grammarians, Assumpam made the sociolinguistic observation that Bengali has a colloquial and, a more prestigious Brahminical style [Zwartjes, 2011: 59]; that it does not entirely correspond with Latin. He also compared Bengali with Hebrew and Aramaic (Chaldean) [ibidem: 60]. He was guided by the dominant ideological belief that the missionaries are duty bound to learn the local languages of the people of their respective areas of residence, in the interests of proselytization [ibidem: 61]. In other words, even at that moment of imposition of the dominant grammatical culture of the Northern and Western Mediterranean Basin over the linguistic cultures and styles of Bengal, Assumpams work reflected some elements of linguistic truth, certain cultural cosmopolitanism and, a morality based on a missionary sense of commitment to the needs of proselytization. Assumpams Breve Compendio da Grammatica Bengala is a small part [pp.1-40] of his large book. The rest of the book has 2 parts: Vocabolario: Bengala-Portuguez [41-306]; and, Vocabolario: Portuguez-Bengala [307-592]. The last 20 pages of this book contain semantically arranged lists of words; such as, the names of the days of the lunar fortnights, numerals, planets and, most interestingly, the names of some books about the sects, laws and sciences of the gentiles [Zwartjes, 2011: 58]. The structures of these lists remind one of the Nighantu and Nirukta of Yaskacharya and, of the Amarakosha [c. 400-600] of Amarsingha [see links]. Nothing is known about the level of Assumpams exposure to classical Greek, Latin, Portuguese, Persian and Sanskrit lexicography and grammar. However, Faridpur, where he stayed and worked, was very famous for Sanskrit, Persian and Arabic learning, for a considerably long period of time; and, he or the other Portuguese missionaries who may have helped Assumpam in this task, might have come in contact with some of the local scholars. Assumpam became the Rector of the Church of St. Nicolao of Tolentino [St. Nicholas of Torentino], located at Naagari [see links], in the Reyno de Bengala, in the year 1742. The place and date of his death remain unknown. Assumpam began a process of standardizing codified literary Bengali language in the image of Latin. This task was subsequently taken up by the English missionaries and some members of the Bengali Bhadralok [see link] literati of the nineteenth century, under the dual influences of Latinized English grammars and Sanskrit grammars popular in Bengal of their time. This period in the history of Bengal is called the Bengal Renaissance [see link; Sen, 1946]. An important human component of that process was a group of young men known as the Derozians or, the Young Bengal [see link], who were inspired by the rationalist spirit of their young Luso-Anglo-Bengali teacher Henry Louis Vivian Derozio, poet, philosopher and free-thinker [Edwards, 1884: 1]. His interventions in aesthetics gave rise to our second vertex in early nineteenth century. 4

VERTX TWO: AESTHETICS In splendour London now eclipses Romeand in similar respects, Calcutta rivals the head of empire. But in no respect can she appear so eminently so, as in her publicationsIf in Europe, the number of publications gives the ground to ratiocinate the learning and refinement of particular cities, we may place Calcutta in rank above Vienna, Copenhagen, Petersburg, Madrid, Venice, Turin, Naples or even Rome. William Dune, in The World (Calcutta), October 1791; quoted in Schwarz, 2000:563 There were two places in India where the most recent works issued from the press of Britain could be found. These were the shelves of the most enterprising booksellers and the library of Derozio, frequently the latter alone. Edwards, 1884: 7-8 Henry Louis Vivian Derozio [18 April 1809-26 December 1831] was born, grew up and died in the city of Calcutta/Kolkata, Bengal, India. His mother Sophia Johnson was from Hampshire, England. She married his father Francis Derozio, Chief Accountant of a mercantile firm, at Calcutta. Henrys grandfather Michael Derozio/DeRozario [1742-1809] was a Portuguese Merchant and Agent in the city [Derozio, 2001: III]. Henrys mother died in 1815 and, he was admitted at the enlightened Scottish educator David Drummonds Durrumtollah Academy in the same year. The curriculum in that school at that time included English, Latin, Greek, French, Bengali, Persian, Arithmetic, Book-Keeping, Geography, Astronomy, Geometry, Trigonometry, Algebra and Drawing [Mukhopadhyay, 2004: 228-230]. Henry received his instructions there up to the age of 14. For the remaining 8 years of his life, he continued to educate himself. He worked for a while as a clerk in the mercantile firm where his father was employed and, in an indigo plantation at Bhagalpur, Bihar. In the year 1826 he became a sub-editor of the India Gazette and, the fourth teacher of the Hindu College, both at Calcutta. His first collection of poems came out in 1827 and the second collection in 1828 [Derozio, 2001: VI and 507]. He taught English Literature and History in the college and, was respected and loved by his students as he encouraged them to examine every issue critically. For this very reason he was slandered by the conservative sections of the gentry of Calcutta, dominant in the governing body of the college and in the local press. He was forced to resign from the post of teacher in the College on 25 April 1831. He established a daily newspaper named the East Indian on the 1st of June and, died of cholera on the 26th of December the same year. During the period 1760-1840, the languages used in Calcutta and its environs included Arabic, Bengali, English, Hindustani, Persian, Portuguese and Sanskrit [Clark, 1956: 453]. Portuguese was one of the main lingua francas in the Indian 5

