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RAFFLES INSTITUTION 2012 YEAR 6 TERM 3 COMMON TEST Higher 2

CHEMISTRY
Additional Materials: OMR Answer Sheet Answer Paper Data Booklet

9647
28 June 2012 2 hours 45 minutes

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST DO NOT open this booklet until you are told to do so. Write your name and civics tutorial group in the spaces provided on the cover sheet on page 10. This paper consists of three sections A, B and C. Section A (20 marks) consists of 20 multiple-choice questions. Record your answers to this section in soft pencil on the separate OMR Answer Sheet. Section B (42 marks) consists of 4 structured questions. Answers to this section are to be written in the spaces provided in the question paper. Section C (40 marks) consists of 3 free-response questions. Answer question C1 and one other question from this section. Answers to this section are to be written on the writing paper provided. You are to begin each question on a fresh sheet of paper. A Data Booklet is provided. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may be subject to penalty for writing answers in pencil.

This document consists of 27 printed pages. Raffles Institution 2012 9647/Y6/T3/12 [Turn Over

Section A (20 marks)

For each question, there are four possible answers, A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you consider to be correct and record your choice on the OMR Answer Sheet provided. 1 Which ion will be deflected the least in an applied electric field? A 2
79

Br+

81

Br+

81

Br2+

82

Br2+

Which of the following statements is true? A B C D SF4 is a non-polar molecule. Propanone is immiscible with water. I3 has a larger bond angle than N3. CH2=C=CH2 is not a planar molecule.

With reference to the Data Booklet, which of the following predictions regarding Cu+ and Sn2+ ions can we make? A B C D Only Cu+ undergoes disproportionation. Only Sn2+ undergoes disproportionation. Both Cu+ and Sn2+ undergo disproportionation. Neither Cu+ nor Sn2+ undergoes disproportionation.

In the electrolysis of aqueous chromium(III) sulfate, how much time is taken to form 1.04 g of chromium at the cathode when a current of 5 A is passed through the solution? A 129 s B 386 s C 1158 s D 5790 s

A sparingly soluble aluminium salt ionises in aqueous solution according to the equation given: AlY3(s) Al3+(aq) + 3Y(aq) Given that the solubility product of AlY3 is K, what is the value of the concentration of Y(aq) at equilibrium?
1 2 1 2 1 4

(K )

3(K )

(3K )

K 4 27

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3 6 The graph below shows how the pH changes when 0.05 mol dm3 CH2ClCOOH is added dropwise to 5.0 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm3 KOH(aq). At which point on the graph does pH = pKa, where Ka is the acid dissociation constant of CH2ClCOOH? pH A

D
Volume of 3 0.05 mol dm CH2ClCOOH 3 added / cm

10

15

20

For the chlorides of Period 3 elements, from Na to P, which of the following statements is true? A B C D All the chlorides dissolve in water to give HCl. The ionic chlorides give a neutral solution in water. None of the chlorides exists as a giant covalent structure. The electrical conductivity of the molten chlorides increases across the period.

The reaction conditions for four different transformations are given. Which transformation has the correct conditions?

B
Cl2(g) uv light HO Cl

C
HO
Br

(l)

(l)

Na(s)/CH3CH2OH(l) heat

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4 9 In an attempt to distinguish between compounds P and Q, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and alkaline aqueous iodine are used separately. Which reagents can distinguish between P and Q?

P A B C D 10

alkaline aqueous iodine only 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine only both 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and alkaline aqueous iodine neither 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine nor alkaline aqueous iodine

Phenyl benzoate was heated with concentrated sulfuric acid under reflux. The organic products were dissolved in CCl4 and then transferred to a separatory funnel containing excess aqueous sodium carbonate. The funnel was then stoppered and shaken thoroughly. After some time, two immiscible layers were obtained.

aqueous layer organic (CCl4) layer

separatory funnel What were the predominant species found in the organic and aqueous layers? A B C D organic (CCl4) layer C6H5ONa C6H5OH C6H5COONa C6H5COOH aqueous layer C6H5COOH C6H5COONa C6H5OH C6H5ONa

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5 11 Ciprofloxacin, an antibacterial agent, is an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase.

ciprofloxacin Which of the following gives the correct order of increasing pKb values of the N atoms in ciprofloxacin? A B C D 12 N(I) < N(II) < N(III) N(I) < N(III) < N(II) N(II) < N(III) < N(I) N(III) < N(II) < N(I)

A tripeptide was isolated after an enzymatic hydrolysis of an animal protein.

