AQUASAFE

Leakage Detection System

USER MANUAL

RevisionSheet
ReleaseVersion 1.0.0.10 1.0.0.11 1.0.0.12 2.0.0.10 Date 03/07/2013 19/07/2013 14/08/2013 02/09/2013 Notes Version1:AQUASAFELDS Version1:AQUASAFELDS Version1:AQUASAFELDS Version2:AQUASAFELDS Editor MadalenaMalhadas AdelioSilva JosChambelLeito AdelioSilva

Hidromod,ModelaoemEngenharia,Lda RuaRuiTelesPalhinha,4,1,Leio,2740278PortoSalvo Tel:214211373Fax:214211272 Email:hidromod@hidromod.com

TABLEOFCONTENTS
1 ABOUTAQUASAFE..............................................................................................6 1.1 1.2 Overview............................................................................................................ 6 AQUASAFEArchitecture................................................................................... 7 AQUASAFEServer...................................................................................... 7 AQUASAFELDS.......................................................................................... 8

1.2.1 1.2.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2

Aboutthismanual.............................................................................................. 8 Projectreferences.............................................................................................. 8 Permissionsanduseraccounts..........................................................................9

LEAKAGEDETECTIONBASICS............................................................................10 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Whatcausesleakage?...................................................................................... 11 Topdownapproaches..................................................................................... 12 Bottomupapproaches.................................................................................... 12 LeakdetectionusingSCADAdata....................................................................12 Monitoringpressuretransients................................................................14 MonitoringfloworpressureandflowinaLDZ........................................14 Realtimemodellingsupport....................................................................14

2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.5 3

Limitationsoftheleakagedetectionprocedures............................................15

LEAKAGEDETECTIONAPPROACHESIMPLEMENTEDINAQUASAFE...................17 3.1 3.2 Patternsestimation......................................................................................... 18 Massbalance................................................................................................... 19

3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 4

Nightflowsanalysis......................................................................................... 20 Modelresultsanalysis ...................................................................................... 21 Criticalsegmentanalysisandoperationmodelling.........................................22 OverallAQUASAFELDSanalysis.......................................................................23 LeakLocationaccuracy.................................................................................... 27

SYSTEMIMPLEMENTATION.GETTINGSTARTED................................................30 4.1 4.2 InstallingtheSetup.......................................................................................... 30 Technicalsupport ............................................................................................. 30

5 6

MAINWINDOW................................................................................................31 ADMINISTRATIONMENU..................................................................................32 6.1 UsersManagementControls...........................................................................33 UserAccounts........................................................................................... 33 UserWorkspaces...................................................................................... 34 ManageWorkspaces................................................................................34 DistributionLists....................................................................................... 34 GraphsManagement................................................................................36

6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 6.1.5 6.2

Basecontrols.................................................................................................... 36 System...................................................................................................... 36 MonitoringStations.................................................................................. 37 Parameters............................................................................................... 39

6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.3

SourcesControls.............................................................................................. 40 Alarms....................................................................................................... 40

6.3.1

6.4

ReportsControls.............................................................................................. 42 ReportTemplate....................................................................................... 43 Reports..................................................................................................... 44 ReportPublishers..................................................................................... 47 ReportPublication.................................................................................... 50

6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3 6.4.4 7

OPERATIONMENU ............................................................................................53 7.1 Creatinganewworkspace...............................................................................53 AddaLineChart....................................................................................... 54 AddaMap................................................................................................ 56 AskforaLogViewer.................................................................................59

7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 8

References........................................................................................................60

