Cytology

Microorganisms

Acellular Viruses Prions Viroids Procaryotes Archaebacteria Eubacteria Cyanobacteria

Cellular

Eucaryotes Algae Fungi Protozoa

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4 Basic Types of Flagellar Arrangement Flagella- threadlike protein appendages with a whiplike motion that enables bacteria to move Peritrichious: all over the surface Lophotrichous: tuft of flagella at one or both ends Amphitrichous: one flagellum at each end Monotrichous: one flagellum

Pili or fimbriae -hairlike structures most often observe on Gram negative bacteria 2 tpes of pili: a. b. One that enables bacteria to adhere or attach to surfaces Sex pilus: enables transfer of genetic material from one bacteria to another

Spores (Endospores) Thick walled spores as a means of survival when moisture or nutrient supply is low Several protein coating encloses the cells genetic material and are resistant to heat, cold, drying and most chemicals Can survive for years in soil and dust, quite resistant to disinfectant and boiling

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CELL MORPHOLOGY Size, shape and morphological arrangement

Three basic shapes: 1. Round/ spherical- the cocci Cocci arrangement: Pairs or diplococci Eg. N. gonorrhoeae Chains or streptococci Eg. Strep. pyogenes Clusters or staphylococci Eg. Staph. aureus Packets of four or tetrads Packets of eight- octads

a. b. c.

d. e.

2. Rectangular/ rod-shaped- the bacilli May be short/ long, thick or thin, pointed or with curved (comma shaped) or blunt ends a. Very short, resembling elongated cocci- coccobacilli Arrangement: a. Singly b. Pairs- diplobacilli c. Chains- streptobacilli d. Long filaments

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e. f. Branched Stacked up/ palisade arrangement Eg. C. diphtheriae 3. Curved and spiral shaped- the spirilla

STAINING- to determine bacterial shape and morpphological arrangements Gram Stain Developed by Dr. Hans Gram Differentiates gram positive and gram negative bacteria

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Differences between Gram positive and Gram Negative bacteria

Types of Bacterial Staining Procedures Category Simple Stains Example(s) Staining with methylene blue Purpose Merely to stain the cells so that size, shape and morphological arrangement can be determined To determined if the organism is encapsulated To determine if the organism possesses flagella and, if so, their number and location on the cell To determine if the organism is a spore-former To differentiate between grampositive and gram-negative bacteria To differentiate between acid-fast and non-acid fast bacteria

Structural Stains

Capsule Stains

Flagella Stains

Endospore Stains Differential Stains Gram Stain

Acid-fast stain

Colony Morphology Mound/ pile of bacteria on an agar surface, contains millions of organisms appearance of the colony

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Serves as important clues in the speciation of the bacteria

Research on the following causative agent of each Specific diseases and its pathognomonic sign: Gonorrhea Meningitis Neonatal gonorrheal ophthalmia Nosocomial infections Whooping cough Epiglottitis Otitis media Pneumonia Conjunctivitis Cholera Gastroenteritis Cystitis Dermatitis Otitis externa Bubonic plague Typhoid fever Peptic ulcers Tetanus Gangrene Botulism Anthrax Bacterial endocarditis Folliculitis Impetigo Erysipelas Food poisoning Rheumatic fever Strep throat Dental carries Sepsis Acne Diphtheria Leprosy TB PID Leptospirosis Syphilis Pyelonephritis Bacterial vaginosis UTI