chap 08

WASTE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

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08 A Current situation.
Managing waste in a metropolitan area is a mission of major scope. Each day, the 590,000 inhabitants of Nantes Mtropole get rid of huge quantities of waste. It is Nantes Mtropole that has overall responsibility for elimination of household and similar waste (collection, sorting, treatment and recovery). Typically, some 310,000 tonnes of waste (excluding rubble) are collected, stored and treated each year in the city of Nantes, which represents close to 477 kg of household waste per year per inhabitant. Nantes Mtropole is launching Action 17 of its Agenda 21 programme : Waste : new resources to master for enhanced management across its territory.

In order to manage this constant ow, Nantes Mtropole has organised various types of collection. And, thanks to selective collection and to the waste taken to collection centers by inhabitants voluntarily, it optimises the recycling of numerous forms of waste.
Waste production in Nantes Mtropole
600 500 400 300 200 100 0

kg/hab./year

Wood WEEE Metal Glass Bulky waste Green waste

year

Packaging and paper waste Residual waste

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

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Changes in waste production in Nantes Mtropole

200000 180000 160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

t/year

Residual waste Packaging and paper waste Green waste Bulky waste Glass Metal
year

WEEE Wood waste

Waste breakdown in Nantes Mtropole in 2009

Residual waste Packaging and paper waste Green waste Bulky waste Glass Metal WEEE Wood waste

Changes in waste production in Nantes Mtropole

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Bulky waste - Landll Incineration for energy Screened at source for biological treatment Screened at source for recycling

year

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There has been a change in the ows collected over the past ten years or so : - the production of household waste destined for incineration dropped from 318 kg/inhabitant/year in 1999 to 260 kg in 2008. - the practice of the waste-collection centres also grew : 92 kg/inhabitant/year in 1999 and 124 kg in 2009 (excluding inert household construction and demolition waste). The decrease in waste is therefore signicant and due principally to the strong development of selective collection (35 kg/inhabitant/year in 2001 and 53 kg in 2008 for recyclable packaging and paper, excluding glass, for municipal waste), with glass rising from 21 kg/inhabitant/year to 29 kg/inhabitant/year.

In Nantes, there has been an increase in the selective door-to-door collection of paper and mixed packaging throughout the territory, the sorting of bulky waste by waste-collection centres in a specialised centre for the recovery of wood, cardboard and plastic, and the setting up of wood and WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) sorting at waste-collection centres, the increased performance of green waste collection.
Waste is valorised :
11 % 3% Energy (electricity, heat for an urban heating network, steam used in industry) Material, thanks to recyclable products (glass, packaging, paper, wood, iron and steel scrap, WEEE) 51 % Organic (compost) Landll without transformation 23 % Stored and landlled (non-hazardous waste), that is 33 % of the unsorted total

12 %

Underground containers for residual waste and recyclable waste.

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Amount of waste per inhabitant : In 1999 = 467 kg/inhabitant/year. In 2004 = 474 kg/inhabitant/year. In 2008 = 477 kg/inhabitant/year. Proportion of the total amount of biodegradable waste sent to the landll : 0% since 1999. Percentage of recycled residual waste : There is no information as household waste is collected with ofce and shop waste (about 20% on a national level). It is worth pointing out that, in 2008, of the total stream collected, 98% of the green waste, 84% of the recyclable packaging and paper, 100% of the glass, 100% of the metal and 100% of the rubble were recycled.

Nantes Mtropole

Nantes Mtropole provides a network of 12 dumps and 4 ecopoints (mini dumps that do not collect rubble) for people living in the area. These facilities complete the other waste collection services, namely: - door to door collection (residual waste, paper and packaging for recycling, and bulky waste) - bins in public areas (for glass, paper and packaging for recycling) - Ecotox van routes (for hazardous household waste)

Green, as in nature, and as in the environment. Dumps and ecopoints are drop-off points for your waste. From there, it is taken to treatment plants, or to reuse and recycling plants.
Southwest unit Loire et Svre unit Vignoble unit Aubinire unit Nantes Loire unit Erdre-Fleuriaye unit Erdre et Cens unit Loire-Chzine unit Nantes Cens unit Chantenay-Chzine unit

The hand that screens: The rst one is yours, when you sort out waste according to type before bringing it to the dump. Then come our staff, who will be happy to lend advice and tell you what bins to use when you get here.

