Analysis and Design of Flexure Member Rolled Beam Section

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CHAPTER
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF
06 FLEXURE MEMBER
ROLLED BEAM SECTION
–
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Flexure member is a structural steel member subjected to bending / flexure moment. Flexure
member occurs usually at floor beam, purlin, diaphragm beam, steel bridge etc. Actually there is no
pure flexure member, the flexure member may subject to compressive axial load called beam-column
member.
This chapter describes the analysis and design procedure of flexure member such as bending strength
of compact and non compact section, lateral torsional buckling, flange local buckling, web local
buckling, shear strength, beam bearing plate etc.
6.2 BEHAVIOR OF LATERALLY STABLE BEAM

6.2.1 GENERAL
Laterally stable beam is defined as beam member that is has adequate lateral stability of the
compression flange. If the flange is not laterally support when achieving maximum bending strength
the flange may buckle and also the web may buckle.
The followings are type of lateral support of compression beam flange, as follows :
Continuous Lateral Support, continue lateral support provided by concrete floor slab.
Interval Lateral Support, lateral support is provided interval such as shear connector, bolt etc.
The lateral stability of the compression flange also depended to the width-thickness ratio of the
compression plate element.
6.2.2 BENDING STRESS DISTRIBUTION
To study the behavior of flexure member we use the bending stress distribution at different loading
stages.
There are four stages of loading to produce different bending stress distribution, as follows :
Elastic, the section is still elastic so there is no yielding at the extreme fiber. This condition
achieved at the service load range.
Yield, the section is elastic but there is yielding at the extreme fiber. This condition achieved
beyond the service load range.
Plastic, the section is inelastic and part of fiber is yield. This condition achieved at the ultimate
load range.
6-1
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Fully Plastic, the section is plastic and all the fiber is yield. When fully plastic condition the
section can offer no rotation resistance and it becomes plastic hinge.
FIGURE 6.1 STEEL MATERIAL STRESS – STRAIN CURVE
The figure above shows the elastic range, plastic range and strain hardening range of steel section
subjected to tensile axial load test. This chart also can be used to determine the behavior of flexure
member due to different loading stages. Elastic range is shown by linear straight line and plastic
range is shown by constant line.
The followings figure shows the bending stress distribution of beam section due to several loading
stages.
FIGURE 6.2 BENDING STRESS DISTRIBUTION
6.2.3 ELASTIC MOMENT

The elastic bending stress formula for a member due to flexure moment is :
M
Fs = [6.1]
Sx
where :
6-2
Fs = allowable bending stress

M = elastic flexure moment
Sx = elastic modulus of section about X axis
The allowable bending stress is taken from the steel construction code.
Then elastic moment capacity becomes :
M = FsS x [6.2]
For symmetrical cross section the section modulus Sx will have one value (same for top and bottom
fiber) and for unsymmetrical cross section Sx will have two values (different for top and bottom fiber).
Ix
Sx = [6.3]
y
where :
Sx = elastic modulus of section for top or bottom fiber
Ix = moment of inertia about X axis
y = distance from neutral axis to top or bottom fiber
FIGURE 6.3 DEFINITION OF Y
The elastic bending stress formula is valid for service load stage which is the material still in elastic
linear range.
The location of elastic neutral axis (ENA) is calculated using the equation below :
∑ Ay
y= [6.4]
∑A
where :
y = location of ENA
A = area of divided section
ΣA = total area of section
6-3
6.2.4 YIELD MOMENT

Based on the previous formula, the maximum bending stress achieve when the extreme fiber reach
yield stress. When the yield stress is achieve at the extreme fiber the moment capacity becomes yield
moment. Yield moment is defined as bending moment that brings the beams to the point of yielding.
The yield moment is defined as :
My = FyS x [6.5]
where :
My = yield moment
Fy = yield strength
Sx = elastic modulus of section
The yield moment formula is valid at condition where only the extreme fiber is yield and other fiber is
still elastic.
6.2.5 PLASTIC MOMENT – SYMMETRIC SECTION