H H2N C O C N H H C O C N H H C O C OH

CH2 COOH

CH2 OH

CH2

OH

Which compound could be obtained when the tripeptide reacts with hot dilute NaOH?
H H2N C O C O

CH2 COOH

O C O

H2N

CH2 OH

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6 For each of the following questions, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may be correct. Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick against the statements that you consider to be correct). The responses A to D should be selected on the basis of A 1, 2 and 3 are correct B 1 and 2 only are correct C 2 and 3 only are correct D 1 only is correct

No other combination of statements is used as a correct response. 13 Which of the following diagrams correctly describes the behaviour of a fixed mass of an ideal gas? ( = density) 1 at constant V PV

T 2 at constant 1/P

1/T 3 at constant P T

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7 14 A concentration cell is a non-standard galvanic cell that has two equivalent half-cells of the same substance differing only in concentrations. A concentration cell produces a small voltage as it attempts to reach equilibrium. This equilibrium occurs when the concentrations of reactants in both cells are equal.

Temperature = 25 oC
Cu

V
Salt bridge

Cu

[Cu2+(aq)] = 1.0 mol dm3

[Cu2+(aq)] = 0.01 mol dm3

Which of the following statements are correct? 1 2 3 The electrons flow from the right half-cell to the left half-cell. The copper electrode on the left half-cell functions as a cathode. The Cu2+ concentration on the left half-cell gradually reduces and stabilises at approximately 0.5 mol dm3.

15

The graph below shows the variation of pH when 25 cm3 of a 0.1 mol dm3 weak base is titrated against aqueous HCl solution until the acid is in excess. pH

50 Which of the following statements are correct? 1 2 3

Vol. of HCl added / cm3

The mixture is a buffer solution when 25 cm3 of HCl is added. Methyl orange is a suitable indicator for the titration. The base used in the experiment could be H2NCH2CH2NH2.

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8 The responses A to D should be selected on the basis of A 1, 2 and 3 are correct B 1 and 2 only are correct C 2 and 3 only are correct D 1 only is correct

16

Which of the following trends concerning Period 3 elements from Na to Cl are correct? 1 2 3 When the highest oxides of the elements are separately added to water, the pH values of the solutions formed generally decrease across the period. The reducing powers of the elements in their standard states increase across the period. The electrical conductivities of the elements decrease steadily across the period.

17

Sustained heating is required to decompose Group II carbonates completely into their respective oxides and carbon dioxide. Which of the following statements regarding the thermal decomposition of Group II carbonates are correct? 1 2 3 When equal masses of MgCO3 and BaCO3 are heated under the same conditions, the time taken to collect a fixed volume of CO2 is shorter for MgCO3. The decomposition process is driven by an overall increase in entropy of the system. The standard enthalpy change for the thermal decomposition reaction is greater than zero.

18

Progesterone and aldosterone are steroid hormones which can be synthesised from cholesterol in the human body.

progesterone

aldosterone

Which reagents can distinguish between progesterone and aldosterone? 1 2 3 alkaline aqueous iodine Fehlings solution sodium hydrogen carbonate

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9 19 Aspirin is a painkiller which can be synthesised from salicylic acid.

OH O O

OH OH

aspirin

salicylic acid

Which of the following statements are incorrect? 1 2 3 20 Salicylic acid reacts with ethanoic acid to form aspirin. Both aspirin and salicylic acid give a violet complex with neutral FeCl3(aq). Both aspirin and salicylic acid react with the same amount of PCl3.

