Propagation of partially coherent BesselGaussian beams carrying

optical vortices in non-Kolmogorov turbulence

Zhiyuan Qin, Rumao Tao, Pu Zhou, Xiaojun Xu, Zejin Liu
n
College of Optoelectric Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 2 April 2013
Received in revised form
15 July 2013
Accepted 3 August 2013
Keywords:
Propagation
BesselGaussian beams
Non-Kolmogorov turbulence
a b s t r a c t
The analytical formulae for the average intensity of the propagation of partially coherent BesselGaussian
beams (BGBs) with optical vortices in non-Kolmogorov turbulence have been derived based on using a
coherence superposition approximation of decentered Gaussian beams and the extended Huygens
Fresnel principle. The inuences of optical vortices, partially coherence and the non-Kolmogorov
turbulence on irradiance distributions are investigated by numerical examples. Numerical results reveal
that the vortex characteristics of the partially coherent BGBs are less affected by the turbulence with
larger topological charge. It is shown that the characteristic of the existence of vortex in the irradiance
distribution has been lost and the doughnut beam spot becomes a circularly Gaussian beam spot during
propagation. The propagation of the beam is different from that in the case of Kolmogorov turbulence
and the propagation properties of partially coherent BGBs in non-Kolmogorov turbulence are closely
related to the beam parameters and the turbulence parameters. The spreading effects due to diffraction
and coherence of initial beams can be neglected after long distance propagation.
& 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
In the past decades, due to its important applications, such as in
free-space optical communication, remote sensing of atmosphere,
and target tracking, the propagation of laser beams through a
turbulent atmosphere has attracted considerable theoretical and
practical interest [1,2]. Various types of laser beams propagating
through turbulent atmosphere have been investigated [311].
However, these studies above cited have been mainly restricted to
the beams without optical vortices and to the case of the ideal
atmospheric turbulence, such as the Kolmogorov model.
Recent experiment results revealed that, in the real atmosphere,
turbulence in some portions of the atmosphere, such as in the
troposphere and the stratosphere, deviates from Kolmogorov's
model, and in the case of laser propagation along the vertical
direction, the turbulence also indicates strongly a non-Kolmogorov
character [1216]. Then a non-Kolmogorov model is presented [17],
which is more general and reduces to the Kolmogorov model only
for the generalized exponent 11/3. It has been reported that,
based on this non-Kolmogorov spectrum, laser beams provide a
different property when propagating in non-Kolmogorov turbu-
lence [1216]. On the other hand, laser beams possessing wave-
front singularities known as optical vortices, have become the focus
of many investigations because of their interesting properties as
well as because of their potential applications [1823].
As is well known, Bessel beams are one of the typical examples
of singularity beams and, due to its nondiffracting property in free
propagation and its advantages over other hollow light beams for
guiding or trapping atoms, has attracted a lot of attention [2429].
The properties of BGB in turbulent atmosphere have been studied
[3032] and it was both theoretically and experimentally demon-
strated that spatially partially coherent beams are less affected by
turbulence than fully coherent ones [2,3335]. However, the pro-
pagation of partially coherent BGBs in non-Kolmogorov turbulence
has not been examined until now. In this manuscript, our aims are
to investigate the propagation of partially coherent BGBs in non-
Kolmogorov turbulence. Analytical formulas for averaged intensity
distribution are derived and some useful results are found.
2. Analysis of theory
By adopting the Gaussian exponential expansion, A BGB with
charge n can be quite well approximated as a combination of M
decentered Gaussian beams (dGBs), that is [30]
E r
!
; 0 J
n
R
w
2
0
_ _
exp

2
w
2
0
in
_ _
exp
ik
2
2F
_ _
%
1
Mi
n
exp
R
2
4w
2
0
_ _
exp
ikx
2
y
2

2F
_ _

M1
m 0
exp
xi=2Rcos
m

2
yi=2Rsin
m

2
w
2
0
i
m
_ _
1
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Optics & Laser Technology
0030-3992/$ - see front matter & 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2013.08.002
n
Corresponding author. Tel.: 86 731 4573763 8111; fax: 86 731 84514127.
E-mail addresses: taorumao@sohu.com, supertaozhi@163.com (R. Tao),
zejinliu@vip.sina.com (Z. Liu).
Optics & Laser Technology 56 (2014) 182188
where (j r
!
j

x
2
y
2
_
,) is the polar coordinates and r
!
(x, y).