When the load becomes larger and reaches the ultimate load stage, the section is in the plastic range
which is all the fiber is yield the moment capacity becomes plastic moment. Plastic moment is
defined as bending moment to bring the beam to fully plastic condition.
FIGURE 6.4 PLASTIC MOMENT – SYMMETRIC SECTION
The plastic moment is defined as :
⎛ ⎞
Mp = Fy ⎜⎜ ∫ ydA ⎟⎟ = Fy Z x [6.6]
⎝A ⎠
where :
Mp = plastic moment
Fy = yield strength
Zx = plastic modulus of section
The figure above shows the fully plastic condition for symmetrical section, the bottom fiber is in
tension and top fiber is in compression.
From the static equilibrium we found that :
6-4
C = T ⇒ A cFy = A tFy
[6.7]
Ac = A t
where :
C = resultant of compressive force
T = resultant of tensile force
Ac = area of compression fiber
At = area of tension fiber
For the symmetric section the elastic neutral axis (ENA) and plastic neutral axis (PNA) is in the
same position.
The plastic moment is obtained from the couple action, as follows :
⎛A⎞
Mp = C(a ) = Fy A c (a ) = Fy ⎜ ⎟a
⎝2⎠
[6.8]
⎛A⎞
Mp = T (a ) = Fy A t (a ) = Fy ⎜ ⎟a
⎝2⎠
From the previous equation we get :
⎛A⎞
Mp = Fy ⎜ ⎟a = Fy Z x [6.9]
⎝2⎠
So the plastic modulus of section for symmetric section is :
⎛A⎞
Z x = ⎜ ⎟a [6.10]
⎝2⎠
The following is the summaries of the plastic moment calculation of symmetric section, as follows :
TABLE 6.1 PLASTIC MOMENT – SYMMETRIC SECTION

C/T Ac / At Zx Mp
A
C = A cFy Ac =
2 ⎛A⎞
Z x = ⎜ ⎟a Mp = Fy Z x
T = A tFy A ⎝2⎠
Ac =
2
Once the plastic moment is reach Mp has been reach, the section cannot provide additional
rotational resistance and behaves as a hinge with constant Mp it’s called plastic hinge. The
formation of plastic hinge is known as collapse mechanism. Number of plastic hinge to produce
collapse is depended to the type of structure, statically determinate or statically indeterminate
structure.
6-5
6.2.6 PLASTIC MOMENT – UNSYMMETRIC SECTION

This section describes the analysis procedure of plastic moment of un-symmetric section, as
follows :
Plastic Neutral Axis (PNA), the first step is to find the location of plastic neutral axis (PNA) by
apply horizontal static equilibrium.
Plastic Moment, compute the plastic moment about the plastic neutral axis.
FIGURE 6.5 PLASTIC NEUTRAL AXIS – UNSYMMETRIC SECTION
The horizontal static equilibrium of the section above is :
C=T
A cFy = A tFy
[6.11]
A
Ac = A t =
2
The location of plastic neutral axis is computed based on the horizontal static equilibrium to achieve the
A
condition A c = A t = .
2
The location of yc (PNA to extreme compression fiber) and yt (PNA to extreme tension fiber) is
calculated using the equation below :
⎧⎛ A ⎞ ⎫
⎪ ⎜ ⎟ − A fc ⎪
⎪ 2 ⎪
y c = t fc + ⎨ ⎝ ⎠ ⎬
⎪ t w ⎪ [6.12]
⎪⎩ ⎪⎭
y t = h − yc
where :
yc = distance from PNA to extreme compression fiber
yt = distance from PNA to extreme tension fiber
tfc = thickness of compression flange
Afc = area of compression flange
tw = web thickness
h = depth of section
6-6
The plastic moment is calculate by sum the moment about PNA location, as follows :
Mp = ∑ CidCi + ∑ TidTi [6.13]
FIGURE 6.6 PLASTIC MOMENT – UNSYMMETRIC SECTION
The location of PNA of un-symmetric hybrid section (different steel grade between flange and
web) is :
Pp = Fyf (∑ A f ) + Fyw A w [6.14]
where :
Pp = plastic axial strength
Fyf = yield strength of flange
Af = area of flange
Fyw = yield strength of web
Aw = area of web
The location of yc (PNA to extreme compression fiber) and yt (PNA to extreme tension fiber) is
calculated using the equation below :
⎧ ⎛ Pp ⎞
(
⎪ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − Fyf A f )⎫⎪
⎪ 2 ⎪
y c = t fc + ⎨ ⎝ ⎠ ⎬
⎪ Fyw t w ⎪ [6.15]
⎪ ⎪
⎩ ⎭
y t = h − yc
And the plastic moment of hybrid section is calculated using the same concept as previously explained
but using different yield strength for flange and web.
6-7
FIGURE 6.7 PLASTIC MOMENT – UNSYMMETRIC HYBRID SECTION
The following is the summaries of the plastic moment calculation of un-symmetric section, as
follows :
TABLE 6.2 PLASTIC MOMENT – SYMMETRIC SECTION

C/T Ac / At Zx Mp
A
C = A cFy Ac =
2 ⎛A⎞
Z x = ⎜ ⎟a Mp = Fy Z x
T = A tFy A ⎝2⎠
Ac =
2
6.2.7 SHAPE FACTOR

