Objectives:: Department of Geodetic Engineering Training Center For Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

7/28/2013
Department of Geodetic Engineering Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
GE 11 Elementary Surveying
Objectives:
At the end of the lecture, the student should be able to: Define surveying terms associated with leveling State the significance of leveling Identify various classes of levels and leveling rods Enumerate the different operations in leveling Compute for the difference in elevation using differential leveling Adjust observed elevations of intermediate benchmarks
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Outline:
I. II. III.
IV.
V. VI. VII.
A. B.
Definition of terms Significance of leveling operations Types of Levels General classes of leveling rods Leveling Operations Computations in Differential leveling Adjustment of Intermediate Benchmarks
Error of Closure Corrections to the Observed Elevations
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Definition of Terms
Plumbline
- a vertical line used which is perpendicular to the tangent line of a level surface
Horizontal Line
- a straight line which is tangent to a level surface
Vertical Datum
- a surface to which elevations or depths are referred 1. Geoid - is a surface of constant potential energy (equipotential surface) that coincides with mean sea level over the oceans. 2. Reference Ellipsoid - mathematical surface of reference
Davis, et.al. (1981)
The Earths Surface

Vertical Line Horizontal Line
A B
Level Surface (Level Line) Elevation
Diff in Elev.
Mean Sea Level (MSL) (Vertical Datum)
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Orthometric Heights
Geometrical distance between the Geoid and the point
measured along the plumb line passing through the point

Use different methods of leveling
Ellipsoidal Elevations
Elevation referred to the reference ellipsoid. We use GPS to determine ellipsoidal elevations
Definition of Terms
Level Surface -surface every element of which is normal to the plumb line - when used as a reference, it is called the datum Elevation - vertical distance of a point above or below an arbitrarily assumed level surface or curved surface
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Definition of Terms
Difference in elevation -between two points is the vertical distance between the two level surfaces in which the points lie Leveling - the operation of measuring vertical distances, either directly or indirectly, to determine differences in elevation
The Earths Surface

Vertical Line Horizontal Line
A
Level Surface (Level Line)
Diff in Elev.
Elevation
Mean Sea Level (MSL) (Vertical Datum)

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Definition of Terms
Bench Mark (B.M.)
- a definite point on an object, the elevation and location of which are known - serves as point of reference for levels - may be permanent (P.B.M.) or temporary (T.B.M.)

Definition of Terms
Bench Mark (B.M.)

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Definition of Terms
Turning Point (T.P.)
- an intervening point between two bench marks upon which point foresight and backsight rod readings are taken - its nature is usually indicated in the notes but location is not necessary - a B.M. may be used as a T.P.

Definition of Terms
B.S.
F.S.
B.S.
F.S. T.P. 2
T.P. 1 B.M.
Turning Point (T.P.)

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Definition of Terms
Backsight (B.S.)
- a rod reading taken on a point of known elevation (BM or TP) - usually taken with the level sighting back along the line (hence the name) - sometimes called a plus sight
Backsight distance
- the horizontal distance from level to rod on a B.S.
Definition of Terms
B.S.
F.S.
B.S.
F.S. T.P. 2
T.P. 1 B.M.
Backsight (B.S.)
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Definition of Terms
Foresight (F.S.)
- a rod reading taken on a point of unknown elevation (TP or BM to be established) - sometimes called a minus sight
Foresight distance
- the horizontal distance from level to rod on a F.S.

Definition of Terms
B.S.
F.S.
B.S.
F.S. T.P. 2
T.P. 1 B.M.
Foresight (F.S.)
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Definition of Terms
Height of the instrument (H.I.)

- elevation of the line of sight of the telescope above the datum when the instrument is leveled

Definition of Terms
B.S.
F.S.
B.S.
F.S. T.P. 2
T.P. 1 B.M.
H.I.1
H.I.2
Datum
Height of the Instrument (H.I.)

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Significance of Leveling Operations
Provides necessary data for:

1. engineering design 2. engineering construction 3. Production of topographic maps
Site suitability analysis Proper design and laying out of vertical and horizontal structures
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TYPES OF LEVEL
1. DUMPY LEVEL

general purpose instrument and commonly referred as engineers level provides excellent introduction to levels in general though has been superseded by self leveling instruments dumpy level shorter level TELESCOPE: magnifying power: 30 diameters LEVEL TUBE: Sensitivity: 20 of arc per graduation (2 mm) ADVANTAGE: weight lends stability under conditions where vibration or wind render lighter automatic levels less stable
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TYPES OF LEVEL
DUMPY LEVEL
TYPES OF LEVEL
DUMPY LEVEL DUMPY LEVEL

