BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY NOTES

BASICS - RURAL DIGESTERS - HIGH RATE DIGESTERS

Text Book: K.M. Mital, Biogas Systems, Principles & Applications, 1996, New Age Intrnl.. N.Delhi.
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Applications of Biogas:
1. Cooking fuel- Design of Burner. 2. Lighting Fuel- Mantle lamp. 3. After removal of traces of H2S, NH3 and water vapour, fuel gas can be used for running stationary I. C. Engines. I. C. Engines are used with pump for water supply or with generator for power. 4. Purified & filled in CNG cylinders, biogas is a useful automobile fuel for short journeys.

Purpose of RURAL BIOGAS PLANTS

ENERGY RECOVERY: FOR COOKING, LIGHTING, PUMPING, OR POWER- - WITH BURNER, MANTLE LAMP, ENGINE-PUMP AND GENERATOR HYGIENIC DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL WASTE AS MANURE SUBSTITUTES FOR FUELWOOD & KEROSENE ________________________________________ Another text book: Nijaguna, B.T., Biogas Technology, New Age International publishers (P) Ltd., 2002.
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FEED FOR BIOGAS PLANT: WET BIODEGRADABLE WASTE

DOMESTIC ANIMAL WASTES: Excreta of cow, pig, chicken etc MANURE, SLUDGE: Canteen processing waste, sewage and food

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE: After separation of non-degradable

FEED FOR BIOGAS PLANT: WET BIODEGRADABLE WASTE (continued)

WASTE STARCH & SUGAR SOLUTIONS:

Fruit processing, brewery, press_mud-from sugar factory etc Sludge from activated sludge aerobic wwt
OTHER INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS:

Pulp factory waste liquor, Leather industry waste.

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WET FERMENTATION:
FEED HAS SUBSTRATE TOTAL SOLID CONCENTRATION, ( TSC) = 8 TO 9 % FOR COW DUNG, RATIO OF DUNG TO WATER = 1:1 FOR SUCH A SLURRY, BIOGAS PRODUCED IS: IN SUMMER AT 47 C, 0.06 M3 PER KG DUNG ADDED PER DAY IN WINTER AT 8 C, 0.03 M3 PER KG DUNG ADDED PER DAY
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DRY FERMENTATION OR SOLID STATE FERMENTATION :

FEED SUBSTRATE TOTAL SOLID CONCENTRATION, ( TSC) OF 20 TO 30 %, A MIX OF COW DUNG AND A WIDE VARIETY OF AGRO-RESIDUES. FOR CATTLE DUNG AND MANY AGRORESIDUES AT INITIAL CONCENTRATIONS OF TSC BETWEEN 16 TO 25 % BIOGAS PRODUCTION HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED SATISFACTORILY IN SMALL BATCH TYPE AND PLUG FLOW TYPE DIGESTERS.

STAGES OF MICROBIAL DECOMPOSITION: 1. HYDROLYSIS OF BIOPOLYMERS [CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS] TO MONOMERS 2. CONVERSION OF SUGARS, AMINO ACIDS, FATTY ACIDS TO HYDROGEN, CO2, AMMONIA AND ACETIC, PROPIONIC AND BUTIRIC ACIDS 3. CONVERSION OF H2, CO2, ACETIC ACID TO CH4 AND CO2 MIXTURE
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Questions on BGT
What properties of biogas have to be improved before it is used as an engine fuel? Write short notes on (i) Feedstock for biogas, (ii) Dry and wet fermentation, (iii) Microbial and biochemical aspects. Discuss the operating parameters for biogas production by anaerobic digestion.
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TYPES OF RURAL BIOGAS PLANTS

FIXED DOME: JANATHA,DINABANDHU FLOATING DRUM: K.V.I.C COMBINED FEATURES: PRAGATI

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Janatha Digester:Fixed Dome

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Floating drum biogas plant (rural)

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K.V.I.C floating drum plant

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Dinabandhu biogas plant

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Pragati rural biogas plant

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Pragati rural biogas plant

COMBINES FEATURES OF KVIC & DEENABANDU,DEVELOPED IN MAHARASHSTRA LOWER PART: SEMI-SPHERICAL IN SHAPE WITH A CONICAL BOTTOM UPPER PART: FLOATING GAS HOLDER POPULARIZED IN MAHARASHTRA, UNDARP, PUNE

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DRY FERMENTATION OR SOLID STATE FERMENTATION : FOR CATTLE DUNG AND MANY AGRO-RESIDUES AT INITIAL CONCENTRATIONS OF Total Solid Content BETWEEN 16 TO 25 % BIOGAS PRODUCTION HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED SATISFACTORILY IN SMALL BATCH TYPE AND PLUG FLOW TYPE DIGESTERS.
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Fresh biomass added to The top of decomposing Biomass bed becomes acidogenic zone. Effluent taken from bottom. Methanogenic zone is in the middle having high SRT. Compaction of fresh biomass gives high wet density within a short period.
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HIGH RATE BIOGAS PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT

As part of biological waste treatment, reduces high BOD content to make it suitable for aerobic biological treatment. Faster disposal / recycling of waste water with partial recovery of energy as fuel [biogas] _______________________________________________________ Reference: Effluent Treatment & Disposal: I Ch. E, U.K., Symposium Series No 96, 1986, P 137-147, Application of anaerobic biotechnology to waste treatment and energy production, Anderson & Saw.
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TYPES OF HIGH RATE BIOGAS PLANTS

ANAEROBIC CONTACT ANAEROBIC FILTER:UPFLOW, DOWNFLOW UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUG BLANKET ANAEROBIC FLUIDISED/ EXPANDED BED ANAEROBIC ROTATING CONTACTOR

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Anaerobic contact digester

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Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Digester

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Questions on BGT
What criteria is applied in selecting a rural biogas plant of a small family size? Why is biogas is not supplied in cylinders like LPG? Can we use same stove for both? Explain hydraulic and solid retention time for a fixed film biogas digester. In a flood prone area, what type of small biogas plant would you use?
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Purification of biogas for storing in CNG cylinders.

Removal of CO2: Scrubbing with limewater or ethanol amine solution. Removal of H2S: Adsorption on a bed of iron sponge and wood shavings. Removal of H2O:For the removal of moisture, we passed the gas, through the crystals of white silica gel.
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