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Residual household waste is incinerated and only the bulky part of waste from waste-collection centres is sent to the landll. Biodegradable waste is not landlled. The landlls were replaced by two incinerators in the 1990s.
The energy recovered from our two incinerators differs : with one of them, the energy heats an urban heating network in the centre of Nantes; with the other, the steam is recovered and sold on to a business owner who uses it in his industrial process; the rest of the heat is converted into energy for consumption on site and sold on to EDF.

Municipal waste incineration with energy recovery * Energy produced per year : 257,600 MW/h Energy delivered per year : 147,100 MW/h * Number of homes heated : 16,000 home equivalents for one incinerator (we provide 85% of the waste used) * Number of sqm heated : 1,120,000 sqm And production of 203,000 MW/h worth of heat for the other incinerator, including 57,000 MW/h sold to an industrial company and 20,000 MW/h of electricity (Nantes Mtropole provides 50% of the waste used. Percentage of biodegradable waste used for landll : 0% Percentage of municipal waste packaging recycled* : 18% (* recycled packaging and paper, including collected glass screened at source, as a percentage of total collected waste in tonnes). Refusal rate* : 16% * Unsuitable screening, material collected separately but not routed for recycling, routed after screening in sorting centre, on packaging and paper excl. glass Percentage of municipal waste reused (incinerated) : 100% of recyclable packaging and paper is incinerated to recover it as energy

Greenhouse gases and sustainable development.

Recycling and prevention are now contributing to a reduction in greenhouse gases. Work is being undertaken locally to reduce dustcart mileage to limit emissions. Optimisation of rounds, simultaneous collection of sorted and unsorted household waste using the "Tri-sac" (bag sort) system. The energy recovered offsets the incinerator emissions.

Putting in place the TRISAC system in densely populated residential urban areas, including those with social housing, makes it possible to offer a comprehensive selective household waste collection service to all populations, irrespective of their circumstances. The bags are available free of charge (presentation of a collection card to manage the volumes).
Likewise, it is possible to have a household waste composting facility at the foot of a building, making it accessible to everyone (for example, the cit radieuse complex in Rez). Numerous integration structures are involved in the eld of waste with a view to promoting a diversied economy, leaving signicant scope for community development structures (collection and sorting of paper, cardboard, recycling centres, awareness). Nantes Mtropole has appointed staff in its own departments to ensure, through its consultations with private operators, that the latter systematically employ a minimum number of persons undergoing occupational integration.

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08 B Initiatives undertaken in the past ve to ten years.

In 2001, the creation of Nantes Mtropole made it possible to harmonise the waste collection and extended door-to-door selective sorting services provided to users. Door-to-door selective sorting has, in fact, been extended to all of the municipalities, some of which had not previously been served.
The large, densely populated urban areas (city centre and collective housing) have been the subject of experiments, since the storage of containers in such areas is problematic, and problems with participation in the system have also been noted. In addition, some of these sectors have still to be dealt with in this regard, under the Tri'sac operation.

The Arc en Ciel waste screening centre in the City of Couron.

It should be specied that the National State has its own waste prevention plan, which includes key measures such as the removal of single-use bags at check-outs, household composting and a junk mail ban. These measures are based on raising awareness and the voluntary involvement of households and businesses. Where composting is concerned : the National State is putting in place a grant system for the local authorities involved.

With regard to prevention, following the National Grenelle Environment Round Table (Grenelle de lEnvironnement), a target has been set for household waste to be reduced by 7 % in ve years time and this has been incorporated into the departmental planning schedules. Major nancial support has been mobilised for ve years, from 2009.

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Trisac and importance of screening residual waste.