1 ABOUT AQUASAFE
1.1 Overview
AQUASAFE is a business intelligence software platform supported by modelling tools and advanced data analysis systems developed by HIDROMOD, Lda. AQUASAFE can integrate realtime data captured by sensors (local and remote) and run periodic numerical models (scheduled at userdefined intervals) to produce automatic reports forcustomdataanalysisandcomparisonsbetweenmodelresultsandmeasureddata. Based on a ClientServer architecture and developed with a modular philosophy, AQUASAFEishighlyversatile,andiscompatiblewithalmosteverykindofdatasource and model type. This capability is a truly innovative approach, guaranteeing a safe investmentsinceitseamlesslyaddsnewcapabilitiesasneeded. The AQUASAFE platform boosts efficiency in operations management,providing real timeinformationandintegrationwithforecastanddiagnostictools.Accordingtothese concepts, AQUASAFE works as an integrator for models and external data sources (includingrealtimedataacquisitionsystems): 1. Modelling results in real time by integrating realtime data or other external data sourceswithmodels,withouthumanintervention. 2. Advance troubleshooting through personalized alarms, combining data from severalsources(realormodelled). 3. Automaticpersonalizedscenariosimulationstoassessmanagementoptionsinreal time. 4. Automatic reports for modelling results and/or measurements, based on predefinedusertemplates.

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5. Practical use of modelling results in operations control room, through the know howofcurrentusers.

1.2 AQUASAFE Architecture

The AQUASAFE platform has three main components:
AQUASAFEserver AQUASAFELDS

1.2.1 AQUASAFE Server

The AQUASAFE server stores and indexes internally generated system data (models), or through external links (Scada systems, FTP, Open DAP, etc.). Apart from this distributor role, it also schedules tasks, such as runningmodels,creatingreports,etc. Communication with the server is done through 2 Webservicechannels: Adataexchangechannel; Anadministrationchannel.

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1.2.2 AQUASAFE LDS

TheAQUASAFELDSconnectswiththeplatformsservertointerpretandmanagedata andprocesses. The AQUASAFE client can connect with the platforms server to interpret and manage data and processes. This application creates a local data cache, updated automatically by a dedicated web service. In this way, the user has access to the latest data (measured and modelled) available in the server. Even if the connection with the server is disconnected, the user has information to work with. This can be critical in crisissituations. The features (GIS, graphics, reports, etc.) have been encapsulated in controls which maybegroupedbytheadministratorinworkspaces.Eachworkspacemaybeassigned toanindividualuserorgroupofusers.

1.3 About this manual

This manual explains how the AQUASAFE LDS interface It provides a stepbystep guideforusingitsmanytools.ThemainfeaturesoftheAQUASAFELDSaredescribed inSection2.ThesoftwareinstallationprocesscanbefoundinSection3.Mainwindow is described in Section 4. The tools of the administration menu and system operation aredescribedinSection5and6.

1.4 Project references

The AQUASAFE Smart management tool was distinguished by International Water Association (IWA) through the Implementation to wastewater system of Simtejo Lisboa, Portugal. The software received the Honour Award of the IWA Project Innovation Awards 2012 (both in the Global and Europe & West Asia Regional Awards competitions)inthecategoryofOperationsandManagement.

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1.5 Permissions and user accounts

User accounts available on the AQUASAFE platform can be associated with various types of permissions; for instance, there is a user with maximum permissions, i.e. the administrator. For the remaining types of users the permissions assigned include the following options: create workspaces, share workspaces, send notifications to the administratorsandusedatabases.

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2 LEAKAGE DETECTION BASICS

Different definitions of leakage in distribution systems exist. The most frequently used one defines the leakage as (amount of) water which escapes from the pipe network by means other than through a controlled action. Water leakage in distribution systems is typically classified into background and burst related leakage. Bursts (i.e. main breaks) represent structural pipe failures and background leaks represent the water escaping through inadequate joints, cracks, etc. Leaks can also exist in service reservoirs and tanks (Puust et al, 2010). Backgroundleakageistheaggregationoflossesfromallthefittingsonthenetwork.Suchleaks aretypicallytoosmalltodetectindividually.Burstleakageoccursfromholesorfracturesinthe networkthatcanbelocatedusingarangeofspecialistequipment. While major bursts and gushes on the surface may be reported to water companies by the public,itsvitaltokeepontopofother,lessobviousleaks.Whilethemostvisibleleaksmaybe losingwateratahighrate,theyareusuallyreportedandrectifiedquickly.Lesserleaksmaynot resultinsuchspectacularlossesperhour,buttheycanrunundetectedforfarlongerandoften leadtohigheroveralllosses. Althoughthe sizeofaholemayoftenbetinyinsome casesnolargerthana pintheextent of water losses through leakage can be considerable, particularly where they go undetected for long periods of time. It is these types of losses, rather than the more easily identifiable, largescalelosses,thatposethebiggestproblemforwateroperators. At this point, it is important to emphasise that leakage can never be eliminated. The sheer scale of water distribution networks and the inherent difficulties in accessing pipework, coupled with other factors such as supply pressures, age of pipework and soil characteristics, means zero leakage can never be achieved. Rather than striving to achieve zero leakage, therefore, the main concern of water operators should be to manage leakage as closely as possible

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2.1 What causes leakage?