Shape Factor is defined as ratio of plastic moment to yield moment. Shape factor also equivalent as
ratio of plastic section modulus to elastic section modulus.
Shape factor written as mathematical formula is :
Mp Zx
ξ= = [6.16]
My Sx
where :
ξ = shape factor
Mp = plastic moment
My = yield moment
Zx = plastic modulus of section
For wide-flange section the value of shape factor is lies between 1.09 to 1.18, and for design purpose
usually used shape factor 1.12. It can be conservatively that the plastic moment is 10% greater than
the yield moment.
6-8
6.3 ANALYSIS OF FLEXURE MEMBER – COMPACT SECTION

6.3.1 GENERAL
Compact beam section is defined as beam section that the compression plate element is not
buckle due to compression force. The compression flange of the beam can be treated as
compression plate element because it is in compression. Like a compression member the
classification of compact section is depended to the width-thickness ratio of the plate element.
A beam section is categorized as compact section if follows the condition below :
λ ≤ λp [6.17]
where :
λ = width-thickness ratio of plate element
λp = upper limit of compact section
The strength of compact beam section is controlled by the following failures, as follows :
Laterally Supported Beam, if the beam is compact and it has fully (continuous) laterally
supported, the bending strength is the plastic moment Mp.
Inelastic Torsional Buckling, if the lateral support is not fully supported through the compact
beam then the bending strength is the inelastic torsional buckling strength.
Elastic Torsional Buckling, if there is no lateral support then the bending strength is the elastic
torsional buckling strength.
Laterally supported beam, inelastic torsional buckling and elastic torsional buckling is depended to the
un-braced length Lb.
FIGURE 6.8 BENDING STRENGTH – COMPACT SECTION
6-9
TABLE 6.3 BENDING STRENGTH – COMPACT SECTION
STRENGTH Lb
Laterally Supported Beam Lb ≤ Lp
Inelastic Torsional Buckling Lp < L b ≤ L r
Elastic Torsional Buckling Lb > L r
The following table shows the value of Lp and Lr for several steel section, as follows :
TABLE 6.5.A VALUE OF LP
Lb
SECTION
ksi MPa
300ry E
I 1.76ry
Fy Fy
300ry E
C 1.76ry
Fy Fy
3750ry 0.13ryE
BOX JA JA
Mp Mp
RECT. 3750ry 0.13ryE

JA JA
BAR Mp Mp
TABLE 6.5.B VALUE OF LR
Lr
SECTION
ksi MPa
I
ry X1
(Fy − Fr ) (
1 + 1 + X2 Fy − Fr )2 ry X1
(Fy − Fr ) (
1 + 1 + X2 Fy − Fr )2
C
ry X1
(Fy − Fr ) (
1 + 1 + X2 Fy − Fr )2 ry X1
(Fy − Fr ) (
1 + 1 + X2 Fy − Fr )2
57000ry 2ryE
BOX JA JA
Mr Mr
RECT. 57000ry 2ryE

JA JA
BAR Mr Mr
π EGJA
X1 =
Sx 2
2
[6.18]
4C w ⎛ Sx ⎞
X2 = ⎜ ⎟
Iy ⎝ GJ ⎠
where :
Fy = yield strength
Fr = residual stress
6 - 10
6.3.2 LIMITATION OF WIDTH – THICKNESS RATIO

As in compression member the width-thickness ratio of beam is similar but there is a little different.
TABLE 6.6 LIMITATION OF WIDTH-THICKNESS RATIO

λp (COMPACT) λr (NON COMPACT)
TYPE λ
ksi MPa ksi MPa
b 65 E 141 E
(R) 0.38 0.83
tf Fy Fy Fy − 10 Fy − 70
WF b 65 E 162 E
tf
(W)
Fy
0.38
Fy (Fy − 16.5)/ k c 0.95
(Fy − 115 )/ k c
h 640 E 970 E
3.76 5.70
tw Fy Fy Fy Fy
b 190 E 238 E
1.12 1.40
tf Fy Fy Fy Fy
BOX
h
As WF As WF As WF As WF
tw
bf
tf As WF As WF As WF As WF
C
h
tw As WF As WF As WF As WF
b
As WF As WF As WF As WF
tf
T
d 127 E
NA NA 0.75
tw Fy Fy
b 76 E
L NA NA 0.45
t Fy Fy
b 76 E
LL NA NA 0.45
t Fy Fy
D
NA
C
NA
C
3190 / Fy
C
(
0.11 E / Fy ) C
PIPE
t
2070 / Fy F 2070 / Fy F 8970 / Fy F (
0.31 E / Fy ) F
where :
Fy = yield strength ksi or MPa
E = modulus of elasticity
The residual stress Fr is taken as :
TABLE 6.7 RESIDUAL STRESS
RESIDUAL STRESS
SECTION
ksi MPa
Rolled 10 70
Welded 16.5 115
6 - 11
6.3.3 LATERALLY SUPPORTED COMPACT BEAM