m
nm
0
,
0
2=M,
m
m
0
, while n is a integer termed as a
spiral number or topological charge. F is the phase front radius of
curvature. Here, F40 represents a convergent beam and Fo0
represents a divergent beam. Carefully adjusting the parameters n,
M, and R, the results evaluated by Eq. (1) and directly by the BGB
may be quite well consistent. For example, for M12, R4w
0
and
n1, 2, 3 and 4, over 99% of the optical energy is converted into a
BGB with charge n.
By introducing a Gaussian term of the spectral degree of
coherence, the fully coherent BG beam can be extended to the
partially coherent one [3638]. With the help of Eq. (1), cross-
spectral density function of the partially coherent BGBs at the
source plane z0 can be written as
W r
!
1
; r
!
2
; 0

1
M
2
exp
_

x
2
1
x
2
2
y
2
1
y
2
2

w
2
0

x
1
x
2

2
y
1
y
2

2
2s
2
0

ikx
2
1
y
2
1
x
2
2
y
2
2

2F
_

M1
p 0

M1
q 0
expinpq
0

exp
iRx
1
cos p
0
x
2
cos q
0
iRy
1
sin p
0
y
2
sin q
0

w
2
0
_ _
2
In Eq. (2) s
0
is the spatial correlation length of the partially
coherent BGB, and k is the wave number related to the wave
length by k 2=.
The average intensity distribution on the z plane can be
calculated by using extended HuygensFresnel diffraction integral
incorporating random inhomogeneous media as follows [511]
I r
!
; z
k
2z
_ _
2
_
1
1
_
1
1
_
1
1
_
1
1
dr
1
0
!
dr
2
0
!
Wr
1
0
!
; r
2
0
!
; 0
exp
_
ik
2z
r
!
r

1
!

2
r
!
r

2
!

_
exp r
!
; r

1
!

n
r
!
; r

2
!
3
where r
1
!
; r

1
!
is the complex phase function that depends on the
properties of the turbulence medium. denotes the average over
the ensemble of the turbulent medium, and
exp r
!
; r

1
!

n
r
!
; r

2
!

exp 4
2
k
2
z
_
1
0
_
1
0
dd
n
; 1J
0
jr

2
!
r

1
!
j
_ _
4
where is the magnitude of two-dimensional spatial frequency, J
0
is the Bessel function of the rst kind and zero order, and
n
;
denotes the spatial power spectrum of the refractive-index uc-
tuations of the atmosphere turbulence. Including both the inner-
and outer-scale effects, the non-Kolmogorov spectrum is dened
as [12,13]

n
; H

C
2
n
exp
2
=
2
m

2
0

=2
;
0ro1; 3oo4;
5
where H 1dcos =2=4
2
,d denotes the Gamma
function,
0
2=L
0
and
m
c=l
0
, in which c
f5=2dHd2=3g
1=5
, l
0
and L
0
are the inner- and
outer-scale, respectively. The term

C
2
n
is the generalized structure
parameter with units m
3
. Applying Eq. (5) into (4), one obtains
[39]
exp r
!
; r
!
1

n
r
!
; r
!
2

atmosphere
exp
1
3

2
k
2
zT r
!
1
r
!
2
j
2

_
;
_
6a
where the expression of T can be written as
T
_
1
0

n
d

C
2
n
2

2
m
exp
2
0
=
2
m
2=2;
2
0
=
2
m
2
4
0
2
6b
2
2
0
2
2
m

2
m
, and d; d denotes the incomplete Gamma
function.
Upon substituting Eqs. (2), (4) and (5) into Eq. (3), one can
obtain that
I r
!
; z
k
2zM
_ _
2

M1
p 0

M1
q 0
expinpq
0

_
1
1
_
1
1
_
1
1
_
1
1
dr
1
0
!
dr
2
0
!
exp
x
2
1
x
2
2
y
2
1
y
2
2

w
2
0

1
x

2
y

1
y

2
2s
2
0
_

ikx
2
1
y
2
1
x
2
2
y
2
2

2F
_
exp
iRx

1
cos p
0
x

2
cos q
0
iRy

1
sin p
0
y

2
sin q
0

w
2
0
_ _
exp
_
ik
2z
r
!
r

1
!