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TYPES OF LEVEL
2. AUTOMATIC LEVEL

a.k.a. self-leveling level like dumpy level it is also regarded as engineers level allows the establishment of a horizontal line of sight by means of a compensator
Compensator:
a system of prisms and mirrors supported by wires as in a pendulum
designed so that the LOS is horizontal when the telescope barrel is within +10 of being horizontal
TYPES OF LEVEL
2. AUTOMATIC LEVEL (cont..)
leveled by the use of a circular spirit or bulls eye level and the compensator maintains a horizontal line of sight ADVANTAGES: light, easy to handle and operation is quick and accurate NOTE: random error in centering the bubble is absent in this instrument
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KINDS OF LEVEL
AUTOMATIC LEVEL
KINDS OF LEVEL
Compensator in an Automatic Level

Conventional instrument properly leveled. Rod reading is 3 ft. 3 in.
Conventional instrument slightly out of level. Vial bubble is off-center and incorrect reading is 3 ft. 2 in.
Automatic instrument correctly leveled. Rod reading is 3 ft. 3 in. Automatic instrument slightly out of level. Circular bubble is off-center, but the compensator corrects for the variation from level and maintains a correct rod reading of 3 ft. 3 in.
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KINDS OF LEVEL
3. TILTING LEVEL

distinct feature: telescope is mounted on a transverse fulcrum has a level bubble with a sensitivity of 10 per 2 mm division and the images of the bubble ends are viewed through the eyepiece. equipped with coincidence bubbles used for precise leveling
KINDS OF LEVEL
TILTING LEVEL
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KINDS OF LEVEL
TILTING LEVEL
KINDS OF LEVEL
4. LASER LEVEL
used commonly in construction works to maintain the elevations needed saves time and effort since it can detect the prism in a whole revolution of 3600 advantage for layout work in construction since it is simple, one button operation and fully automatic general construction
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KINDS OF LEVEL
5. DIGITAL LEVEL
EASY aims the telescope at the staff, adjust focus and press a single key and it measures height and distance simultaneously
FAST measurement is completed in < 3 sec

ACCURATE automatic operation eliminates conventional error by the operator RAB-Code Staves Random Bi-directional Codes
KINDS OF LEVEL
DIGITAL LEVEL
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KINDS OF LEVEL
6. HAND LEVEL
- widely used for rough leveling - consists of a metal sighting tube about 6 in. long on which is mounted a level vial.
General Classes
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LEVELING RODS

graduated wooden rods of rectangular cross section by means of which difference in elevation is measured Some are also in aluminum alloy and fiberglass Lower ground end Shod with metal to protect it from wear Usually, the point of zero measurement Rod is held vertically Rod reading is indicated by the horizontal cross hair of the level A measure of the vertical distance bet. the pt on which the rod is held and the LOS
General Classes of Leveling Rods

1.
Self-reading rods
May be read directly by the leveler while looking through the telescope of the level
2.
Target rods
A target sliding on the rod is set by the rodman as directed by the leveler
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GENERAL CLASSES OF LEVELING RODS
1. SELF-READING RODS
leveler observes graduation at which the line of sight intersects the rod and records the reading should be marked so that the graduations appear sharp and distinct for any normal distance between level and rod. PHILADELPHIA ROD is the most widely used rod.
GENERAL CLASSES OF LEVELING RODS
2.TARGET RODS
in using target rods, the leveler signals the rod person to slide the target up or down until it is bisected by the line of sight. The target is then clamped, and the rod person, leveler or both observe the indicated reading. usually it is equipped with a vernier
Advantages: 1. mistakes are less likely to occur 2. under certain conditions its use materially facilitates the work 3. under ordinary conditions its use retards progress without adding much precision
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Direct Trigonometric Reciprocal Stadia Barometric Borrow-Pit Gravimetric Inertial Positioning System GPS Survey Profile
LEVELING OPERATIONS
1. DIRECT/SPIRIT LEVELING
measure vertical distances directly most precise method of determining elevations
BM1 BM2
Note: effect of earths curvature and refraction is reduced to negligible amount
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LEVELING OPERATIONS
2. TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELING
measuring vertical angles and horizontal or slope distances source of error: uncertainty in the curvature and refraction correction caused by variations in atmospheric conditions.
v a
h.i.
RR
DHAB = d Tana + h.i.- RR = s Sina + h.i.- RR

LEVELING OPERATIONS
USES OF TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELING

1.
2.
3.
Rapid means of determining elevation of pts in rolling or rough terrains If Total Station is used results is nearly comparable to those obtained by differential leveling Used to establish vertical control for photogrammetric, topographic, construction surveys and determination of structural deformation in building, bridge, dams inaccessible to differential leveling
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LEVELING OPERATIONS
3. RECIPROCAL LEVELING