Ocean worlds of trade and law during the founding first decades of Calcutta [Raj, 2011: 61].Six years after Derozios death, that is in the year 1837, there were 3181 Portuguese, 3138 English, 4746 Eurasians and, 165385 Bengalis in Calcutta [Finch, 1850: 172]. Hence, it may be said that both ethnologically and linguistically speaking Calcutta of Derozios time belonged to multiple linguistic and cultural spheres and, Lusosphere was one among those. Derozios ancestry is connected to the Lusosphere on one side and to the Anglosphere on the other. He was exposed to the aesthetics of the Northern and Western Mediterranean Basin Culture mainly through the medium of English language and literature, in India. He is one of the first Indian English poets and thinkers born and brought up in Bengal. He was among the few sparks that ignited the Bengal Renaissance; and, for that single reason alone he not only belongs to the modern Bengalosphere, through the attainments of his students and their followers, he is one of its principal architects. Of his many contributions, those related to his critique of the then dominant canons of European art, literature and aesthetics are the objects of our special attention in this paper. In his article On the Influence of Poetry, published in the India Gazette on Friday, the 22nd of January 1830, he wrote: we are not insensible to the truth of much that has been written by Milton, Shakespeare, Dante, Burns, Byron, Shelly, Wordsworth and Campbell, but even in the writings of these great men, how many sentiments are to be found, which, in their general consequences, may be productive of more evil than good? Granting, however, that none such may be discovered in their works, can we not name a host, the greater portion of whose writings have the most direct tendency to degrade human nature, to beautify timesanctioned fallacies, to give greater currency to erroneous opinions, and, in short to retard the moral and intellectual advancement of human nature? Derozio continued: Let it not be understood from the general tenor of the preceding remarks, that we are opposed to the cultivation of poetry. Let us not be charged with a heresy which we loath. On the contrary we wished to see a radical reform even among poets; and we hope that this age of investigation will direct its attention to a subject concerning which more false notions prevail than any other with which we are acquainted. Poetry cannot be destroyed; for it is the production of taste and imagination, and the expression of passion. It only indicates the existence of these, and while they exist, they will operate; and the result of their operation will be poetry and the fine arts. The hope that aspires to eradicate them from the human mind is impotent, and will fail; but that which endeavors to secure for them a proper direction needs only a persevere, and its object will be attained. The stream of poetic thought has generally flowed through poisonous channels, corruption. Let it be the aim of the present age to open new springs; let the mind engage in voyages for the discovery of happiness; let the poet abandon war, misanthropy, romances and false feeling and let his enthusiasm be on that side which espouses mans best interest; let it be his object to improve, while he 6

delights, and to promote the advancement of society, while he scatters flowers along its path: and he may rest assured that fame will not only await his steps but that he will attain a high rank among the best benefactors of mankind [Derozio, 2001: 321-322]. This text has been hailed as Henry Derozios Manifesto on the New Indian Aesthetics [Williams, 2008a; for an acquaintance with Derozios poetic creativity see Williams, 2007 and 2008b]. Our second vertex, located in Calcutta/Kolkata, is about a critique of Western and Northern Mediterranean Basin style literary canons and aesthetics of early nineteenth century. In a sense Derozio was a Tolstoy in art and literature, about one hundred years before Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy [1828-1910]. Our third vertex is about a Tolstoy in mathematics about one hundred years after Tolstoy, involved in evolving a programme of reevaluation and reconstruction of the plural grammatical [structural] and aesthetic [creative] heritages of mathematics on our planet. It is now called the Ethnomathematics [see links] Programme. Many Portuguese speaking persons as well as many people from outside the Lusosphere are associated with it. In the present paper we are drawing the attention of our readers to one of its central figures: he is Ubiratan DAmbrosio [see link] of So Paulo, Brazil.

