This bulletin outlines the methods of corrosion protection and recommends the use of spun galvanising for low alloy steel bolting in the majority of topsides flanged connections.
Cost
The cost impact of poor corrosion performance of coated/plated bolting arises in two areas:
Preservation Costs:
Assets becoming aware of the impact of bolting corrosion have instigated programmes of retrospective bolt preservation using inhibited wax. (N.B. Wax preservatives cannot be used at temperatures >70C). Typical costs of preservation programmes are:
Bolting after five years exposure in a marine environment. Top: Electroplated Zinc Middle: Hot Dip Spun Galvanised Bottom: Sheradised
Asset
Miller Schiehallion Bruce Gyda
Maintenance Costs:
It is difficult to assess the overall cost impact on maintenance and repair times due to seized bolting. All Assets contacted (Gyda, Ula, Harding, Miller, Andrew, Magnus, Thistle) reported that there was a regular need to remove seized bolts, which is expensive in time and causes delay, especially if specialist tools need to be brought in. Repair and maintenance work takes longer, sometimes causing considerable additional downtime and production losses. Assets report repairs which needed only minutes to carry out extending to hours by the need to remove corroded bolting.
This Bulletin has been sponsored by BP Amoco's "No Corrosion" Project to assist sharing of operations experience on corrosion and materials issues to New Projects, Partners and Business Units.
BACKGROUND
The normal low alloy steel bolting material used on topsides process and pipeline connections is either ASTM A193 Gr B7/B7M & or A320 Gr L7/L7M. They are low alloy, quenched and tempered Cr-Mo steels. The corrosion resistance of these materials is low and they require corrosion protection in an offshore environment. Although corrosion resistant alloys (e.g. stainless steel, duplex stainless steel, precipitation hardened cupro-nickel) are used in small quantities for topsides plant bolting, cost precludes their widespread use. Low alloy steel bolting with some form of corrosion protection make up the majority of topsides fasteners. Bolts can be supplied with a variety of surface treatments. The common options are:
Type
Zinc and Cadmium electroplate PTFE coating + phosphate PTFE coating + electroplate (Zn or Cd) Sheradising (Barrelled in hot zinc dust) Spun galvanised (Dipped in molten zinc)
Standard
BS 1706
Minimum Thickness
8m 30m PTFE 30m PTFE / 8m Zn/Cd 30m/15m 43m
OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE
Electroplated Zinc and Cadmium Bolting
Electroplated cadmium and zinc only protects bolting during storage prior to installation. In a marine environment the thin sacrificial coating is depleted within weeks. The Miller platform suffered noticeable rust staining of corrosion resistant alloy process plant from electroplated zinc bolting, leading to concern over long term bolting integrity. The Ula platform experienced corrosion of cadmium plated bolting within 1-2 years of operation. Other operators have experienced similar poor corrosion performance with electroplated cadmium bolting. Concern over the toxicity of cadmium has led some operators to ban its use.
QUESTIONS
Why use hot dip spun galvanised bolting?
Alternatives such as electroplated coatings and electroplated plus PTFE coatings have performed badly with failure occurring after only a few weeks on all of BP Amoco's new projects. The PTFE coating is inevitably damaged during make-up, corrosion prevention then relies on the electroplated coatings which are ~10m thick. A galvanised coating is much thicker at >43m. The life of a sacrificial coating is proportional to thickness. Once the PTFE coating is damaged, accelerated corrosion will occur at damaged areas, hence the rapid rates of failure experienced.
Is liquid metal embrittlement (LME) of stainless steel by zinc from galvanised bolting a concern?
LME of austenitic and duplex stainless steels can occur in the simultaneous presence of molten zinc, high tensile stresses and a temperature >750C. The HSE issued a technical note 53/1 after the Flixborough incident alerting industry to the risks. Over the years this problem has assumed a significance out of all proportion to the real risk. In the event of a fire the mechanical properties of stainless steels will have been greatly reduced before the critical temperature for LME, such that in a fire scenario it will not be the primary failure mechanism. As the risk of LME by zinc is considered to be very low, zinc coatings (electroplated and spun galvanised) are acceptable for use on bolting on stainless steel piping systems.
Does a PTFE coating help friction control during torque or tension tightening of bolting?
Problems have occurred because there has been an assumption that an anti-seize compound is not required on PTFE coated bolting. Torque tightening results in the coating being scrubbed off and friction control (essential for achieving correct bolt load) is lost. Corrosion protection is also lost. Tension tightening also damages the coating (but not to the extent of torque tightening) and can mean that removal by de-tensioning is difficult or impossible.
Is there accelerated loss of zinc when galvanised bolts are used on CRA plant and could consumption of the zinc on the mating faces of bolting cause bolt relaxation?
Operational experience of topsides bolting has not shown accelerated loss of zinc. The zinc that is lost is only from the exposed surfaces, there is no significant loss from the mating faces.
Type
Plain Steel Cadmium Electroplated / Zinc Electroplated Phosphate and Oil Hot Dip Spun Galvanised Cadmium Electroplate + PTFE Coating Phosphate + PTFE Coating
Relative Cost
1 1.6 1.6 2.3 3.7 3.7
Does it take longer to supply galvanised bolting than PTFE coated bolting?
BP Amocos current bolting supplier have in-house electroplating and PTFE coating facilities which enable them to provide a turnaround of 1-2 days for urgent deliveries. They supply spun galvanised bolting using galvanisers in the Midlands. Delivery time for urgent orders is extended to 5-6 days.
Zinc Coating. Galvanic cell protects steel and corrosion products precipitate on steel coating to protect it.
Paint Coating. Rust creeps under paint film, which is lifted. Corrosion continues.
E-mail: badelekp@bp.com
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