2
r
!
r

2
!

_
exp
1
3

2
k
2
zT

1
!
r

2
!

2
_ _
7
which can be rewritten as
I r
!
; z
1
M
2

M1
p 0

M1
q 0
expinpq
0
I
x
x; zI
y
y; z 8
with
I

; z
k
2z
_ __
1
1
_
1
1
d

1
d

2
exp

2
1

2
2

w
2
0

2
2s
2
0

ik
2
1

2
2

2F
_ _
exp
iR

1
cos p
0

2
cos q
0

w
2
0
_ _
exp
ik
2z
_

2
_
_ _
; x; y
exp
1
3

2
k
2
zT

2
_ _
9
Eq. (9) can be rewritten as
I

; z
k
2z
_ __
1
1
d

2
exp
ik
2z
1
z
F
_ _

1
w
2
0

1
2s
2
0

1
3

2
k
2
zT
_ _

2
2
_
2
iRcos q
0
w
2
0

ik
2z

_ _

2
_

_
1
1
d

1
exp
ik
2z
1
z
F
_ _

1
w
2
0

1
2s
2
0

1
3

2
k
2
zT
_ _

2
1
_
2
1
2s
2
0

1
3

2
k
2
zT
_ _

2

iRcos p
0
w
2
0

ik
2z

_ _

1
_
10
Recalling the integral formula
_
1
1
expC
2
x
2
Dxdx

p
C
exp
D
2
4C
2
_ _
11
after very tedious but straightforward integral calculations, Eq.
(10) can be written as
I
x
x; z
1