Laterally supported beam occurs if follows the condition below :
Lb ≤ Lp [6.19]
where :
Lb = un-braced length
Lp = upper limit of laterally supported beam
The following is the criteria of laterally supported compact beam, as follows :

The section is compact, so it is remain stable up to the plastic condition.
There is continuous lateral support (un-braced length is very short) or the lateral support at
interval.
The bending strength of the beam is the plastic moment.
There are two types of laterally support, as follows :

Continuous Lateral Support, continuous lateral support by embedment of compression flange
in a concrete slab.
Interval Lateral Support, provided by cross beams, cross frames, ties, framing in laterally.
The figure below shows the example of lateral support of compression flange, as follows :
FIGURE 6.9 LATERAL SUPPORT OF COMPRESSION FLANGE
The nominal strength of laterally supported compact beam is :
Mn = Mp [6.20]
where :
Mn = nominal bending strength
Mp = plastic moment
6 - 12
As previously described the plastic moment is :
Mp = Fy Z x ≤ 1.5My [6.21]
The factor 1.5 is used to control the excessive deformation at the service load range.
Or it can be controlled with the shape factor, as follows :
(
Fy Z x ≤ 1.5 FyS x )
Zx
≤ 1 .5 [6.22]
Sx
ξ ≤ 1 .5
The equation above can be applied for any steel section.
6.3.4 INELASTIC TORSIONAL BUCKLING

A. General
Inelastic Torsional Buckling occurs if follows the condition below :
Lp < Lb ≤ Lr [6.23]
where :
Lp = upper limit of laterally supported beam
Lr = upper limit of inelastic torsional buckling
FIGURE 6.10 UN-BRACED LENGTH
The figure above shows the definition of un-braced length.
Un-braced length is defined as distance between laterally braced points of the compression
flange to against lateral displacement of compression flange, or braced to prevent twist of the
section.
6 - 13
B. I, Channel, Box, Rectangular

The inelastic torsional buckling strength of I, Channel, Box and Rectangular section is :
⎡ ⎛ ⎞⎤
(
Mn = Cb ⎢Mp − Mp − Mr )⎜⎜ LLb −− LLp ⎟⎟⎥ ≤ Mp [6.24]
⎢⎣ ⎝ r p ⎠⎥⎦
The equation above is obtained from the linear interpolation of bending strength chart as shown in
the figure 6.8.
Cb is modification factor for non-uniform moment diagram for beam that both end is braced, as
follows :
12.5Mmax
Cb = [6.25]
2.5Mmax + 3MA + 4MB + 3MC
where :
Cb = modification factor for non-uniform moment diagram
Mmax = absolute value of maximum moment in the un-braced length
MA = absolute value of moment quarter point of un-braced length
MB = absolute value of moment midpoint of un-braced length
MC = absolute value of moment three-quarter point of un-braced length
FIGURE 6.11 UN-BRACED LENGTH
For a uniform moment diagram the Cb becomes 1.0 for a cantilever beam Cb also can be taken
conservatively as 1.0.
Mr is flexure moment to the first yield, as follows :
(
Mr = Fy − Fr S x ) [6.26]
where :
Mr = flexure moment ot the first yield
Fy = yield strength
Fr = residual stress at flange
The first yield will be occurs at the flange so the flange yield stress is reduced by the residual
stress.
6 - 14
6.3.5 ELASTIC TORSIONAL BUCKLING

A. General
Elastic Torsional Buckling occurs if follows the condition below :
Lb > Lr [6.27]
where :
Lr = upper limit of inelastic torsional buckling
B. I, Channel
The elastic torsional buckling strength of I, Channel section is :
Mn = Mcr ≤ Mp [6.28]
where :
Mcr = critical elastic moment
The critical elastic moment is :
2
Cb π ⎛ πE ⎞
Mcr = EIyGJ + ⎜⎜ ⎟ IyC w
⎟
[6.29]
Lb ⎝ Lb ⎠
where :
G = shear modulus of elasticity
J = torsion constant
Cw = warping constant
C. Box, Rectangular
The elastic torsional buckling strength of box, rectangular section is :
Mn = Mcr ≤ Mp [6.30]
where :
2CbE JA
Mcr =
⎛L ⎞ [6.31]
⎜ b⎟
⎜ ry ⎟
⎝ ⎠
6 - 15
where :
A = section area
6.3.6 LTB OF TEE, DOUBLE ANGLES, ANGLE

A. General
This section describes the analysis of lateral torsional buckling of tee, double angles and angle section.
Different with other section there is no inelastic and elastic lateral torsional buckling for these
sections.
B. Tee, Double Angles

The lateral torsional buckling of tee and double angles section is :
Mn = Mcr [6.32]
where :
The condition of Mn is depend to the type of flexure moment, as follows :
TABLE 6.8 CONDITION OF MN
FLEXURE
CONDITION Mn
MOMENT
Positive Stem in tension (

