Outline Review of Oblique Incidence Review of Snells Law Fresnel Equations Evanescence and TIR Brewsters Angle EM Power Flow
TRUE / FALSE
1. The Fresnel equations describe reflection and transmission coefficients as a function of intensity. 2. This is the power reflection and transmission plot for an EM wave that is TE (transverse electric) polarized:
T
n1 = 1.0 n2 = 1 . 5
R
i
B [Degrees]
3. The phase matching condition for refraction is a direct result of the boundary conditions.
2
Ht
Ht
y
3
Partial TE Analysis
Hr Er Ei Hi
z=0
Et Ht
i = r = t
Snells Law
Er
n1
n2
Et
Ei
TE Analysis - Set Up
Hr Er Ei ki Hi Medium 1 Medium 2 r i t Ht z=0 Et kt
Eo ej (kix xkiz z) Ei = y rEo ej (kix x+kiz z) Er = y Et = y tEo ej (kix xkiz z) H t jk E = jH 1 H= kE E = kiz ) Hi = ( z kix x
2 2 kx + kz = k2 = 2
kr
kx = k sin kz = k cos
Note that the TM solution provides the reflection and transmission coefficients for H, since TM is the dual of TE.
From Shen and Kong just another way of writing the same results TE Polarization
r Eo 2 kiz 1 ktz = i = 2 kiz + 1 ktz Eo
TM Polarization
r Eo = i = Eo
rTE
rTM
2 kiz +
2 kiz
1 ktz 1 ktz
tTE
tTM
t Eo = i = Eo
TE: r = TM: r =
Et
E-field perpendicular to the plane of Ht incidence
c
Reflection Coefficients
TE
n1 = 1.44 n2 = 1.00
y
Ht
|r |
TM
|r |
Incidence Angle i
Brewsters Angle
B + t = 90 n1 n2
Sir David Brewster (1781 1868) was a Scottish scientist, inventor and writer. Rediscovered and popularized kaleidoscope in 1815.
B = arctan
@ i = B TE: r =
n2 n1
Total Internal Reflection Beyond the critical angle, refraction no longer occurs
thereafter, you get total internal reflection TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION n2sin2 = n1sin1 crit = sin-1(n1/n2) Image in the Public Domain for glass (n2 = 1.5), the critical internal angle is 42 for water, its 49 a ray within the higher index medium cannot escape at shallower angles (look at sky from underwater)
incoming ray hugs surface
n1 = 1.0 n2 = 1.5 42
11
kix = kit
Total Internal Reflection
kx
Radius = k2
Refraction
kx
ktx
r t t c t
kz
kix
kz
Radius = k1
k 1 < k2
12
k 1 > k2
n1 > n2
kx
ktz2 = kt2 ktx2 < 0 ktz = j tz , with tz real. The refracted, or transmitted, wave takes the complex exponential form
kr
c c
kt
kz
exp(- j ktx x - tz z) . This is a non-uniform plane wave that travels in the x direction and decays in the z direction. It carries no time average power into Medium 2. This phenomenon is referred to as total internal reflection. This is the similar to reflection of radio waves by the ionosphere.
ki
1 2
13
The upper wheel hits the sidewalk and starts to go faster, which turns the axle until the upper wheel re-enters the grass and wheel pair goes straight again.
14
k1
An evanescent field can propagate once the field is again in a high-index material.
15
light source
camera
The camera observes TIR from a fingerprint valley and blurred TIR from a fingerprint ridge.
Image in the Public Domain
16
Jacket 400 m
The optic fiber used in undersea cables is chosen for its exceptional clarity, permitting runs of more than 100 kilometers between repeaters to minimize the number of amplifiers and the distortion they cause. A cross-section of a submarine communications cable: 1. Polyethylene 2. "Mylar" tape 3. Stranded steel wires 4. Aluminum water barrier 5. Polycarbonate 6. Copper or aluminum tube 7. Petroleum jelly 8. Optical fibers Typically 69 mm in diameter and weigh around 10 kg per meter
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Optical fiber
18
20
METAL REFLECTION
Kyle Hounsell. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse
MULTILAYER REFLECTION
Transporting Light
We can transport light along the z-direction by bouncing it between two mirrors
y x
Mirror
Mirror
nko kz
ky
ky = nko sin
kz = nko cos
22
= am um (y )ejm z
x
Mirror
Mirror
d/2 0 d/2
23
d/2 0 d/2
z
m=1 2 3 6
um (y ) =
if m = odd if m = even =m d um (y ) =
24
Boundary Conditions
if m = odd if m = even
Transporting Light
y x
Mirror Mirror
d/2 0 d/2
z
m=1 2 3 6
um (y ) =
if m = odd if m = even =m d
2 kz, m
nko ky kz,m
2 = k 2 m2 2 d
Transporting Light
y x
Mirror Mirror
d/2 0 d/2
z
m=1 2 3 6
nko ky kz,m
=m d
26
Mirror
Number of Modes
Mirror Mirror
28
y d 2 0 d 2 m=1 2 3 4 8
29
n2 k o n1 k o
n1 ko sin c
m c m 0 0 n2 k o
30
1 0 n1 k o
Dielectric Waveguide
n2 n1 n2
31
Key Takeaways
n1 > n2
kx
Total Internal Reflection. What happens for i > C ? ktz2 = kt2 ktx2 < 0 ktz = j tz , with tz real.
kr
c c
kt
Evanescent field
kz exp(- j ktx x - tz z)
Waveguide Modes
ki
1 2
y
um ( y ) =
x
Mirror
if m = odd if m = even
d/2 0 d/2
m=1 2
6
32
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