Joints of the body

Fibrous

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Syndesmosis Joint that connects two articular surfaces together via a ligament Amphiathrosis Distal Fibiotibular joint Interosseous membrane Dense fibrous membrane connecting two bones Amphiathrosis Radius + Ulna Sutures = syndostosis Thin membrane joining plates together Synarthrosis Coronal Surface Cartiligious Syndochroses = Synstosis Hyaline cartilage between joints Synarthrosis Epiphyseal plate between the diaphysis end on long bone and epiphysis Symphesis Flat and broad fibrocartilage between two bones Amphiathrosis Pubic bone and invertebrae Synovial diarthrosis Ball and Socket Spherical Surface + Concave Cup Triaxial = flex + ex, abd + add, rotation Hips and Shoulder Saddle Saddle joint + joint that sits within the saddle

Triaxial = flex + ex, adb +add, rot. Carpametacarpel (thumb and trapezium) Condyloid Oval +oval depression Biaxial = flex and ex, adb + add Metacarpophalangeal joint Pivot Ring and finger Monoaxial = Rot. 26 deg. Each side from the med Atlanto-axial joint Hinge Concave and Convex Monoaxial = flex + ex Elbow, knee Planar Flat/curved surface Biaxial = sliding back and forth, side to side Zygopopheal joints (vertebra), sternocostal + vertecostal joints OVERALL Synathrosis Synstosis = sutures; synchrosis Amphiathrosis syndemosis; symphesis; Diathrosis synovial = ball + socket, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, planar

Synovial and Joint Features

Hyaline/articular cartilage Smooth and spongy covering ends Provides protection against friction

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2 layer joint capsule Outer layer = tough + fibrous; Inner = synovial membrane covers all internal surfaces OL = strengthen Joint; IL= Synovial Fluid Synovial Fluid Egg-like fluid fills capsule Keeping cartilage nourished; reduce friction; get rid of waste Disci et Minisci = shock absorbers separates the joint cavity fully (present usually knee joint) Ligaments Bursae Synovials cushion the movements Tendon Sheath wrap around tendons and red friction in joints in fingers Cartilage Lip (glenoid cavity) Muscles of Articulation Nerve and blood supply

Shoulder Joint
1. Ball and Socket

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2. Diarthrosis (triaxial) 3. Synovial Joint 4. Muscle Dependent no strong ligaments, shoulder joint maintained by the action of enveloping muscles Between the glenoid cavity (can withstand 6 kp [60N] on the joint) and the head of the humorous; hyaline cartilage thicker at margins of cavity than at centre; socket enlarged by glenoid lip (fibrocartiligous) Head of humorous ball shaped: hyaline cartilage extends to the anatomical neck and distally to the intertubercular sulcus; gives head more oval shape Synovial layer of the articular capsule is attached to the glenoid lip. It is evaginated pouchlike along the intracapsularly coursing tendon of the long head of the biceps and surrounds it as the synovial sheath of the intertubercular groove. Fibrous layer of the joint capsule of the upper arm forms a connective tissue layer over the intertubercular sulcus and converts it to an osteofibrous canal Upper portion of the capsule is partly strengthened by the coracohumoural ligament [arises from the base of the coracoid process scapula radiates into the capsule ext. to greater and lesser tubercles] & 3 weak glenohumoural ligament (sup. Med. Lat.) Associated with a number of synovial sacs: subcoracoid bursa, subtendinous bursa of the subscapula muscle, intertubercular synovial sac, coracobrachial bursa = rotator cuff Supraspinous mucle because closest to acromion and partakes in abduction. Bursa SUBDELTOID, SUBACRMIAL, SUBCORACOID subcutaneous, submuscular, subfascial or subtendinous synovial

sternoclavicular joint acromial clavicular joint movement of shoulder vental flexion 90deg. dorsal flexion 55 abduction 90 adduction and rot. above 90 = + rortationa dns hifting fo the scapula

Elbow Joint
1. Compound Joint

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2. 3 joints: humeroradial (ball and socket), humero-ulnar (hinge), proximal radio-ulnar (pivot joint) 3. secured by bone + ligament 4. hinge joint monoaxial (flexion and extension) 5. Bone stability provided by the trochlea (humerous) and trochlear notch (ulna); Ligamentous stability = annular ligament of the radius and collateral ligaments Thin lax joint capsule encloses joint surfaces to prevent pinching during movement.fibers from brachialis and triceps brachii muscles olecranon bursa attachment of triceps

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proximal Radio-ulnar joints

oblique cord carrying angle lateral side 158 -180

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dISTAL RADIO-ULNAR JOINT

pivot pronation and supernation

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colles fracture fracture of the distal radius in the forearm with doral (posterior) displacement of the wrist and hand fracture is sometimes referred to as a dinner fork or bayonet deformity due to the shpe of the resultant forearm

wrist joint
elllipsdois joint function unit lax art. Capsule numerous ligg meniskoids midcarpal joint s shaped joint spae functional unit tense art. Capsule palmar side meniskoids (synovial folds)

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prox row of carpal bones and radius and articular disk

LIGAMENTS forearm carpal bones Intercarpal lig carpal metacarpal metacarpal lig. movement: radial/ulnar duction wrist Metacarpophalangeal Joints ball and socket

lower limb
head of the femur and acetabulum of the hip bone ball and socket restr. Synovial joint Ilium Ischim Pubis Femur Joint caps. Strong fibrous sleeve

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KNEE JOINT Primarily a hunge jioint Complex Femur,tibia and patella (largest cessamoid bone it is within the ligament) Femoropatellar Medial and lateral tibiofemoral joints Has: ligaments Menisci Bursae Fatty tissue Muscles Patellar lig. Quad tendons Medial collateral lig = tibial col lig. Mcl fused with the medial meniscus Resists katerak displacement Lateral collateral lig = fibular coll. Lig. Lcl cordlike Not fused with the capsule nor with the meniscus

Olblique popliteal lig. Arcuate popliteal lig. From apex of fib joint capsule Ant. Cruciate lig. ACL connects ant intercondylar area of tibia to the med side of the lateral femoral Post cruciate lig Prevent backward displacement Btb graft Menisci medial = more open c Lateral menisci = less open c Suprapatelar bursa Tibiofibular joint Plane joint Syndesmosis Joints of the foot Little toe = lateral line; big toe = medial line Upper,lower, talocalcaneonavicular + calcaneocuboid (choparts joint) tarsometatarsal (lisfrancs joint)