exp A
1

G
2
1
G
2
2

w
2
0

2

z
2
i
4b
1
k
2
b
2
2
b
2
3

_ _
Z. Qin et al. / Optics & Laser Technology 56 (2014) 182188 183
exp
1
w
2
0

2
2x
2
2G
1
G
2

z
2
w
2
0
i
k
b
2
b
3

_ _
x
_ _
_ _
12a
I
y
y; z
1

exp A
2

G
2
3
G
2
4

w
2
0

2

z
2
i
4b
1
k
2
b
2
4
b
2
5

_ _
exp
1
w
2
0

2
2y
2
2G
3
G
4

z
2
w
2
0
i
k
b
4
b
5

_ _
y
_ _
_ _
12b
with
A
1

z
2
R
2
cos p
0
cos q
0

2
k
2

2
w
2
0

z
2
2
3T; z
z

T; z
F

1
zs
2
0
_ _
2
_
_

z
w
2
0
3T; z
z

T; z
F

1
zs
2
0
_ _

1
w
2
0
T; z
1
2s
2
0
_ __
13a
A
2

z
2
R
2
sin p
0
sin q
0

2
k
2

2
w
2
0

z
2
2
3T; z
z

T; z
F

1
zs
2
0
_ _
2
_
_

z
w
2
0
3T; z
z

T; z
F

1
zs
2
0
_ _

1
w
2
0
T; z
1
2s
2
0
_ __
13b
G
1

z
2
R
2k
2cos p
0
zw
2
0

3T; z
z

T; z
F

1
zs
2
0
_ _
cos p
0
cos q
0

_ _
13c
G
2

z
2
R
2k
2cos q
0
zw
2
0

3T; z
z

T; z
F

1
zs
2
0
_ _
cos p
0
cos q
0

_ _
13d
G
3

z
2
R
2k
2sin p
0
zw
2
0

3T; z
z

T; z
F

1
zs
2
0
_ _
sin p
0
sin q
0

_ _
13e
G
4

z
2
R
2k
2sin q
0
zw
2
0

3T; z
z

T; z
F

1
zs
2
0
_ _
sin p
0
sin q
0

_ _
13f
b
1

2T; z
w
2
0
z

k
2

1
2z
3
13g
b
2

kR
w
2
0
z
2

1
cos p
0

2
4
4
cos p
0
cos q
0

_ _
13h
b
3

kR
w
2
0
z
2

1
cos q
0

2
4
4
cos p
0
cos q
0

_ _
13i
b
4

kR
w
2
0
z
2

1
sin p
0

2
4
4
sin p
0
sin q
0

_ _
13j
b
5

kR
w
2
0
z
2

1
sin q
0

2
4
4
sin p
0
sin q
0

_ _
13k

1
1
z
F
;
2

2z
kw
2
0
;
3

2z
kw
0
s
0
;
4

8z
2
T; z
k
2
w
2
0

13l
Fig. 1. Normalized intensity proles of BGBs for different n with 3.33. (a) n1, (b) n2, (c) n3 and (d) n4.
Z. Qin et al. / Optics & Laser Technology 56 (2014) 182188 184

2
1

2
2

2
3

2
4
13m
T; z
1
3

2
k
2
Tz 13n
with 2
2
0
2
2
m

2
m
and d; d denoting the incomplete
Gamma function. The parameters
1
,
2
,
3
, and
4
describe the
inuence of the geometrical magnication, diffraction, coherence
of initial beams and turbulence, respectively. Here we employed a
quadratic approximation of the 5/3 power law for Rytov's phase
structure function, which has been shown to be a good approximation
for the second-order moments for practical situations [4042], and has
been used widely [513]. Because this paper only concerns the average
intensity, the quadratic approximation is suitable.
Eq. (8) with Eqs. (12) and (13) is the main results of the
manuscript, which provide a useful and reliable tool to study the
propagation properties of BGBs with optical vortices in the non-
Kolmogorov turbulence.
Fig. 2. Normalized 3D intensity proles of BGB at several propagation distance.
Z. Qin et al. / Optics & Laser Technology 56 (2014) 182188 185
3. Numerical calculation and analysis
For the sake of simplicity, we assume that the BGB emitting
from the transmitter is collimated, namely, F 1. The normalized
average intensity is dened as
I
Normalized
r
!
; z
I r
!
; z
P
0
14
where P
0
is the total power at initial plane and is given as
P
0

_
1
1
I r
!
; 0d
2
r
!

w
2
0
2M
2

M1
p 0

M1
q 0
expinpq
0
exp
R
2
4w
2
0
1cos pq
0

_ _
15
The normalized transversal average intensity distributions at
several propagation distances for four different values of topolo-
gical charge n are shown in Fig. 1 with 1 m, w
0
0.2 m, M12,
R4w
0
and s
0
0.5 m. The parameters for the non-Kolmogorov
turbulence is l
0
0.001 m, L
0
5 m, 3.33 and

C
2
n
110
14
m
3
To learn about the structure of the intensity distribution of a partially
coherent BGBs, we also calculated in Fig. 2 the normalized 3D-
irradiance distribution and the corresponding contour graph at
several propagation distances in non-Kolmogorov turbulence with
3.33. One sees from Figs. 1 and 2 that the doughnut beam prole
disappears gradually and the on-axis irradiance increases during
propagation within certain propagation distance, the beam spot with
at-topped proler can be formed at certain propagation distance and
the doughnut beam spot becomes a circularly solid beam spot in the
far eld, which means the characteristic of the existence of vortex in
the irradiance distribution has been lost during propagation, and can
be explained by the fact that the atmospheric turbulence degrades
the coherence of the beam, which results in the interesting irradiance
distribution during propagation. One also nds from Fig. 1 that, for
smaller values of the topological charge, such annihilation occurs
earlier (at around 2.5 km for n1), as opposed to n4 case which
occurs at longer propagation distance (at around 4.5 km). This means
that vortex characteristic of the partially coherent BGBs with larger
topological charge is less affected by the turbulence.
Fig. 3 shows the normalized intensity proles for different
beam parameters and turbulence parameters at z6 km. One can
nd from Figs. 1 and 3 that the beam spot spreads more rapidly for
a larger n,