VERTEX THREE: MATHEMATICS No sou nada. Nunca serei nada. No posso querer ser nada. parte isso, tenho em mim todos os sonhos Do mundo. Tabacaria, lvaro de Campos, 1928; quoted in DAmbrosio, A. S. and B.S. DAmbrosio, 2007: 1 7

Ubiratan DAmbrosio [born 8 December 1932- , in So Paulo] is an Emeritus Professor of the State University of Campinas, So Paulo, Brazil. He is recipient of the Kenneth Ownsworth May Medal of History of Mathematics (2001) granted by the International Commission of History of Mathematics and, of the Felix Klein Medal of Mathematics Education (2005) granted by the International Commission of Mathematics Instruction. He is an historian and educator of mathematics and science, a transdisciplinarian and, activist of the movements devoted to transculturalism and peace in the world. He is one of the principal organizers and leading figures of the Ethnomathematics movement, oriented on studying many kinds of mathematics as components of various human mathematical cultures on planet earth. He was trained in, conducted investigations on and, taught various branches, topics and aspects of the currently globally dominant Northern and Western Mediterranean Basin style mathematics in Brazil, Italy, USA and Mali. He arrived at his early ideas of ethnomathematics in 1970. His ideas and the Ethnomathematics Programme are still evolving [see DAmbrosio, Ubiratan and Beatriz Silva DAmbrosio, 2013]. Competent people have written about the intellectual contributions of Ubiratan DAmbrosio to ethnomathematics [Scott, 2011]. I personally think that in view of his still evolving encyclopedic interests and multiple engagements as an activist, it is not possible to say anything final about his lasting contributions right now. This much can be said, however, that irrespective of the global academic acceptance or rejection of the ethnomathematics programme in near or distant future, the days of world-wide uncritical acceptance of all the dogmas of mid-nineteenth-century Northern and Western Mediterranean Basin mathematical culture as The Mathematics are over. In the present and future context of literacy, matheracy and technoracy [DAmbrosio, 1998], when heutagogy [Hase and Kenyon, 2001; 2007] and virtual open schooling are poised to replace the old preconceptions and infrastructures of instruction, then the schools and universities of the world may choose to ignore Ubiratan DAmbrosios sage advice only at their own peril.

2. DISCUSSION
Grammars represent the structures of codified literary languages. Literatures in such languages reflect the hegemonic literary canons and aesthetics of a given place and time. All mathematics happens to be codified languages of various kinds, the strings of symbols/alphabets of which have their domain-specific formation rules and transformation rules; that is to say, they have their grammars. Mathematical literature of a given place and time are expressions of human imagination and creativity and, as creative literature they reflect the hegemonic mathematicalliterary canons and aesthetics of that place and that time. It is in this sense that grammars, aesthetics and mathematics are connected to, and, enter into, each 8

other, within the sphere of human culture and, within the many specific linguisticcultural spheres that constitute the totality of it. Any three points on the surface of a sphere describing a spherical triangle may be joined by various deterministic curves like the great circles or, by non-deterministic curves like the contours of a natural coastline or, by other suitable arbitrary and random curves. The curves joining our grammatical and aesthetic vertices may represent the various forms of art, literature (including mathematical literature), technology and science; the curves joining the aesthetic and mathematical vertices may represent mathematical imagination and creativity in the various fields of mathematics and in the mathematized disciplines; and, the curves joining the mathematical and grammatical vertices may represent various kinds of mathematical and stochastic context free grammars, mathematical and statistical soft wares , computational linguistics etc. etc.

The probable grammatical, aesthetic and, mathematical networks of the Lusosphere of today and tomorrow may be more competently handled by future investigators with the aid of insights, images and metaphors generated by the ongoing study of the culturomics [Michel et al, 2011] and, that of the statistics and analysis of natural and random fractals [Gao et al, 2012]. Similar investigations may also be conducted about the various components of the Sinosphere, Hispanosphere, Anglosphere, Hindosphere, Arabosphere, Bengalosphere [Phani et al, 2012], Russosphere, Francosphere, and Persosphere among others. It is thus very likely that a future treatment of the theme of the present paper will carry a very different title.

REFERENCES Amarsingha, [c. 400-600], Amarakosha; available at: http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_z_misc_amarakosha.html

Assumpam, Manoel da/ Assumpo, Manuel da [1743], Breve Compendio da Grammatica Bengala. In: Vocabolario em idioma Bengala, e Portuguez dividido em duas partes, 1-40. Lisboa: Na Offic. De Francisco da Sylva. Livrerio da Academia Real, e do Senado. Bengal Renaissance: http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/B_0418.HTM Bhadralok: http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/B_0442.HTM Clark, T.W [1956], The Languages of Calcutta, 1760-1840, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Volume 18, Number 3: 453474. DAmbrosio, Ubiratan: http://www.aihs-iahs.org/en/system/files/dambrosio_ubiratan.pdf __ [1998], Literacy, Matheracy and Technoracy The New Trivium for the Era of Technology. Paulo Freire Memorial Lecture delivered at the First Mathematics Education and Society Conference, Nottingham, UK, September 5-12, 1998. Available at:

http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/csme/meas/plenaries/ambrosio.html
__ [2006], Ethnomathematics: Link Rotterdam/Taipei: sense Publishers. between Traditions and Modernity.