Mn ≤ 1.5 FyS x )
Negative Stem in compression Mn ≤ FyS x
π EIyGJ ⎛ 2⎞
Mcr = ⎜B + 1+ B ⎟
Lb ⎝ ⎠
[6.33]
d Iy
B = ±2.3
Lb J
where :
G = shear modulus of elasticity
6 - 16
The sign convention of B value is tabulated below :
TABLE 6.9 VALUE OF B
B CONDITION FLEXURE MOMENT
Positive Stem in tension +
Negative Stem in compression –
The lateral torsional buckling of tee section is neglected if the section is subjected to flexure moment
about the minor axis.
C. Angle
The nominal bending strength of angle is calculated based on their principal axis of bending.
The nominal bending strength of angle is :
TABLE 6.10 BENDING STRENGTH OF ANGLE
CONDITION Mn
⎛ ⎞
Mob ≤ My,major Mn = ⎜ 0.92 − 0.17
⎜ M
Mob ⎟M ≤ 1.25 M
⎟ ob
(
y,major )
⎝ y,major ⎠
⎛ ⎞
Mob > My,major Mn = ⎜1.58 − 0.83
⎜
My,major
Mob
⎟M
⎟ y,major
(
≤ 1.25 My,major )
⎝ ⎠
where :
My,major = yield moment about the major axis of bending
Mob = elastic lateral torsional buckling
The elastic lateral torsional buckling of equal angle is :
⎛ 0.46Eb2t 2 ⎞
Mob = Cb ⎜ ⎟ [6.34]
⎜ L ⎟
⎝ ⎠
where :
t = minimum t of tw and tf
L = maximum of Lx and Ly
6 - 17
6.4 ANALYSIS OF FLEXURE MEMBER – NON COMPACT SECTION

6.3.7 GENERAL
Non Compact beam section is defined as beam section that the compression plate element is
buckle due to compression force. The compression flange of the beam can be treated as
compression plate element because it is in compression. Like a compression member the
classification of compact section is depended to the width-thickness ratio of the plate element.
A beam section is categorized as non compact section if follows the condition below :
λ p < λ ≤λ r [6.35]
where :
λr = upper limit of slender section
The strength of non compact beam section is controlled by the following failures, as follows :
Flange Local Buckling, the flange is buckle before reach the maximum bending strength.
Web Local Buckling, the web is buckle before reach the maximum bending strength.
Lateral Torsional Buckling.
TABLE 6.11 FLANGE AND WEB LOCAL BUCKLING
CONDITION λ
Flange Local Buckling λp < λ ≤ λr
Web Local Buckling λp < λ ≤ λr
The value of λp and λr of several steel section is similar as previous table for compact section.
6.3.8 FLANGE LOCAL BUCKLING

D. General
Flange local buckling occurs if follows the condition below :
λp < λ ≤ λr [6.36]
where :
E. I, Channel, Box, Rectangular

The flange local buckling strength of I, Channel, Box and Rectangular section is :
6 - 18
⎛ λ − λp ⎞
(
Mn = Mp − Mp − Mr ⎜ )⎟ ≤ Mp
⎜ λr − λp ⎟
[6.37]
⎝ ⎠
(
Mr = Fy − Fr S x ) [6.38]
where :
Fy = yield strength
stress.
For box and rectangular section Sx becomes Seff, that is the effective elastic modulus of section based
on the effective width be. The definition of be is can be seen the chapter 4.
F. Angle
The nominal bending strength of angle is calculated based on the principle axis of bending, as follows :
b/t Mn
b
t
≤ 0.382
E
Fy
(
Mn = 1.25 FySc )
⎡ ⎛ ⎞⎤
⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥
E b E ⎢ ⎜ bt ⎟⎥
0.382 < ≤ 0.446 Mn = FySc ⎢1.25 − 1.49⎜ − 1⎟⎥
Fy t Fy ⎢ ⎜ E ⎟⎥
⎢ ⎜⎜ 0.382 ⎟⎟⎥
Fy
⎣⎢ ⎝ ⎠⎥⎦
where :
Sc = section modulus for compression at the tip of one leg
t = thickness of leg under consideration
b = length of leg under consideration
6.3.9 WEB LOCAL BUCKLING