Employed to determine the difference in elevation between two points when it is difficult or impossible to keep backsights and foresights short and equal e.g., when running levels across rivers, lakes or in rugged terrains where deep canyons and ravines are encountered
LEVELING OPERATIONS
4. STADIA LEVELING

vertical distances are determined by tacheometry by using transit and level rod process of taking stadia measurements consists of observing, through the telescope, the apparent locations of the two stadia hairs, which is held in a vertical position.
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LEVELING OPERATIONS
STADIA LEVELING
LEVELING OPERATIONS
STADIA LEVELING
Equations in determining Horizontal and Vertical Components:
H = Ks cos2 + C cos V = Ks sin2 + C sin

where: K = (f/i) = stadia interval factor = usually 100 C = f + c = determined by the manufacturer external focusing telescopes C = 1 ft internal focusing telescopes C = 0 s = stadia interval = vertical angle
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LEVELING OPERATIONS
5. BAROMETRIC LEVELING

measuring the differences in atmospheric pressure at various stations by means of a barometer principally used on exploratory or reconnaissance surveys where elev are large like hilly or mountainous country. mercurial barometer is accurate but suitable only for observations at fixed pt. aneroid barometer is used for field because it is light and can be easily transported.
LEVELING OPERATIONS
BAROMETRIC LEVELING
MERCURIAL BAROMETER
ANEROID BAROMETER
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6. BORROW-PIT LEVELING
METHODS IN MEASURING ELEV
LEVELING OPERATIONS
7. GRAVIMETRIC LEVELING
used for measuring the differences in gravity at various stations by means of gravimeter for geodetic purposes
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LEVELING OPERATIONS
8. INERTIAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
it is employed where an inertial platform has three mutually perpendicular axes, one of which is up so that the system yields elevation of as one of the outputs. equipment cost is very high and applications are restricted to very large projects where terrain, weather, time and access impose special constraints on traditional methods.
LEVELING OPERATIONS
9. GPS SURVEY
surveys where elevations are referenced to the ellipsoid but can be corrected if a sufficient number of pts. with datum elevations are located in the region surveyed.
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10. PROFILE LEVELING
LEVELING OPERATIONS
Operationusually by direct levelingof determining elevations of points at short measured intervals along a definitely located line, such as the center line for a highway or a sewer
Definition Computations
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DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING
it is the operation for determining differences in elevations of points some distance apart or of establishing bench marks It is usually accomplished by direct leveling
Procedures in Differential Leveling

1. 2.
Differential Leveling
3.
4.
A line of levels is run from BMA to BMB Leveling instrument is set-up at any convenient location along the level route and backsight is taken on a rod held vertically on BMA. The rodman moves forward along the general direction of BMB and hold the rod at a convenient turning point (TP1) (making sure that the backsight distance is approximately equal to the foresight distance). Then, the level is transferred again and a backsight is taken at (TP1) and foresight at (TP2). Repeat procedures until foresight is taken on BMB.
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Basic Equations
H.I. = B.S. + ElevBM Elevi = H.I. - F.S.
B.S.
F.S.
B.S.
F.S. T.P. 2
T.P. 1 B.M.A
H.I.1
H.I.2
Datum
DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING COMPUTATIONS

Sta. B.M. 1 B.S. 3.251 H.I 75.356 ________ F.S. Elev 72.105
T.P.1
T.P.2 B.M.2 T.P.3 T.P.4 T.P.5 B.M.3
2.539
3.572 0.933 0.317 0.835 0.247
________
________ ________ ________ ________ ________
0.012
0.338 3.112 3.306 2.716 3.542 3.786
______
______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
H.I. = B.S. + ElevBM

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Sta. B.M. 1 T.P.1 T.P.2 B.S. 3.251 2.539 3.572 H.I 75.356 ________ ________ ________ F.S. 0.012 0.338 Elev 72.105 75.344 ______ ______
B.M.2
T.P.3 T.P.4 T.P.5 B.M.3
0.933
0.317 0.835 0.247
________
________ ________ ________
3.112
3.306 2.716 3.542 3.786
______
______ ______ ______ ______
Elevi = H.I. - F.S.


Sta. B.M. 1 B.S. 3.251 H.I 75.356 ________ 77.883 ________ 81.117 ________ 78.938 ________ ________ 75.949 ________ 74.068 ________ 70.773 F.S. = F.S. Elev 72.105 75.344 ______ 77.545 ______ 78.005 ______
Arithmetic Check:
T.P.1
T.P.2 B.M.2 T.P.3 T.P.4 T.P.5 B.M.3 B.S. =
2.539
3.572 0.933 0.317 0.835 0.247 11.694
0.012
0.338 3.112 3.306 2.716 3.542 3.786 16.812
75.632 ______ 73.233 ______ 70.526 ______

66.987 ______
BM1elev + B.S. F.S. = BM3elev
72.105 + 11.694 16.812 _______ 66.987

OK!
H.I. = B.S. + ElevBM

Elevi = H.I. - F.S.