DAmbrosio, Ubiratan and Beatriz Silva DAmbrosio [2013], The Role of Ethnomathematics in Curricular Leadership in Mathematics Education, Journal of Mathematics Education at Teachers College (Columbia University), Spring-Summer, Volume 4: 19-25; available at: http://journal.tc-library.org/index.php/matheducation/article/viewFile/893/546 DAmbrosio, Alexandre Silva and Beatriz Silva DAmbrosio [2007], Todos os Sonhos do Mundo: Uma apresentao pessonal de Ubiratan DAmbrosio/All the Dreams of the World: A personal presentation of Ubiratan DAmbrosio, Revista Brasileira de Histria da Matemtica, Especial n0 1 Festschrift Ubiratan DAmbrosio (dezembro): 1-10; available at: http://www.rbhm.org.br/issues/RBHM%20-%20Festschrift/2%20-%20Apresenta %E7%E3o%20-%20final.pdf

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Derozio, Henry Louis Vivian [2001], Song of the Stormy Petrel: Complete Works of Henry Louis Vivian Derozio; edited by Dr. Abirlal Mukhopadhyay et al, Calcutta/Kolkata: Progressive Publishers. Edwards, Thomas [1884], Henry Derozio, The Eurasian Poet, Teacher, and Journalist. Calcutta: W. Newman & Co. Available at: http://archive.org/details/henryderozioeura00edwarich

Ethnomathematics: http://isgem.rpi.edu/pl/ethnomathematics-web http://homepages.rpi.edu/~eglash/isgem.htm Finch, Cuthbert [1850], Vital Statistics of Calcutta, Journal of the Statistical Society of London, 13, 2 (May): 168-182; available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2338380 Gao, Jianbo, Jing Hu, Xiang Mao, and Matja Perc [2012], Culturomics meets random fractal theory: Insights into long-range correlations of social and natural phenomena over the past two centuries; available at: http://arxiv.org/pdf/1202.5299v1.pdf Hase, Stewart and Chris Kenyon [2001], From Andragogy to Heutagogy; available at: http://www.psy.gla.ac.uk/~steve/pr/Heutagogy.html __ [2007], Heutagogy: A Child of Complexity Theory, Complicity: An International Journal of Complexity and Education, 4, 1: 111-118. Kaium, Mohammad Abdul [2012] Bangla Vyakaraner Itihas [History of Bangla Vyakaran], in: Rafikul Islam et al edited Pramita Bangla Vashar Vyakaran [Vyakaran of Standardized Bengali Language], Dhaka: Bangla Academy. La Rosa, Zhenja [1995-1996], Language and Empire: The Vision of Nebrija, The Student Historical Journal (Loyola University); available at: http://www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/19956/documents/LanguageandEmpire_TheVisionofNebrija.pdf Lusosphere: http://www.india-seminar.com/2012/630.htm [The Lusosphere: a symposium on India and the Portuguese speaking world, Seminar, #630, February 2012.]

Mandal, Ranita [2002], Muhammad Shahidullah and his Contribution to Bengali Linguistics.
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Available at: http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/benling/index.html

[See especially therein: Chapter 3, Section: Bengali Grammar, Sub-section: European Contribution: http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/benling/chapter3.html] Michel, Jean-Baptiste et al [2011], Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books, Science, 14 January, Volume 331: 176-182; available at: http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/articles/papers/Michel%20et%20al%20Quantitative %20analysis%20of%20culture%20Science%202011.pdf Mukhopadhyay, Shaktisadhan [2004], Kolkatar Adi Acharya: David Drummond: Teacher of Derozio [The First Teacher of Kolkata: David Drummond: Teacher of Derozio]. Kolkata: Punascha. Nebrija, Antonio de [1492], Gramatica de la lengua castellana; available at: http://www.antoniodenebrija.org/indice.html

Os Lusiadas de Luis de Cames [1572]. Com privilgio Real. Impressos em Lisboa, com licena da Sancta Inquisio, e do Ordinario: em casa de Antnio Galvez Impressor. English translation in 2 volumes available at:
http://burtoniana.org/books/1880-Os%20lusiadas/