Despite a raft of recent replacement and renewal works using modern plastic piping, much of the countrys water mains are still made from iron or lead, with some dating back to the Victorian era. Coupled with this is the high number of joints, fittings, interconnections and relativelyshortpiperunsthatcharacteriseeventhemostmodernwaterdistributionnetworks, presentingmultipleopportunitiesforleakstooccur.Thesefactors,togetherwithhighersupply pressures, mean that some degree of leakage is inevitable. Generally, leaks can be attributed tofourmaincauses,namely: Highersupplypressuressupplypressuresthatexceedtheoriginalparametersofinstalled pipework(particularlyolderpipework)cancausepipesand/orjointstoruptureorburst Corrosion rusting of pipes, fittings and joints steadily reduces their integrity, eventually resulting in failure. Causes of corrosion can arise from both within the pipe, such as acidic watersfromuplandareas,andoutsideofthepipewheretheexternalpipewallisattacked by elements in the soil. In both cases, the resulting corrosion can weaken the pipe wall, reducingitsabilitytowithstandthesupplypressureandleadingtoeventualfailure. Erosion this problem often occurs where a leak has already formed. Jets of water from the leak collect sand or stones from the installation environment which then hit the pipe, graduallyweakeningitandincreasingthelikelihoodofasecondaryleak Soilcharacteristicschangesinthesoil characteristicsatthepointofinstallationcanhave amaterialimpactonthepipeline.Changesintemperatureandmoisturecancausethesoil to expand and contract, potentially causing the pipeline to bend. Movements in the soil can also cause movement of the pipeline and its associated fittings, increasing the risk of damageandfailure Reducingtheamountofwaterlostthroughleakage dependsonboththedistributionpressure and the amount of time taken to address a leak. Where losses stem from relatively small but steady leaks from a joint or fitting, such leaks can be especially hard to detect, particularly wheretheinstallationenvironmentpreventswaterfromrisingtothesurface.

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2.2 Top-down approaches

The objective of topdown leakage assessment approaches is to estimate the leakage in a particular system by evaluating different components of the overall water balance, primarily the water consumed for different purposes. The two main approaches used are the IWA approach (Lambert and Hirner 2000) and the approach used by the OFWAT in the UK. Althoughquitesimilar,therearesomedifferencesbetweenthetwoapproachesduetoslightly different terminology and definitions used for some water balance components (Puust et al, 2010). Despite the simplicity of a topdown type leak assessment, the leakage estimate obtained via this method is referred to as a crude estimate. Gathering such information helps to decide whatthenextstepinleakagestudiesshouldbeforaparticularnetworkbutitdoesnothelpto boundpotentialleakareas.

2.3 Bottom-up approaches

Bottomup type leakage assessment can be considered the second part of the audit process. This procedure is implemented when the company has confirmed the data used in the top down portion. It includes every area of the companys operation: billing records, distribution system, accounting principles etc. The audits main purpose is to find out the efficiency of the water distribution system and the measures needed to achieve these. Bottomup audits requirethemostaccurateanduptodatedatapossible.

2.4 Leak detection using SCADA data

The supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system is an ideal platform for performingtheadvancedanalysisthatpromptlyidentifiesleakagepresence. Leak detection systems based on the data collected from field instruments typically apply one oftheseleakdetectiontechniques:

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Balancing of pipeline input versus output. This leak detection technique relies on the simplefactthatfluidmassflowintothepipelineequalstheflowoutinaleakfreepipeline. Adifferencebetweentheinputandtheoutputsuggeststhepresenceofaleak.