Concerning Waste Electrical and electronical Equipment, there are environmentally friendly waste recycling bodies in France. The waste is collected through sales outlets. Nantes Mtropole wanted, however, to add to this arrangement (on a voluntary basis) by setting up collection points at waste-collection centres. We now collect 2,000 tonnes of WEEE. Since 2005, Municipality of Nantes has organised this collection at certain sites, while working on a procedure piloted at national level for identifying what organisation of and the management costs required for this waste might be. Following this experiment, the French State published decrees rolling out this arrangement across the country, to be nanced as part of extended manufacturers liability. EOLV (end-of-life vehicles) : The local authorities are not responsible for collecting this waste. ATAO can however be cited in this regard as a company that employs people in job schemes to restore motorbikes and mopeds, which also works on reusing bicycles and vehicles. The initiatives taken since 2001 have led to more effective sorting and have signicantly increased the percentage recycled. APPENDIX
Waste treatment, screening, collecting and recycling http://www.cmaintenant.eu/les/le/plaquette_thema_recyclage.pdf

Tri'sac. This is a door-to-door selective collection system. There are 30-litre bags in two colours : a blue bag for non-recyclable waste, a yellow bag for recyclable waste. Once collected and delivered to the separation centre in the same dustcart, the yellow bags are separated from the blue bags using an optical reader.

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Developed in 2006 and involving 125,000 inhabitants, this means of selective collection limits the number of dustcarts on the road because of the simultaneous collection of several ows without the addition of extra rounds. This increases performance in sorting in densely populated municipal areas (Nantes city centre and collective housing complexes) and may enable us, in due course, to collect fermentable waste in densely populated areas without changing the collection procedure and whilst achieving signicant performance. APPENDIX See the appendixes for the documents about Trisac (the waste screening guide for Nantes and the memo)
The Trisac and why screening residual waste is important http://www.cmaintenant.eu/les/le/guide_tri_dechets_tri_sac.pdf http://www.cmaintenant.eu/les/le/memo_dechets_trisacbac.pdf

Individual composting.
Individual composting is becoming more common in the bungalow areas. The launch of a programme promoting household composting : the setting up of an experiment in two communes (providing 14,000 composters). A budget of nearly 500,000 allocated to this action (excluding costs for personnel, assessed at 66,000 for two years). A door-to-door study has been organised, material acquired, door-to-door distribution carried out, as well as distribution of communication documents. Distinguishing between waste types had made it possible to conrm a fall in the percentage of fermentable waste in dustbins and the tonnage has dropped by 10 % overall in the two cities concerned, with one house in every two being provided with equipment.

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Individual composting is developing in garden suburbs.

Compostri. This is an operation that makes it possible to set up collective composters by means of an association that produces and installs them, after which they are managed by the inhabitant associations, particularly in vertical collective housing.
Budget : In 2008 : 12,650 investment + 3,000 for operations. In 2009 : 25,000 for investment + 5,600 for operations.

APPENDIX
The composting guide http://www.cmaintenant.eu/les/le/guide_compostage.pdf

Ecotox. This involves the collection of hazardous household waste, organised by Nantes Mtropole. 203 tonnes were collected in 2008 (paint, varnishes, glues, acids, cleaning products, neon and halogen lamps, batteries, etc).
There are permanent collection points (collection centres) and collection points by appointment based on specially equipped lorries. Batteries are collected there in addition to the collection points organised by sales outlets. There too, recycling is dealt with by environmentally friendly waste recycling bodies.

In addition, Nantes Mtropole participates in various projects around the 24 cities by supporting associations and local partnerships.
APPENDIX
An example of a 2009-2010 Ecotox Memo about hazardous waste collection http://www.cmaintenant.eu/les/le/memo_ecotox_nantes_2009.pdf

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Ecorv.

This association manages a recycling centre that diverts objects from waste-collection centres for second-hand resale and repairs or renishes a small quantity (artistic activity). Nantes Mtropole participates in its operations (more than 100,000 annually).
Alis 44, Envie 44.
Nantes Mtropole supports these associations, which recover, recondition and redistribute electronic equipment and household electrical appliances.

Atelier du Retz Emploi.

Nantes Mtropole participates in this co-operative and voluntary project in the City of Pellerin, in the area of collection and reuse of materials that can be valorised, transformed, resold or recycled, hence decreasing the quantity of materials landlled.
Arbalange, Culott et Engag.
This service has been set up by a private operator in Nantes, working within the context of co-operative, voluntary projects. It has to do with the collection and cleaning of washable diapers for individual citizens and professionals (day-care centres), by personnel in job employment programmes.

AREMACS.
Local antenna supported by Nantes Mtropole that makes available services for the organisation of cultural and sports events in order to reduce waste (the provision of cups, sorting) and to promote responsible purchasing.

Air livre 1 et 2 - Nantes Ecologie.