Panini [c. 4th Century BCE], Astadhyayi; text available at:

http://sanskritdocuments.org/all_pdf/aShTAdhyAyI.pdf [Text with commentaries and sub-commentaries available at: http://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/kashika.pdf Roman Transliteration and English Translation by Sumitra M. Katre (1989); Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.] Phani, Shanta, Shibamouli Lahiri and Arindam Biswas [2012] Culturomics on a Bengali Newspaper Corpus; available at: http://students.cse.unt.edu/~sl0466/ialp2012.pdf Raj, Kapil [2011], The historical anatomy of a contact zone: Calcutta in the eighteenth century, Indian Economic and Social History Review, 48, 1: 55-82; available at: http://ier.sagepub.com/content/48/1/55.short

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Rajamanickam, S [1968], Padre Henrique Henriques, the Father of the Tamil Press [Paper presented at the Second International Tamil Conference]; available at: http://tamilnation.co/conferences/cnfTN68/rajamanickam.htm Rosa, Milton and Daniel Clark Ethnomathematics Program. Available at: http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar? q=cache:QKsitCAk8vAJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5 Scott, Patrick [2011], The Intellectual Contributions of Ubiratan DAmbrosio to Ethnomathematics; Plenary talk at XIII CIAEM-IACME, Recife, Brazil; available at: http://www.cimm.ucr.ac.cr/ciaem/documentos/historiaCiaem/Scott,%20mesa %20%20plenaria%202.pdf Schwarz, Henry [2000], Aesthetic Imperialism: Literature and the Conquest of India, Modern Language Quarterly, 61, 4: 563-586. Sen, Amit (pseudonym of Sushobhanchandra Sarkar) [1946], Notes on the Bengal Renaissance, Bombay: Peoples Publishing House. Available at: http://archive.org/details/notesonthebengal035527mbp Shastri, Haraprasad [1901], Intervention in a discussion on Bangla Vyakaran held at the Bangiya Sahitya Parisad, Kolkata on 10 December, in: Haraprasad Shastri Rachana-Sangraha [Collected Works of Haraprasad Shastri], Volume 2 (1981): 617; Kolkata: Paschimbanga Rajya Pustak Parsat. __ (Ed.) [1916], Hajar Bachharer Purano Bangala Bhashay Bauddha Gan O Doha [Buddhist Songs and Couplets in a Thousand Years Old Bengali Language]; Kolkata: Bangiya Sahitya Parisad. Truschke, Audrey. [2012] Defining the Other: An Intellectual History of Sanskrit Lexicons and Grammars of Persian, Journal of Indian Philosophy (2012) 40: 635668. Orey [No date], Historical Roots of the

Vyakarana: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a Williams, Mukesh [2007], The Unpublished Poems of Henry Derozio 182529. Available at:
http://libir.soka.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10911/1242/1/KJ00005437126.pdf 13

__ [2008 a], Henry Derozios Manifesto of the New Indian Aesthetics, 1830. Available at:
http://ci.nii.ac.jp/els/110007145049.pdf? id=ART0009089314&type=pdf&lang=en&host=cinii&order_no=&ppv_type=0&lang _sw=&no=1335434918&cp=

__ [2008 b], Henry Derozio and the Making of Indian Modernity: Together with a Discussion of The Fakeer of Jungheera, 1828. Available at:
http://libir.soka.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10911/1069/1/KJ00005448762.pdf Yaskacharya [c. 500 B.C.E.], The Nighantu and the Nirukta, Ed. by Lakshman Sarup; London: H. Milford 1920-29. Available at: http://archive.org/details/nighantuniruktao00yaskuoft Young Bengal: http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/Y_0008.HTM Zvelebil, Kamil [1974], Tamil Literature, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

Zwartjes, Otto [2011], Portuguese Missionary Grammars in Asia, Africa and Brazil, 1550-1800. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Links to some Illustrations: Links to the photos of the church of St. Nicolao of Tolentino [St. Nicholas of Torentino], at Naagari, Gazipur, in Faridpur, Bangladesh, where Manoel da Assumpam became Rector in 1742: <http://www.flickr.com/photos/jalal61/6059659594/in/set-72157627252599804>
<http://www.flickr.com/photos/jalal61/6059668858/in/set-72157627252599804> 14

<http://www.flickr.com/photos/jalal61/6059081727/in/set-72157627252599804>

Links to the photos of Henry Louis Vivian Derozios: Bust: <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kolkata_Derozio_statue.jpg>; and,
Tomb: <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Derogio2.JPG>, at Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

Link to a photo of Ubiratan DAmbrosio, 2007:

http://www.rbhm.org.br/Festschrift%20-%20Ubi.html

Kolkata 30 September 2013

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