Hydraulic analysis. Measured values of flows and pressures are compared with simulated values of the same variables, calculated by verified hydraulic models. Significant discrepanciesmightsignalthepresenceofleaks.

Monitoringofsignalsgeneratedbyaleak.Aburstwillcauseasuddenpressuredropwhich will create a pressure wave travelling at sonic velocity both upstream and downstream from the leak. The location of the leak can be calculated using the time difference in detectionbythenearestsensorsoneithersideoftheleaklocation.

Hydraulic parameters trending analysis. Flow (especially minimum night flow) and/or pressure trends can indicate a leak. Typically an increase in the flow and a decrease in the pressure,comparedtoaverageconditions,suggestnewleakshaveappeared.

Methods supporting techniques 1, 2, and 3 above are used primarily to detect and locate bursts in water transmission schemes where metering accuracy is usually high, operations are quitesteady, andthepresenceofnonmetered customersisnegligible.However,the negative pressure wave technique presents some inconveniences: it only detects the initiation of a leak andnotitspresenceafterithasestablished.Further,falsealarmscanbetriggeredbypressure transientsgeneratedbynoiseproducinginstallationssuchaspumps. Methodsassociatedwithtechnique4abovearetypicallyappliedtodeterminethepresenceof leaks within distribution networks, preferably at a districtmeteredarea (DMA) level, integratingdatafromtheDMAinletmeterwiththeSCADAsystem. In a typical water supply system, real losses might exist in the distribution networks and in transmission schemes. Therefore, it might be necessary to deploy more than one of the above mentionedleakdetectiontechniquesinordertoachievecomprehensiveleakdetection.

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2.4.1 Monitoring pressure transients

One of the commonly used the techniques for pipe burst detection is based on monitoring pressuretransientsinthedistributionsystem,whichoccurafterasuddenfailure(rupture)ofa pipe. By measuring pressure at different locations at a very high sampling rate (e.g. 2000 Hz) the propagation of the pressure transient in the network can be measured, and the burst location can be approximated. The technique is only applicable for actual bursts. Pipe failure which develops gradually will not induce a pressure transient and will therefore not be detectedbythistechnique.

2.4.2 Monitoring flow or pressure and flow in a LDZ

When flow and pressure measurements are present they can be used for online monitoring. Stephen Mounceresearcheddetectiontechniquesandtestedthosetechniquesinarealwater supply system in North Yorkshire, UK. In a practical application in a six month test period the system was able to detect 7 of 18 reported bursts (11 events missed), where the system generatedatotalof46alerts(39werenotrelatedtoactualbursts).

2.4.3 Real time modelling support

Integration of near realtime hydraulic data with hydraulic computer simulation models allows utility engineers to operate and control their largescale, urban water distribution systems in real time. In conventional practice, hydraulic models are calibrated off line (USEPA, 2005), typically using a oneweek sample of flow rate and pressure measurements within the network. Thereafter, uncertain system parameters (e.g., water demands and pipe roughness) are adjusted until an acceptable match is achieved between the model outputs and physical observations.Themainlimitationofallofflinecalibrationproceduresisthattheyapproximate the unknown parameters using a shortterm sample of hydraulic data. The calibration results may represent the system hydraulics during the short period of the sampling procedure, but they cannot be expected to accurately represent the system conditions for the full range of operational conditions that can occur. In principle, much more realistic predictions can be

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achieved by updating the hydraulic state estimation using continuous online hydraulic measurementsprovidedbyasensornetworkinstalledwithinthedistributionsystem. Several studies have proposed methods for assimilating online measurements into hydraulic state estimation models. Davidson and Bouchart (2006) proposed proportional and target demand methods. These are two techniques for adjusting estimated demands in hydraulic models of water distribution networks to produce solutions that are consistent with available SCADA data. Shang et al (2006) presented a predictorcorrector method, implemented in an extended Kalman filter to estimate water demands within distribution systems in real time. A timeseries autoregressive moving average model was used to predict water demands based on the estimated demands at previous steps; the forecasts were corrected using measured nodal water heads or pipe flow rates. Although these studies were not tested against real world cases of complicated urban water systems monitored with online sensors, they providedamodelingframeworkandthemathematicaltoolstoenablelargerapplicationstobe usedformorecomplexsystems.