Leupeptin is a naturally occurring protease enzyme inhibitor, which is often used in experiments involving enzymatic reactions. It contains a guanidino group with only one pKa value of 12.5.

guanidino group

leupeptin Which properties does leupeptin possess at pH 7? 1 2 3 It reacts with ethanoyl chloride. The predominant form is singly protonated. In aqueous solution, it migrates to the cathode of an electrolytic cell.

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10 RAFFLES INSTITUTION 2012 Year 6 Term 3 Common Test H2 Chemistry COVER SHEET

Name:

CT Group:

For Examiners Use Only

Section

Marks

A
Q1

/ 20

/ 12

Q2

/ 11

B
Q3 / 14

Q4 Q1 (compulsory)

/5

/ 20

C
(circle the questions you have answered) Q2 / 20

Q3

/ 20 / 102

Total

Overall Percentage

/ 100

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11

For Examiners Use

Section B (42 marks)

This section consists of four questions. Answer all questions in the spaces provided in the question paper. B1 Planning (P) The solubility of cerium(IV) sulfate, at a particular temperature, is defined as: the mass of cerium(IV) sulfate that will dissolve in and just saturate 100 g of solvent at that temperature. Cerium(IV) sulfate will dissolve in water. A saturated solution is one in which no more solid can dissolve at a particular temperature. In a saturated solution in contact with undissolved solid, the following equilibrium is established. Ce(SO4)2(s) + aq Ce4+(aq) + 2SO42(aq) Cerium(IV) sulfate is unusual as its solubility decreases when the temperature of the solution increases. Cerium(IV) sulfate crystals also dissolve in dilute sulfuric acid, H2SO4, a corrosive aqueous solution. You are to plan an experiment to investigate how the solubility of cerium(IV) sulfate crystals in dilute sulfuric acid depends on the concentration of the acid. (a) By considering the ions present in a solution of cerium(IV) sulfate in sulfuric acid, predict and explain how the solubility of the cerium(IV) sulfate will be affected by the concentration of the acid.

Prediction . ... Explanation . ... Display your prediction in the form of a graph. solubility of cerium(IV) sulfate

concentration of sulfuric acid [2] Raffles Institution 2012 9647/Y6/T3/12 [Turn Over

12 (b) Besides concentration of dilute sulfuric acid and mass of cerium(IV) sulfate, identify another variable which needs to be controlled when you plan the experiment.

For Examiners Use

[1] (c) Design a two-part laboratory experiment to investigate your prediction in (a). Part 1 solubility of cerium(IV) sulfate in water In addition to the standard apparatus present in a laboratory, you are provided with the following materials. 60 cm3 distilled water solid cerium(IV) sulfate, Ce(SO4)2 Give a step-by-step description of how you would prepare a saturated solution using all of the 60 cm3 of distilled water separate the saturated solution from undissolved solid control the variable identified in (b) obtain the mass of cerium(IV) sulfate and mass of water in the saturated solution calculate the solubility of cerium(IV) sulfate from the experimental results

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13 ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [4] Part 2 solubility of cerium(IV) sulfate in varying concentrations of sulfuric acid Give a step-by-step description of how you would prepare a range of standard solutions of sulfuric acid of four different concentrations. These solutions could then be used to investigate the solubility of cerium(IV) sulfate in sulfuric acid of different concentrations. In addition to the standard apparatus present in a laboratory, you are provided with the following materials. 5 mol dm3 sulfuric acid distilled water Your plan should include details of the following. the number and concentrations of the solutions to be prepared the volumes of acid and water used to prepare the solutions the apparatus and method you would use in their preparation

For Examiners Use

........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................

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14

For Examiners Use

........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [4] (d) State a risk that must be taken into consideration when planning the experiment. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total: 12]

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15 B2 (a) This question concerns the rechargeable lead-acid battery. The standard electrode potentials of the reactions involved are shown below. PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + SO42(aq) + 2e PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) PbSO4(s) + 2e Pb(s) + SO42(aq) (i)
E /V + 1.69 0.36

For Examiners Use

Suggest a suitable electrode at the negative terminal during discharging.

