COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES DIVISION OF ENGINEERING EGGN 556 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN II PROFESSOR PANOS D.

KIOUSIS EXAMPLE ON THE EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD. Consider the office building shown in Figure 1. The building is designed to have a flat plate floor system with a column layout as show in Figure 1. Beams, drop panels, or column capitals are not permitted. The specified live load is 100 psf. The dead load includes the weight of the slab plus an allowance of 20 psf for finish floor plus suspended loads. The columns have a cross-section of 18" square, and the floor to floor height of the structure is 12'. Design all panels assuming steel with and concrete with . Straight bar reinforcement will be used. Note that this problem is taken from the Design of Concrete Structures by Arthur Nilson, David Darwin and Charles Dolan, 13th edition, McGraw-Hill. In their solutions, Nilson and co-authors design the middle panel using the classical approach to equivalent frame method. We shall solve this problem using the more exact frame solution using RISA-3D, and then we shall compare the two solutions for effort and accuracy.

Figure 1: Plan and side view of office building

Solution steps shall be as follows: 1. Select h, the slab thickness (one of the whole floor) based on deflection requirements. 2. Verify that sufficient thickness and reinforcement is provided for shear. 3. Design flat plate floor system for bending using the equivalent frame method. Solution. Selection of h For exterior panels without drop panels and without edge beams: of the clear span. In our case shall use the rounded up value of . Thus, . We shall assume that , where is the length We .

In the above calculation d is evaluated from h by subtracting rebar (average d). Evaluation of dead load Self weight: Dead load: Factored dead load: Live load: Factored live load: Total factored load: 311 psf. .

of clear cover and a whole #6

Evaluation of Punching Shear Resistance Two evaluations of Vc for corner column ( ) ( ( ) ) ( ) THIS CONTROLS

The applied punch load is

OK. Two evaluations of Vc for edge column ( ) ( ) THIS CONTROLS

The applied punch load is

( OK.

) ( )

Two evaluations of Vc for interior column ( ) ( ) ( ) NOT OK. Note however, that the max allowed increase of factored strength to is more than sufficient to carry the load. Thus, a THIS CONTROLS

The applied punch load is

local reinforcement around the interior columns will suffice.

Necessary evaluations for the equivalent frame method 1. Column cross-section 2. Column cross-section at the slab level: . Note if the width of the column is 180

inches, then its moment of inertia is 10 times as large. For practical purposes it is equal to infinity. 3. Slab in the free span: or for middle and end frames respectively. ) .

4. Slab at the support levels and evaluation of term ( a. For middle frame: ( ) . . . .

Thus, the cross-section becomes: b. For end frame: ( )

Thus, the cross-section becomes

5. Transverse members that provide torsional resistance. Since there are no transverse beams, the part of the slab that corresponds to the column width is used. Thus, the transverses beams have cross-section: The Risa3D model of our structure is shown in Figure 2. .

Figure 2: Interior Frame Schematic of Risa3D model.

Evaluations of loads (must be linear k/f, rather than surface ksf). The frame girders have width of 22 feet in the case of interior frame or 11.75 feet in the case of exterior frame. The surface loads must be multiplied by this width to produce actual linear loads. Interior Frame:

End Frame:

Load Cases:

Figure 3: Pattern loading for max moments

Note that the live load is more than 75% of the dead load. So pattern loading is required. The necessary patterns with the appropriate explanations are presented in Figure 3. The load combinations to be considered are: LC1: 1.2(a) + 1.2(b) LC2: 1.2(a) + 1.2(c) LC3: 1.2(a) + 1.2(d) LC4: 1.2(a) + 1.2(e) LC5: 1.2(a) + 1.6(f) The loading combinations LC1 LC4 are pattern loading. In these cases only 75% of the live load is required. As such, the live loads are multiplied by 1.2 (=1.60.75). LC5 includes live 6

load on all girders and thus the live load is not reduced. The envelope of solutions LC1-LC5 for moments is presented in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Bending moment envelop of LC1-LC5

Figure 4 Note 1: The sign convention of Risa-3D for moments is inverse of what most of us are accustomed to. Please be aware of that. Figure 4 Note 2: For each span we see the most positive and most negative values. Figure 4 Note 3: The negative values are presented at their design locations. This is at the face of the columns.