Employment project involving recycled paper : recovery, sorting and distribution of books locally and internationally, involving elementary schools and social centres, with a view to the manufacture of recycled paper.

Municipality of Nantes provides users with information and exchanges good practices.
Communication.

A green (free-phone) number has already been set up for all requests for intervention concerning collection of waste and waste in general (including bulky waste) : Allo Propret on 0 800 344 000 (free call from a landline).
In addition, for all questions concerning urban cleanliness, grafti, street cleaning, the toll-free number 0 800 004 000 (free call from a xed line) has been set up. A guide has been published for the public (see annex). APPENDIX
Dump and ecopoint how-to guide http://www.cmaintenant.eu/les/le/guide_ecopoints_decheteries.pdf

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Cmagref.
Research project of compared analysis of the environmental and economic performances of chemical/biological treatment of household waste in France and Germany, a project in which Nantes Mtropole participates. The appended activity report sets out the rationale behind all these activities. APPENDIX
2008 annual report on the price and quality of residual waste and associated waste elimination services http://www.cmaintenant.eu/les/le/rapport_annuel_dechets_2008.pdf

08 B Short- and long-term scheduled measures.

A waste prevention plan is being drawn up (in partnership with the Environment and Energy Management Agency (Agence de lenvironnement et de la matrise de lenergie - ADEME)) at national level).
This plan is intended to address both private citizens and enterprises, with the objective of reducing the quantity of waste by changing purchasing behaviour and processes (e.g. : returnable packaging). This plan will rely on a network of associations. Concrete actions will be carried out in the territory. The quantitative objective set is a reduction in household waste, including packaging and paper for recycling, of at least 7 %. An action plan and project management plan based on governance and monitoring indicators are being drawn up.

A reduction in the number of household-waste collections from mid-2010. Harmonisation of residual household waste collections based on areaspecic characteristics is planned in order to coordinate pick-ups. This development will take population density, particular needs (administrations, restaurants, etc) into consideration, as well as the special characteristics of vertical housing. It will make it possible to move from collection twice weekly to once weekly. This adjustment includes reductions in the provision of bins and storage. Indeed, certain municipalities (Les Sorinires, Bouaye, Brains, Saint Lger les Vignes, Saint Aignan de Grandlieu) already have C1 collection (collection once weekly).
Overall, CO2 savings can be assessed at 1,400 tonnes. The target set is 1,900 tonnes.

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This step is directly in line with the climate action plan implemented by Nantes Mtropole. The nuisance associated with collection operations will be reduced. The reduction in frequency will be accompanied by a reduction in the number of collection vehicles on the roads. Trafc difculties will be reduced. Sound nuisance will automatically be reduced, particularly in sensitive areas (bungalow communities, dense housing). Bins will be less of an obstacle on sidewalks.

The objective underlying the frequency reduction is also to encourage users to pay more attention to waste production, to sort and compost more in the home, and should encourage the community to adopt a prevention policy.
This will come about through maintaining the current frequency of selective collection and by encouraging citizens to practice household composting, individually or collectively, whenever possible.

Extension of Trisac.
The Trisac operation will be extended in 2013 to other parts of the Nantes city centre area, as well as to collective housing in Nantes, Rez, Saint-Sbastien, Orvault and Saint-Herblain. In addition, a third biodegradable branch could be developed with a third bag, making it possible to collect kitchen waste as of 2012 in the same urban areas. Work has begun on the prospects of further diversifying the recycling channels and experimenting with the recycling of exible plastics, although this would not be rolled out across the whole of France. Work on assessing public policies, continuation of the technical, social and economic indicators for performance commitments that are in the process of being dened and work on shared techniques with other authorities in France (participation in two French and one European working parties with the Association of Cities and Regions for Recycling and Sustainable Resource Management (Association des Cits et Rgions pour le Recyclage et la Gestion Durable des Ressources (ACR+)) on the drawing up of common indicators).

08 C Geographical and historical factors that have a negative impact on the indicators.
Nantes Mtropole is still a young authority which has consolidated municipal expertise on the collection of waste and the different ways it is applied by the cities. A considerable amount of work has been necessary to standardise the services provided to inhabitants and to break down still further door-to-door selective collection, which is becoming a widespread practice; this explains why the yields can still be improved. In addition, the differences between the territories (rural to densely populated areas) have also been a major constraint.

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