(ii)

Determine the e.m.f. of the cell.

(iii)

A storage cell, as used in the lead-acid battery, is a simple cell in which the reactions are reversible, i.e. once the chemicals have been used up they can be re-formed. Write an equation for the chemical reaction which occurs during charging.

[3] (b) A cell is constructed with zinc and graphite electrodes, each weighing 40 g, partly immersed in aqueous NaOH. Oxygen is supplied in the half-cell containing the graphite electrode by bubbling air into it.

When connected in a circuit, some zinc passes into the solution as zincate(II) ions, [Zn(OH)4]2(aq). Raffles Institution 2012 9647/Y6/T3/12 [Turn Over

16 (i) Write the equation for the reaction occurring in each half-cell, and hence, write a balanced equation for the overall reaction which takes place.

For Examiners Use

(ii)

The standard cell potential was found to be +1.62 V. With reference to the Data Booklet, calculate the standard electrode potential of the [Zn(OH)4]2(aq) / Zn(s) system.

(iii)

The value obtained in (b)(ii) can be measured with the help of the standard hydrogen electrode. Draw a fully labelled sketch of how you would determine the standard electrode potential of the [Zn(OH)4]2(aq) / Zn(s) system.

(iv)

The cell delivers a current of 13.7 mA. The zinc electrode is replaced once 60% of it is used up. Calculate the quantity of electricity passing through the cell and the length of time the cell can last before replacement becomes necessary.

[8] [Total: 11]

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17 B3 Collagen, a component of bone and connective tissue, is the most abundant protein in vertebrates. It exists as water-insoluble fibres of great strength. Five of the most common amino acids in the collagen obtained from human skin are listed below. Amino acid Formula of side chain (R in RCH(NH2)COOH) H CH3 CH2CH2COOH CH2OH (CH2)4NH2 Number of amino acid residues per 1000 residues in collagen 329 109 74 36 29

For Examiners Use

glycine (gly) alanine (ala) glutamic acid (glu) serine (ser) lysine (lys)

(a)

There are three pKa values associated with glutamic acid: 2.1, 4.1 and 9.5. (i) Sketch the titration curve obtained when 10 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm3 protonated glutamic acid is titrated against 0.1 mol dm3 NaOH(aq) until 40 cm3 of NaOH(aq) is added. pH

Volume of NaOH(aq) / cm3 (ii) Suggest the two major forms of glutamic acid present at pH 2.5, and calculate the ratio in which the two species are present at pH 2.5.

[5]

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18 (b) In addition to the five common amino acids, proline (pro) is also present in significant amounts in the collagen.

For Examiners Use

H N

O OH

Draw the structural formula of gly-pro-ser.

[1] (c) Suggest one type of interaction responsible for holding the tertiary structure of collagen together and state the amino acid(s) that give rise to this interaction.

[2] It is found that the polypeptide chains in collagen contain a repeating sequence of gly-pro-X, where X refers to an amino acid residue other than glycine and proline. A collagen fibre consists of three polypeptide chains wrapped around one another in a rope-like twist known as the triple helix.

collagen triple helix

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19 (d) What level of structure, primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary, in collagen does the triple helix describe?

For Examiners Use

[1] (e) The third amino acid in each chain must be occupied by glycine. What structural feature of glycine allows the chains to be tightly held in the triple helix?

[1] In collagen from meat of animals, reactions of the side chain R groups of the amino acids result in intramolecular and intermolecular covalent bonds known as cross-links. The amount of cross-linking increases with age and hence meat from older animals is tougher than meat from younger animals. (f) Raw papaya juice can be used to soften or tenderise meat tissues. However, boiled papaya juice is ineffective as a tenderiser. Explain why that is so.

[2] (g) Suggest another method to soften or tenderise meat for cooking.

[1]

In human hair, the cysteine (R = CH2SH) residues, can form disulfide bridges, which are responsible for cross-linking. (h) Write a balanced equation to show the formation of a cross-link formed between two cysteine molecules.