Transverse Moment Distribution Method as Defined in ACI 318-08

From the Code:

Where f is defined as discussed earlier:

and expresses the relative stiffness of the is the modulus of is the

beam to the slab. It is reminded, that in flat slabs f =0. In this expression elasticity of the beam concrete,

is the modulus of elasticity of the slab concrete,

moment of inertia of the effective beam, and two centerlines in the direction.

is the moment of inertia of the slab defined by the

The coefficient is defined as:

and expresses the relative restraint provided by the

torsional resistance of the effective edge transverse edge beam. The constant C is associated to the torsional rigidity of the effective transverse beam. It is expressed as: ( )

In the above expression of C, the section is divided into its component rectangles, each having its smaller dimension as x and its larger dimension as y.

Transverse Moment Distribution Evaluation In all cases l1/l2 = 1. Also, f1 = f2 = 0. The edge effective beam is only what is projected from the slab to the column. The cross-section is 18 8.5. Thus: ( )

Parameter Thus the column strip carries the following percentages: Exterior negative moment Interior negative moment Positive moment 75% 60%

The total moments per story and per (interior) panel are presented in Table 1. The distribution of these moments in column and interior strips is presented in Tables 2 and 3 respectively. The

same moments, expresses as in-kips per foot are presented in Tables 4 and 5. The definitions of column and middle strips are presented in Figure 5.

Table 1: Bending Moments of All Interior Plates (ft-k) Story 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st -151.9 -213.8 -197.2 -194.9 -173.5 Left Panels 170 147.5 152.3 150.4 155.5 -229.4 -210.4 -217.6 -223.7 -236.1 Central Panels -227 -221 -223.7 -223.5 -226.3 136.7 138.7 135.9 136.1 133.4 -227 -221 -223.7 -223.5 -226.3 -229.4 -210.4 -217.6 -223.7 -236.1 Right Panels 170 147.5 152.3 150.4 155.5 -151.9 -213.8 -197.2 -194.9 -173.5

Table 2: Bending Moments of All Interior Column Strips (ft-k) Story 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st -150.4 -211.7 -195.2 -192.6 -171.8 Left Panels 102 88.5 91.4 90.2 93.3 -172.1 -157.8 -163.2 -167.8 -177.1 Central Panels -170.3 -165.8 -167.8 -167.6 -169.7 82.02 83.22 81.54 81.66 80.04 -170.3 -165.8 -167.8 -167.6 -169.7 -172.1 -157.8 -163.2 -167.8 -177.1 Right Panels 102 88.5 91.4 90.2 93.3 -150.4 -211.7 -195.2 -192.6 -171.8

Table 3: Bending Moments of All Interior Middle Strips (ft-k) Story 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st -1.5 -2.1 -2.0 -2.0 -1.7 Left Panels 68 59 60.9 60.2 62.2 -57.3 -52.6 -54.4 -55.9 -59 Central Panels -56.7 -55.2 -55.9 -55.9 -56.6 54.68 55.48 54.36 54.44 53.36 -56.7 -55.2 -55.9 -55.9 -56.6 Right Panels -57.3 -52.6 -54.4 -55.9 -59 68 59 60.9 60.2 62.2 -1.5 -2.1 -2.0 -2.0 -1.7

Table 4: Bending Moments of All Interior Column Strips (in-k/ft) Story 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st -164.1 -231.0 -213.0 -210.5 -187.4 Left Panels 111.3 96.5 99.7 98.4 101.8 -187.7 -172.1 -178.0 -183.1 -193.2 Central Panels -185.8 -180.9 -183.1 -182.8 -185.1 89.5 90.8 89.0 89.1 87.3 -185.8 -180.9 -183.1 -182.8 -185.1 Right Panels -187.7 -172.1 -178.0 -183.1 -193.2 111.3 96.5 99.7 98.4 101.8 -164.1 -231.0 -213.0 -210.5 -187.4