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Error of Closure Corrections to the Observed Elevations
Error of Closure
When a line of level makes a complete circuit, almost invariably the BMelevinitial BMelevfinal This difference is the error of running the circuit Result intermediate BMs are also in error Problems:
Determining the error Adjusting elevations

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Corrections to the Observed Elevations
The appropriate correction to the observed elevation of a given bench mark in the circuit is directly proportional to the distance of the BM from the point of beginning
d E L
C = correction to be applied to a BM d = distance of a BM from the point of beginning L = length of the circuit E = error of closure of the level circuit = Elevobserved - Elevtheoretical
Example
The published elevation of an initial bench mark B.M.1 in a level circuit is 150.92 m. The length of the circuit is 1.78 km. The final elevation of B.M.1 as calculated from the level notes is 151.04 m. The observed elevations of bench marks and the distances to the bench marks from BM1 are shown in the third and second columns, respectively, of the accompanying table. The elevations of these intermediate points are required.
Point Distance from B.M.1 (km) Observed elevation (m) 0 0.35 0.89 1.24 1.78 150.92 238.45 203.3 165.81 151.04
B.M.1
B.M.2 B.M.3 B.M.4 B.M.1
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Solution to the Sample Problem
d C E L
Point B.M.1 B.M.2 B.M.3 B.M.4 B.M.1 Distance from B.M.1 (km) 0
E Elevobs Elevtheo 151.04m 150.92m 0.12m
L 1.78 km
C d (in km) (0.12 m) 1.78 km
Corrections (m) 0.00 Adjusted Elevation (m)
Observed elevation (m) 150.92
0.35
0.89 1.24 1.78
238.45
203.3 165.81 151.04
-0.02
-0.06 -0.08 -0.12
238.43
203.24 165.73 150.92
References
Anderson, James & E. Mikhail (1998), Surveying: Theory and Practice 7th Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Davis, Raymond E., et.al. (1981), Surveying: Theory and Practice 7th Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. La Putt, Juny P. (1987), Elementary Surveying 3rd Edition, Cacho Hermanos Inc.
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THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!
Lab Exercise #2 Discussion

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Objectives:: Department of Geodetic Engineering Training Center For Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

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7/28/2013

The Earths Surface

Mean Sea Level (MSL) (Vertical Datum)

measured along the plumb line passing through the point

The Earths Surface

Mean Sea Level (MSL) (Vertical Datum)

Davis, et.al. (1981)

Bench Mark (B.M.)

Davis, et.al. (1981)

Turning Point (T.P.)

Davis, et.al. (1981)

Davis, et.al. (1981)

Height of the instrument (H.I.)

Davis, et.al. (1981)

Height of the Instrument (H.I.)

Significance of Leveling Operations

Provides necessary data for:

DUMPY LEVEL DUMPY LEVEL

a system of prisms and mirrors supported by wires as in a pendulum

2. AUTOMATIC LEVEL (cont..)

Compensator in an Automatic Level

FAST measurement is completed in < 3 sec

General Classes of Leveling Rods

GENERAL CLASSES OF LEVELING RODS

GENERAL CLASSES OF LEVELING RODS

measure vertical distances directly most precise method of determining elevations

DHAB = d Tana + h.i.- RR = s Sina + h.i.- RR

USES OF TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELING

H = Ks cos2 + C cos V = Ks sin2 + C sin

METHODS IN MEASURING ELEV

8. INERTIAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

10. PROFILE LEVELING

Procedures in Differential Leveling

DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING COMPUTATIONS

H.I. = B.S. + ElevBM

DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING COMPUTATIONS

Elevi = H.I. - F.S.

DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING COMPUTATIONS

75.632 ______ 73.233 ______ 70.526 ______

BM1elev + B.S. F.S. = BM3elev

72.105 + 11.694 16.812 _______ 66.987

H.I. = B.S. + ElevBM

Elevi = H.I. - F.S.

Error of Closure Corrections to the Observed Elevations

Determining the error Adjusting elevations

Corrections to the Observed Elevations

Solution to the Sample Problem

E Elevobs Elevtheo 151.04m 150.92m 0.12m

Observed elevation (m) 150.92

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!

Lab Exercise #2 Discussion

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75.632 73.233 70.526 __