C
2
n
and smaller s
0
, . One can also nd that the
propagation of the partially coherent BGBs in non-Kolmogrov
turbulence is different from that in the case of Kolmogorov
turbulence, that is, 11/3E3.67. As shown in Fig. 3(c),
Fig. 4 shows the normalized on-axis irradiance distribution of a
partially coherent BGB along z in a turbulent atmosphere for
different beam parameters and turbulence parameters. It is
revealed that the on-axis irradiance of a partially coherent BGB
increases gradually during propagation until its value reaches its
maximal at certain propagation distance. As z increases further,
the value of on-axis irradiance decreases due to the spreading of
the beam spot. The increase of the on-axis irradiance means that
the light energy concentrating into the central part of the beam
from the outer ring during propagation. On the other hand, due to
the spreading of the beam spot, the on-axis energy decreases. It
also shows that the conversion from a doughnut beam spot to a
circularly solid beam spot becomes quicker for a smaller n, s
0
,
Fig. 3. Normalized intensity proles of BGBs for different beam parameters and turbulence parameters with z6 km. (a) s
0
0.05 m, 3.33,

C
2
n
110
14
m
3
(b) n3, 3.33,

C
2
n
1 10
14
m
3
(c) n3, s
0
0.05 m,

C
2
n
1 10
14
m
3
and (d) n3, s
0
0.05 m, 3.33.
Z. Qin et al. / Optics & Laser Technology 56 (2014) 182188 186
and larger

C
2
n
. From aforementioned discussions, one comes to the
conclusion that the propagation properties of partially coherent
BGBs in non-Kolmogorov turbulence are closely related to the
beam parameters and the turbulence parameters.
Because a BGB can be regarded as a superposition of dGB, the
spreading of a BGB can be reected by the change of the waist
width (see Eq. (13m)). The variation of ,
2
,
3
and
4
with
propagation distance is shown in Fig. 5. From Fig. 5 and Eq. (13m)
we can see that the variation of is much small when
2
,
3
and
4
are much less than unity, and is mainly determined by
4
(turbulence) when the propagation distance is larger than 15 km.
This can be understood easily from Eqs. (13l)(13n), because
2
and
3
are proportional to z, and
4
is proportional to z
3/2
, the
effects due to diffraction and coherence of initial beams can be
neglected if z is larger enough.
4. Conclusions
BGBs are one of the typical examples of singularity beams and,
by representing the BGB as the combination of the dGBs, its
propagation in non-Kolmogorov turbulence is studied analytically
based on the extended HuygensFresnel diffraction integral. In
comparison with [30], where the propagation of BGBs through
Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence, and the spreading and direc-
tion of BGBs through non-Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence
were investigated, in our paper, the effect of non-Kolmogorov
power spectrum on the propagation and the average intensity
and vortex evolution has been studied in detail. In patircular,
our results have been interpreted physically by examining the
nonmonotonic variation of on-axis irradiance distribution of a
partially coherent BGB for different beam parameters and turbu-
lence parameters. We have derived the analytical propagation
formulae for the average irradiance of a partially coherent BGB,
and investigated the irradiance and spreading of a partially
coherent BGB with optical vortices in non-Kolmogorov turbulence.
Our results show that the characteristic of the existence of vortex
in the irradiance distribution has been lost and the doughnut
Fig. 4. Normalized on-axis irradiance of a partially coherent BGB along z in non-Kolmogorov turbulence for different values of beam parameters and turbulence parameters.
(a) s
0
0.05 m, 3.33,

C
2
n
110
14
m
3
(b) n3, 3.33,

C
2
n
1 10
14
m
3
(c) n3, s
0
0.05 m,

C
2
n
1 10
14
m
3
and (d) n3, s
0
0.05 m, 3.33.
Fig. 5. The variation of ,
2
,
3
and
4
with propagation distance where
1
1, n3,
3.67,

C
2
n
1 10
14
m
3
.
Z. Qin et al. / Optics & Laser Technology 56 (2014) 182188 187
beam spot becomes a circularly Gaussian beam spot during
propagation. The vortex characteristics of the partially coherent
BGBs are less affected by the turbulence with larger topological
charge. The propagation properties are different from that in the
case of Kolmogorov turbulence; that is, 3.67. The propagation
properties of partially coherent BGBs in non-Kolmogorov turbu-
lence are closely related to the beam parameters and the turbu-
lence parameters. The effects due to diffraction and coherence of
initial beams can be neglected after long distance propagation.
These should be taken into consideration for designing and
evaluating the performance of vortex beam propagation in a real
environment.
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