[1] [Total: 14]

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20 B4 In an experiment, a mixture containing magnesium nitrate and barium nitrate was heated in a boiling tube and the gaseous products evolved were collected in a gas syringe under constant pressure.

For Examiners Use

(a)

Explain which nitrate decomposed at W. Write a balanced equation, including state symbols, for this decomposition.

[3] (b) (i) Assuming the gases behave ideally, explain why there is a slight increase in volume from X to Y.

(ii)

Explain why the gradient of the graph changes non-linearly from W to X.

[2] [Total: 5]

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21

Section C (40 marks)

This section consists of three questions. Answer two questions from this section. Answer question C1 and one other question. Begin each question on a fresh sheet of paper.

It is compulsory to answer question C1. C1 (a) When treated with lithium aluminium hydride, LiAlH4, esters are reduced to yield alcohols. LiAlH4 functions as a delivery agent of the nucleophile, H:. RCOOR RCH2OH + ROH (R, R : alkyl group) The simplified version of the mechanism of this reaction is shown below.
O I R OMe R H H H Al H H H H Al H H O O OMe II R H

III H O H H H IV O H O H H

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

Explain what is meant by the term nucleophile. State the type of reactions that take place in Steps I, II and IV respectively in the above mechanism. Explain why water is an unsuitable solvent and suggest a suitable solvent for this reduction. Explain why this reduction reaction cannot be achieved by using sodium hydride, NaH, instead of LiAlH4. [7]

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22 Cyanoacrylate is the generic name for cyanoacrylate based fast-acting glues such as ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate. (b) The skeletal formula of ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate is given below.

(i) (ii) (iii)

State the molecular formula of ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate. State the bond angles labelled x and y. Name the respective functional groups of the carbon atoms labelled 1, 2, and 3. [5]

(c)

Ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate rapidly undergoes addition polymerisation in the presence of a suitable nucleophile to form long, strong chains that join the bonded surfaces together. The presence of moisture can cause a tube or bottle of glue to become unusable over time. Identify the nucleophile that causes the glue to harden over time. [1]

(d)

The reduction of ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate with LiAlH4 produces two compounds, Q and R. Q reacts with ethanoyl chloride in a 1:2 molar ratio to form S. R reacts with ethanoyl chloride in a 1:1 ratio to form T. If ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate is instead reduced with hydrogen using a nickel catalyst, then there is only a single product, U. Draw the structural formula of each of the compounds Q, R, S, T and U. Explain the reactions. [7] [Total: 20]

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23 Answer one of the following questions. You may choose either question C2 or question C3. C2 (a) Pentan-2-one and pentan-3-one both react with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to form an orange precipitate. (i) (ii) (iii) Write a balanced equation for the reaction of pentan-2-one with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Suggest how the two compounds can be identified by reacting with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Suggest another simple chemical test to distinguish pentan-2-one from pentan-3-one. State the reagents you would use, what you would observe and give the structural formulae of all the organic products formed. What type of reaction is undergone when pentan-2-one reacts with hydrogen cyanide, and what conditions are necessary for the reaction to take place? Briefly describe the steps in the mechanism of this reaction. [10]

(iv)

(b)

But-2-ene-1,4-dioic acid, HOOCCH=CHCOOH, exists as two stereoisomers. Explain why trans-but-2-ene-1,4-dioic acid has a higher melting point than cis-but-2-ene-1,4-dioic acid. [2] Crown ethers were discovered by Pedersen who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1987. Crown ethers are cyclic polyethers with oxygen atoms connected by CH2CH2 bridges. Three examples are shown below.

(c)

12-crown-4

15-crown-5

18-crown-6

The oxygen atoms in crown ethers act as Lewis bases by donating a lone pair of electrons to alkali metal ions to form complexes. The stability of each complex depends largely on the correlation between the internal cavity size of the crown ether and the ionic radius of the cation. The table below shows the crown ethers most suitable to complex with Group I metal ions. Cation Li+ Na+ K+ Crown ether 12-crown-4 15-crown-5 18-crown-6

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24 (i) (ii) Explain why the cationic radius increases from Li+ to K+. Draw a diagram to suggest how an 18-crown-6 molecule can be attached to a potassium cation. Label your diagram to show the type of interaction involved.