A. General
Web local buckling occurs if follows the condition below :
λp < λ ≤ λr [6.39]
where :
6 - 19

B. I, Channel, Box, Rectangular

The flange local buckling strength of I, Channel, Box and Rectangular section is :
⎛ λ − λp ⎞
(
Mn = Mp − Mp − Mr ⎜ ) ⎟ ≤ Mp
⎜ λr − λp ⎟
[6.40]
⎝ ⎠
(
Mr = Fy − Fr S x ) [6.41]
where :
Fy = yield strength
stress.
For box and rectangular section Sx becomes Seff, that is the effective elastic modulus of section based
on the effective width be. The definition of be is can be seen the chapter 4.
C. Angle
The nominal bending strength of angle is calculated based on the principle axis of bending, as follows :
b/t Mn
b
t
≤ 0.382
E
Fy
(
Mn = 1.25 FySc )
⎡ ⎛ ⎞⎤
⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥
E b E ⎢ ⎜ bt ⎟⎥
0.382 < ≤ 0.446 Mn = FySc ⎢1.25 − 1.49⎜ − 1⎟⎥
Fy t Fy ⎢ ⎜ E ⎟⎥
⎢ ⎜⎜ 0.382 ⎟⎟⎥
Fy
⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎥⎦
where :
Sc = section modulus for compression at the tip of one leg
t = thickness of leg under consideration
b = length of leg under consideration
6 - 20
6.3.10 LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING

The lateral torsional buckling of non compact beam section is similar as lateral torsional buckling of
compact beam section.
6.5 ANALYSIS OF FLEXURE MEMBER – BENDING ABOUT WEAK AXIS

6.5.1 GENERAL
When flexure member is subjected to flexure moment about weak axis (minor axis), the lateral
torsional buckling is not a limit state because it cannot buckle in other direction. The only limit of
state is the plastic moment.
6.5.2 NOMINAL BENDING STRENGTH

The nominal bending strength of flexure member due to minor flexure moment is :
(
Mn = Z yFy ≤ 1.5 S yFy ) [6.42]
where :
Zy = plastic modulus of section about minor axis
Sy = elastic modulus of section about minor axis
Fy = yield strength
6.6 SHEAR STRENGTH OF FLEXURE MEMBER

6.6.1 GENERAL
The elastic shear stress based on mechanics of material theory is :
QS x
fv = [6.43]
Ixb
where :
fv = vertical & horizontal shear stress
Q = vertical shear force
Ix = moment of inertia about neutral axis
b = width of cross section
The equation above is based on the assumption that the shear stress is constant across the width
b, so it is accurate for small b.
6 - 21
FIGURE 6.12 ELASTIC SHEAR STRESS
The figure above shows the distribution of elastic shear stress of I section. It can be seen that the
maximum shear stress is along the web not in the flange or in other word the web resist all the
shear force.
The continuous line shows the elastic shear stress, the dashed line shows the average shear stress
on the web.
The average shear stress on the web is :
Q
fv = [6.44]
Aw
where :
fv = average shear stress on the web
Q = vertical shear force
Aw = area of web
Take maximum of shear stress is 0.60Fy, then the nominal shear strength of flexure member is :
Vn = 0.6Fy A w
[6.45]
A w = dt w
where :
Vn = nominal shear strength
Fy = yield strength
Aw = area of web
tw = thickness of web
The shear strength of flexure member is depended to the width – thickness ratio of the web.
There are three types of shear failure, as follows :

Web Yielding, the web is stable and able to reach the full shear yield strength.
Inelastic Web Buckling, the web is buckle in-elastically.
Elastic Web Buckling, the web is buckle elastically.
6 - 22
6.6.2 WEB YIELDING

Web yielding occurs if the width-thickness ratio of web follows the condition below :
TABLE 6.13 WIDTH-THICKNESS RATIO – WEB YIELDING

LIMIT
ksi MPa
h 418 h E
≤ ≤ 2.45
tw Fy tw Fyw
The nominal shear strength of web yielding condition or stable web is :
Vn = 0.6Fy A w [6.46]
where :
Aw = area of web
6.6.3 INELASTIC WEB BUCKLING

Inelastic web buckling occurs if the width-thickness ratio of web follows the condition below :
TABLE 6.14 WIDTH-THICKNESS RATIO – INELASTIC WEB BUCKLING

LIMIT
ksi MPa
418 h 523 E h E
< ≤ 2.45 < ≤ 3.07
Fy tw Fy Fyw tw Fyw
The nominal shear strength of inelastic web buckling condition is :
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 2.45 E ⎟
⎜ Fyw ⎟
Vn = 0.6Fy A w ⎜ ⎟ [6.47]
⎜ h tw ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
where :
Aw = area of web
h = height of section
6.6.4 ELASTIC WEB BUCKLING

Elastic web buckling occurs if the width-thickness ratio of web follows the condition below :
6 - 23
TABLE 6.15 WIDTH-THICKNESS RATIO – ELASTIC WEB BUCKLING