2.5 Limitations of the leakage detection procedures

The efficiency of leakage detection/location depends on the quality and quantity of field data collected (pressure, flow rates, GIS information such as diameter, pipe roughness, etc) and mostly on the head losses (and consequently on the flow velocity) throughout the pipe networksystem. The reliability on the leakage detection and location procedure depends highly on the flow changes during a day time. That means that for oversized systems, the detection of leakage pointswouldbemoredifficultandthereliabilityofferedbythealgorithmwouldbelower.The searching method success is directly related to the total head loss that a leakage is causing alongawatermain.Therefore,aleakagewillonlybedetectedwithahighdegreeofreliability if the water that is being lost is significant and if pressure loggers installed in the system are capableofregisteringthechangesinpressure. The probability to locate minor leakages tends to be very low with automatic methods. In these cases it is highly recommendable to complement the automatic leakage search method

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by means of acoustic methods, even though the success of these latter methods is very dependentonthepipematerial. As the leakage search method is not based on a deterministic method but on a heuristic method (evolutionary algorithm), it does not make any assumption about the objective functionwhichonlyconsistsofminimizingthedifferenceoftheobservedandcalculatednodal hydraulicheadsandpipeflows. Under high flow velocity conditions (higher head losses), the water loss detection using the model might be affected by errors introduced into the model parameters such as pipe roughness for instance. That is why it is important to build a very good calibrated hydraulic model. It is not easy to provide figures on the percentage of success or the efficiency of the leakage detection/locationmethod,noteventheauthorsofthealgorithmareofferingconcretefigures aboutitsinceitisnotanexacttechnique. However the consultant experience shows that if data quality and quantity are good enough, the errors obtained in comparison with acoustic methods are much lower (measured as distance to the real leakage), provided the water leakage is originating a head loss several timesgreaterthantheerrorofthepressuremeters.

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3 LEAKAGE DETECTION APPROACHES IMPLEMENTED IN AQUASAFE

The methodology being used in AQUASAFE to support leakage detection includes 3 basic procedures:massbalanceanalysis,flowandpressuredataanalysisandmodelsimulations. Theleakagedetectionalarmswillbeactivatedwhensomeabnormalityisdetectedinthemass balance analysis (including night flows analysis), and/or in the pattern analysis and/or in the model/datapressurepatternsanalysis. Regardingthemassbalancesitiscommontoobservenotfullyclosedmassbalances.Thismay mean that consumptions nonconsidered in the mass balance are taking place or that there still remains some minor issues of signals calibration in the SCADA system. In any case it is necessarytotakethisfactinconsiderationinthemassbalance. Theproposedsolutionistoapplyadatapatternanalysistothemassbalanceandtotrigger an alarm when the mass balance residual deviates from the expected patterns. However, this method will only indicate if there is a possible leakage in the specified LDZ. In the cases where the signals (e.g. pressure and flow) are not properly filtered by the SCADA system AQUASAFE providesasetofautomaticprocedurestocleanthesedatasets: Mapping gap periods: the absence of values within a period larger than a predefined time length(ex.30min)itisassumedtobeagap; Filtervaluesbelowaminimumandamaximumvalues; Filter values that have a time variation larger than a threshold. The main goal of this is to filterspikes; Filter consecutive values that have exactly the same value. It is common to observe periodswhereconsecutivevalueswithexactlythesamevaluearerecorded; Filter noisy periods. In this case a time window is specified, for example a day. In this case for each day is compute the standard deviation and the average. If the ratio standard

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deviation: if average is above a specify threshold the period is considered noisy and the valuesoftheentireperiodarefilterout.