Potassium manganate(VII) does not dissolve in organic solvents. However, in the presence of 18-crown-6, KMnO4 dissolves readily in benzene, forming purple benzene. (iii) Explain why KMnO4 is soluble in benzene only in the presence of 18-crown-6.

Purple benzene, in contrast to aqueous KMnO4, readily oxidises alkenes, alcohols and aldehydes to form carboxylic acids with 100% yield. (iv) (v) Give the structural formula of the product formed when cyclohexene is reacted with purple benzene. Suggest why purple benzene behaves as a more powerful oxidising agent than KMnO4 in aqueous medium. [6]

(d)

A Lewis acid is a species that accepts a lone pair of electrons. (i) In the following reaction scheme, state the reagent that acts as a Lewis acid.

(ii)

Explain why the reaction in (d)(i) cannot be carried out in an aqueous medium. [2] [Total: 20]

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25 C3 The use of chemicals has improved the quality of our lives to some extent. However, the improper use of some chemicals can lead to undesirable consequences. (a) Titanium dioxide (TiO2), oxybenzone, octocrylene and phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid are common ingredients found in sunscreens.

oxybenzone

octocrylene

phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid (i) (ii) Explain why titanium dioxide (b.p 2972 C) has a higher boiling point than octocrylene (b.p 218 C). An athlete has been training for the Standard Chartered Marathon. He needs a sunscreen that is highly water resistant. Suggest why the sunscreen he used should contain octocrylene, but not phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid. (iii) (iv) Give the structural formulae of the organic products obtained when octocrylene reacts with hot aqueous sodium hydroxide. Describe a simple chemical test to distinguish between oxybenzone and octocrylene. [8]

(b)

Melamine is chosen for a self-assembly network which has useful applications in nanotechnology.

1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (melamine)

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26 (i) (ii) State the type of hybridisation of the circled carbon atom in melamine. A molecule of melamine and a molecule of PTCDI attach together strongly via three hydrogen bonds. Suggest where these three hydrogen bonds would be formed by drawing the melamine attached to PTCDI in the correct orientation, with the hydrogen bonds connecting the relevant atoms.

perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI)

O R O NH to represent PTCDI. R O O

You may use HN

[3]

(c)

There is a recent claim of the discovery of an isotope of a new element with an atomic number of 122. The existence of this new element will require a new block in the periodic table, corresponding to the occupancy of a g subshell, beyond the s, p, d and f. This g subshell is predicted to be found in the 5th shell of an atom, i.e. the 5g subshell. (i) (ii) Based upon the sequence of subshells in the Periodic Table s, p, d, f, predict how many orbitals there are in a g subshell. Below is a scheme of the 17 lowest energy subshells, which can be used to show the order in which the subshells are filled by electrons (the Aufbau principle). 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 7s

Predict how many elements there would be in the first row of the g-block.

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27 (iii) (iv) List the order of filling subshells from 4p to 5d. The subshells in the scheme above are those that are occupied by the elements up to uranium. List the next four subshells that would be expected to be filled for element 122. Write down the number of electrons in the 5g subshell that the element 122 would be expected to have. [6]

(v)

(d)

Tetrachloroethene, Cl2C=CCl2, is a colourless, volatile and non-flammable liquid widely used for the dry cleaning of fabrics. A sampling was carried out to monitor the current level of tetrachloroethene in the air of a laundry room to ensure that it does not exceed the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of 100 ppm. Calculate the maximum mass of tetrachloroethene which can be used in a laundry room which has a capacity of 25.5 m3 at 30 C at a pressure of 101 kPa. Assume that all tetrachloroethene vapourises and it behaves like an ideal gas under these conditions. [1 ppm (by volume) is equal to 1 m3 of a given gas in 106 m3 of air.] [3] [Total: 20]

END OF PAPER

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