LIMIT
ksi MPa
523 h E h
< ≤ 260 3.07 < ≤ 260
Fy tw Fyw tw
The nominal shear strength of elastic web buckling condition is :
⎛ 4.52E ⎞
Vn = A w ⎜ ⎟ [6.48]
⎜ (h t )2 ⎟
⎝ w ⎠
where :
Aw = area of web
h = height of section
If h/tw greater than 260 then web stiffener is needed.
6.7 BIAXIAL BENDING

6.7.1 GENERAL
Biaxial bending is occurs when the beam is subjected to flexure moment both about major axis
and minor axis.
There are two types of biaxial bending, as follows :

Case 1-Load is Applied Through Shear Center, if the load applied through the shear center then
there is no twist moment.
Case 2-Load is not Applied Through Shear Center, if the load is not applied through the shear
center there is twist moment.
6.7.2 LOAD IS APPLIED THROUGH SHEAR CENTER

If the load is through the shear center then there is biaxial bending without twist moment. There is
no exact formula to calculate the bending strength of beam subjected to biaxial bending.
TABLE 6.16 INTERACTION OF BIAXIAL BENDING

METHOD 1 METHOD 2
Mux Muy Mux Muy

+ ≤ Fy + ≤ Fy
φBS x φBS y φBS x φBS y
Mux Muy Mux Muy ⎛S ⎞
+ ≤ 1 .0 + ⎜ x⎟≤S
φBFyS x φBFyS y φBFy φBFy ⎜ Sy ⎟ X
⎝ ⎠
Mux Muy Mux Muy ⎛S ⎞

+ ≤ 1 .0 SX ≥ + ⎜ x⎟
φBMnx φBMny φBFy φBFy ⎜ Sy ⎟
⎝ ⎠
6 - 24
TABLE 6.16 INTERACTION OF BIAXIAL BENDING

METHOD 3
bf bf bf
0 .5 ≤ ≤ 1 .0 0 .3 ≤ < 0 .5 < 0 .3
d d d
1 .6 1.6
⎛ Mux ⎞ ⎛ Muy ⎞ ⎛ Mux ⎞ ⎛ Muy ⎞ ⎛ Mux ⎞ ⎛ Muy ⎞
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ ≤ 1. 0 ⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟ ≤ 1 .0 ⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟ ≤ 1. 0
⎜ φBMpx ⎟ ⎜ φBMpy ⎟ ⎜ φBMpx ⎟ ⎜ φBMpy ⎟ ⎜ φBMpx ⎟ ⎜ φBMpy ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
0.4 + (b f d) 0.4 + (b f d) 0.4 + (b f d) 0.4 + (b f d
⎛ CmxMux ⎞ ⎛ CmyMuy ⎞ ⎛C M ⎞ ⎛ CmyMuy ⎞ ⎛ CmxMux ⎞ ⎛⎜ CmyMuy ⎞⎟
⎜
⎜ φ M ⎟
⎟ +⎜ ⎟ ≤ ⎜⎜ mx ux ⎟⎟ +⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ φ M ⎟ + ⎜ φ M ⎟ ≤ 1 .0
⎝ B nx ⎠ ⎜ φBMny ⎟ ⎝ φBMnx ⎠ ⎜ φBMny ⎟ ⎝ B nx ⎠ ⎝ B ny ⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
0.4 + (b f d) ≥ 1.0
where :
Mux, Muy = ultimate flexure moment about X and Y axis
Mpx, Mpy = plastic moment about X and Y axis
Mnx, Mny = nominal bending strength about X and Y axis (may be equal to Mp)
Cmx, Cmy = conservatively can be taken as 1.0 (see beam-column)
6.7.3 LOAD IS NOT APPLIED THROUGH SHEAR CENTER

If the load is not through the shear center then there is flexure moment with twist moment.
FIGURE 6.13 LOAD IS NOT APPLIED THROUGH SHEAR CENTER
6.8 DESIGN OF FLEXURE MEMBER

6.8.1 GENERAL
Design is a state of the art (SOA) rather than a science. In a design process a structural engineer
combine the ability of analysis, engineering judgment, experience, construction method, economic
design etc.
The design procedure is similar as analysis, we try to find the required steel section for a flexure
member. Design cannot be done if engineer do not know the basic concept of analysis.
There are two consideration when a flexure member is designed, as follows :

Strength, the flexure member must adequate to resist the ultimate flexure moment.
Stiffness, the flexure member must not fail due to serviceability requirements.
6 - 25
6.8.2 STRENGTH CONSIDERATION

The basic equation of flexure member design due to flexure is :
φBMn ≥ Mu
[6.49]
φB = 0.90
where :
Mn = nominal bending strength of flexure member
Mu = ultimate flexure moment
φB = strength reduction factor of flexure member due to flexure
φS Vn ≥ Vu
[6.50]
φS = 0.90
where :
Vn = nominal shear strength of flexure member
Vu = ultimate shear force
φS = strength reduction factor of flexure member due to shear
6.8.3 STIFFNESS CONSIDERATION