3.1 Patterns estimation

For the patterns estimation the user only needs to specify the type of pattern to compute: daily pattern or weekly patterns or weekend / week day pattern. The methodology used computesforeachhourofthepatterncyclechosenthemedian(orpercentile50)oftheentire signaldataafterbeingfilter. The computed patterns can be uploaded to AQUASAFE to configure alarms that are triggered when a specific signal (flow, pressure or mass balance) is outside of specified limits in persistent way. The limits are defined by the user. The figure below shows a case where the flow(blueline)iscomparewiththefollowlimits: Upperlimit(orangeline)=pattern+20% Pattern(blackdotline) Lowerlimit(redline)=pattern20%

This kind of approach implies that, at least, the noise introduced by the leak be more relevant that the uncertainty associated to the sensor itself. It is necessary to take in consideration that no matter the analysis is made its accuracy depends of the quantity and qualityofthedataavailable.Forinstancewithshortlengthrecordsitisnotpossibletoidentify seasonal patterns and we may be using a wrong pattern in a specific month case we dont

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have enough information to know that the consumptions in that specific month are different fromthepreviousone.

3.2 Mass balance

AmassbalancetoolisrunningforeachLeakageDetectionZone(LDZ).ForeachLDZtheinflows and the outflows time series are mapped. The mass balance is computed only for the instants where are valid values available in all inflow and outflows time series. For instants that are inside a time series gap the mass balance in not compute and this is instant is considered to belongtothemassbalancetimeseriesgaps. In the figure below it is presented the mass balance computed along one week for one LDZ. In the figure the black line represents the LDZ outflow, the blue dots represent the LDZ inflow andthereddotsthemassbalance.

The above described approaches, when used together, have the capability to map the probability of a leak on an area controlled by a pressure meter but they are not able to preciselypinpointtheleaklocation. The combined use of the model results may help to get a more precise location of the leak. In this procedure the calibrated model is keep running in short periods intervals (lets say 30 minutes) and the model results are continuously being compared with the measured data. In case of a relevant modification of the usual level of agreement between the model and the

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datapressurevaluesanalarmistriggeredpointingwhichsensoriscloserofthelocationofthe identifiedanomaly.Thisimpliesafullyandtrustycalibratedmodel. In the case of the existence of some advanced leakage detection algorithm, such as the one included in the Bentley Darwin Calibrator, it may be possible (depending of the network characteristics, the accuracy of the available data and the leakage dimension) to get a close location. This tool consists of an automatic calibration and leak detection system for water distribution networks. It allows the speeding up of the lengthy calibration process and detection through automatic simulation of millions of solutions, as well as identifying those thatadjusttotheirfielddata. Leakdetectionfunctionalityallowsthe minimisation oftheeffort associatedwithfieldwork to identify points with more probability, allowing work teams to concentrate on limited areas on thefield. One of the strong aspects of this technology is to allow the user, in an easy and efficient way, to identify the network sectors with the greatest leak probability. The process is based on the dynamic module, real information (pressure and flow) in some points of the network and a genetic optimisation algorithm which automatically develops the leak search process. This technology is already quite consolidated, having been applied in several complex real cases with success, confirming their robustness in face of several types of situations (http://www.bentley.com/enUS/Promo/New+Oil/)

3.3 Night flows analysis

Flow and pressure values in water distribution networks tend to be highly variable. This variability is mainly due to water consumption variability in time. Additionally there is also somehighfrequencyvariabilityassociatedwiththelevelofaccuracyofthesensoritself.Inthe night period the signals time variability tends to be lower and becomes easier to detect persistent anomalies like leaks. AQUASAFE for every signal time series is able to compute the averagevalueforthenightperiod. For example in the case of the mass balance of a LDZ the final result tend to have a pattern type evolution like the one present in the figure below (red dots) due to sensors errors or

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uncontrolled inflow/outflows. In this case the AQUASAFE user has two ways of configure a mass balance alarm: one way (mentioned above) is to configure the alarm considering the deviations in relation a defined pattern; an alternative way is to configure an alarm for the average value of the mass balance for the night period. This mass balance parameter tends to have a constant value in time and a more simple alarm can be configured (see figure below blackdots).Inthiscasethealarmthresholdcanbeconsideredconstant.