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Table 5: Bending Moments of All Interior Middle Strips (in-k/f) Story 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st -1.6 -2.3 -2.1 -2.1 -1.9 Left Panels 74.2 64.4 66.4 65.7 67.9 -62.5 -57.4 -59.3 -61.0 -64.4 Central Panels -61.9 -60.2 -61.0 -61.0 -61.7 59.7 60.5 59.3 59.4 58.2 -61.9 -60.2 -61.0 -61.0 -61.7 Right Panels -62.5 -57.4 -59.3 -61.0 -64.4 74.2 64.4 66.4 65.7 67.9 -1.6 -2.3 -2.1 -2.1 -1.9

Design of Concrete Slabs for Bending The moments of all interior column strips are summarized, for design purposes in Table 6. Note that the design negative panel moments on either side of a column are adjusted to the value of the larger of the two moments. It is often desired to design all panels in the same way in order to avoid added construction complexities. In this case, the larger moments at each location are selected and listed at the bottom row in bold.

Figure 5: Definitions of column and middle strips

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Table 6: Design Moments of All Interior Column Strips (in-k/ft) Story 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st ALL -164.1 -231.0 -213.0 -210.5 -187.4 -231.0 Left Panels 111.3 96.5 99.7 98.4 101.8 111.3 -187.7 -180.9 -180.9 -183.1 -193.2 -193.2 Central Panels -187.7 -180.9 -180.9 -183.1 -193.2 -193.2 89.5 90.8 89.0 89.1 87.3 90.8 -187.7 -180.9 -180.9 -183.1 -193.2 -193.2 Right Panels -187.7 -180.9 -180.9 -183.1 -193.2 -193.2 111.3 96.5 99.7 98.4 101.8 111.3 -164.1 -231.0 -213.0 -210.5 -187.4 -231.0

Based on the above ALL design, we have: Table 7: Bending Design of Interior Column Strips
Mu (in-k) Mn (in-k) R (ksi) As (in ) Rebar
2

231.0 256.6667 0.4365 0.008 0.672 #5@5.5

111.3 123.6667 0.210317 0.004 0.336 #5@10

193.2 214.6667 0.365079 0.0065 0.546 #5@6.5

193.2 214.6667 0.365079 0.0065 0.546 #5@6.5

90.8 100.8889 0.17158 0.003 0.252 #5@12

193.2 214.6667 0.365079 0.0065 0.546 #5@6.5

193.2 214.6667 0.365079 0.0065 0.546 #5@6.5

111.3 123.6667 0.210317 0.004 0.336 #5@10

231.0 256.6667 0.4365 0.008 0.672 #5@5.5

Table 8: Design Moments of All Interior Middle Strips (in-k/ft) Story 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st ALL Left Panels -1.6 -2.3 -2.1 -2.1 -1.9 -2.3 74.2 64.4 66.4 65.7 67.9 74.2 -62.5 -60.2 -61 -61 -64.4 -64.4 Central Panels -62.5 -60.2 -61 -61 -61.7 -62.5 59.7 60.5 59.3 59.4 58.2 60.5 -62.5 -60.2 -61 -61 -61.7 -62.5 Right Panels -62.5 -60.2 -61 -61 -64.4 -64.4 74.2 64.4 66.4 65.7 67.9 74.2 -1.6 -2.3 -2.1 -2.1 -1.9 -2.3

Table 9: Bending Design of Interior Middle Strips

Mu (in-k) Mn (in-k) R (ksi) As (in ) Rebar
2

2.3 2.55556 0.0043 0.0018 0.1512 #5@18

74.2 82.4444 0.14021 0.0025 0.21 #5@18

64.4 71.5556 0.12169 0.0021 0.1764 #5@18

62.5 69.4444 0.1181 0.002 0.168 #5@18

60.5 67.2222 0.11432 0.002 0.168 #5@18

62.5 69.4444 0.1181 0.002 0.168 #5@18

64.4 71.5556 0.12169 0.0021 0.1764 #5@18

74.2 82.4444 0.14021 0.0025 0.21 #5@18

2.3 2.55556 0.0043 0.0018 0.1512 #5@18

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What if we have beams between columns? The analysis is identical to the one above, other than the fact that af is not equal to zero. The code sets these requirements for the beams:

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