In flexure member the serviceability requirement is related with the allowable deflection. The LRFD
code does not provide the limiting deflection value of flexure member, it can be seen in other building
code.
6.9 STEP – BY – STEP PROCEDURES

The followings are step-by-step procedure can be used as a guide for design of flexure member, as
follows :
Determine the ultimate flexure moment Mu from elastic structural analysis.
Choose a steel section.
Check the width-thickness ratio of compression plate element to investigate it is a compact
section, non compact section or slender section.
Calculate the nominal and design bending strength based on the laterally supported beam,
inelastic torsional buckling and elastic torsional buckling for compact section.
Calculate the nominal and design bending strength based on the flange local buckling, web local
buckling and lateral torsional buckling for non compact section.
If there is biaxial bending, use the interaction formula to design the section.
Calculate the shear strength of the section based on the web yielding, inelastic web buckling
and elastic web buckling.
Check for serviceability requirement based on the allowable deflection.
Repeat the design process until the basic equation is achieved.
φCMn ≥ Mu
6 - 26

Analysis and Design of Flexure Member Rolled Beam Section

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Analysis and Design of Flexure Member Rolled Beam Section

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6.2 BEHAVIOR OF LATERALLY STABLE BEAM

FIGURE 6.1 STEEL MATERIAL STRESS – STRAIN CURVE

FIGURE 6.2 BENDING STRESS DISTRIBUTION

6.2.3 ELASTIC MOMENT

Fs = allowable bending stress

Then elastic moment capacity becomes :

FIGURE 6.3 DEFINITION OF Y

6.2.4 YIELD MOMENT

6.2.5 PLASTIC MOMENT – SYMMETRIC SECTION

FIGURE 6.4 PLASTIC MOMENT – SYMMETRIC SECTION

The plastic moment is defined as :

From the static equilibrium we found that :

The plastic moment is obtained from the couple action, as follows :

From the previous equation we get :

So the plastic modulus of section for symmetric section is :

TABLE 6.1 PLASTIC MOMENT – SYMMETRIC SECTION

6.2.6 PLASTIC MOMENT – UNSYMMETRIC SECTION

FIGURE 6.5 PLASTIC NEUTRAL AXIS – UNSYMMETRIC SECTION

The horizontal static equilibrium of the section above is :

Mp = ∑ CidCi + ∑ TidTi [6.13]

FIGURE 6.6 PLASTIC MOMENT – UNSYMMETRIC SECTION

Pp = Fyf (∑ A f ) + Fyw A w [6.14]

FIGURE 6.7 PLASTIC MOMENT – UNSYMMETRIC HYBRID SECTION

TABLE 6.2 PLASTIC MOMENT – SYMMETRIC SECTION

6.2.7 SHAPE FACTOR

Shape factor written as mathematical formula is :

6.3 ANALYSIS OF FLEXURE MEMBER – COMPACT SECTION

A beam section is categorized as compact section if follows the condition below :

FIGURE 6.8 BENDING STRENGTH – COMPACT SECTION

TABLE 6.3 BENDING STRENGTH – COMPACT SECTION

Laterally Supported Beam Lb ≤ Lp

Inelastic Torsional Buckling Lp < L b ≤ L r

Elastic Torsional Buckling Lb > L r

TABLE 6.5.A VALUE OF LP

RECT. 3750ry 0.13ryE

TABLE 6.5.B VALUE OF LR

RECT. 57000ry 2ryE

6.3.2 LIMITATION OF WIDTH – THICKNESS RATIO

TABLE 6.6 LIMITATION OF WIDTH-THICKNESS RATIO

TABLE 6.7 RESIDUAL STRESS

Welded 16.5 115

6.3.3 LATERALLY SUPPORTED COMPACT BEAM

The following is the criteria of laterally supported compact beam, as follows :

There are two types of laterally support, as follows :

FIGURE 6.9 LATERAL SUPPORT OF COMPRESSION FLANGE

The nominal strength of laterally supported compact beam is :

As previously described the plastic moment is :

Or it can be controlled with the shape factor, as follows :

The equation above can be applied for any steel section.

6.3.4 INELASTIC TORSIONAL BUCKLING

FIGURE 6.10 UN-BRACED LENGTH

The figure above shows the definition of un-braced length.

B. I, Channel, Box, Rectangular

FIGURE 6.11 UN-BRACED LENGTH

Mr is flexure moment to the first yield, as follows :

6.3.5 ELASTIC TORSIONAL BUCKLING

The critical elastic moment is :

The critical elastic moment is :

6.3.6 LTB OF TEE, DOUBLE ANGLES, ANGLE

B. Tee, Double Angles

The condition of Mn is depend to the type of flexure moment, as follows :