3.4 Model results analysis

AQUASAFE can complement the sensors analysis with model results (WaterGems) forced with real time data run in operational way. The main boundary condition of the water distribution model is the LDZs outflows. In the case of a leak the model forced with real time data give an approximate image of the water distribution network with no leaks. A way of detecting the area of the leak in the LDZ is comparing the model pressure results with the sensors pressure data.ThisisquiteeffectiveinLDZswherethepressuregradientisstrong. To help AQUASAFE operator to identify more easily the areas where model results diverge more from the measure data the pressure differences are normalized. For each LDZ the difference between the measured and model results is computed in all pressure sensors. This

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parameter is normalized using the minimum and maximum differences occurring in the LDZ. The final parameter is a percentage where 100% corresponds to higher pressure difference occurringinaninstantand0%theminimum. The figure below exemplifies the method for a virtual case where WaterGems was used to simulate a leak in point Emit 03 and compare these results with a situation without a leak. Both models solution where compared and the parameter described above was compute in 7 points (FNB1 to FNB7 LDZ outflow points). The figures shows the bigger pressure differences are located in the monitoring points downstream of the leak as expected from the hydraulic pointofview.

3.5 Critical segment analysis and operation modelling

Besides the evaluation of the occurrence of a leak in the network, AQUASAFE leakage detection system may include complementary analysis tools that may help to maintain a continuous awareness of the more critical areas. Some hydraulic models such as Bentley WaterGemsincludeanalysistoolsthatallowthe identificationofcrucialelementsin thewater distributioninfrastructureandtheevaluationoftheassociatedfailurerisk.Theseanalysistools include the consideration of the network pressure distribution (higher pressure areas have more probability of failure), the age and material of the pipes and the history of leaks in each area.

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This information may also be used to adopt improved operational controls based on rules, variable velocity (VSP) pumping and the dependent pressure consumption (PDD), that minimiseenergyconsumptionandimprovesystemperformance.

3.6 Overall AQUASAFE LDS analysis

The main objective of LDS project is to set up a system capable to maintain a continuous monitoring over the network in order to detect in proper time the occurrence of a leakage in thenetwork.TheLDSincludesthreemaincomponents: ArealtimedataacquisitionsystemsupportedbytheSCADA; AnetworkhydraulicmodelbasedonBentleyWaterGEMS; AninformationtechnologyplatformbasedonAQUASAFE. AllthedatacollectedbytheSCADAsensorsandmodelresultsconvergeinAQUASAFEplatform which is maintaining a continuous data analysis in order to detect any anomaly that may indicate the probability of a leakage occurrence. The accuracy in what respects the leakage volumeandlocationdependoftheavailabilityandqualityofthedatabut,nomattertheinitial level of success, it is proved that this type of systems are continuously improving as the knowledgeaboutthenetworkitselfalsoimproves.

The general AQUASAFE Screen overview shows the status of all Leakage Detection Zonesidentifyingifthereistheprobabilityofleak.BasicallyforeachLDZacolorbased onthemassbalancealarmlevelindicatesthepresentstatus:
greynodataavailablefromSCADAatthetime 0/bluenoleakdetected 1/orangeapossibleleakmaybeoccurring 2/redleakdetected

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AmapzoomintoLDZ4:

In case of the identification of a leakdue to an abnormal mass balanceit is possible to ask for the most probable location of the leak. In the following example a leak alarm

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caused by opening a discharge valve was simulated. As the mass balance alarm was triggered, the LDZ polygon became red and the alarm value (2) was registered on the righttable.Incaseofnodataavailableonrealtime,theLDZpolygonbecomegrey,and novalueisdisplayedontherighttable,asshowninthefollowingfigues.

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For each LDZ a detailed workspace showing the transmission mains map with SCADA signalsgeolocated,theSCADAfilteredsignalschartandthemassbalancealarmstable andchartisalsoavailable.Incaseofamassbalancealarm,theLeakLocatortoolcan beusedtolocatetheleak,asexemplifiedonthefollowingfigures.

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3.7 Leak Location accuracy

A leak test performed in Muscat network by means of opening a discharge valve identified on the next map was performed in order to assess the potential accuracy of theleakagedetectionmethodsimplementedinAQUASAFE.
Discharge

In this test the SCADA signals that were being collected on real time were filtered by AQUASAFE. As soon as the anomaly in the mass balance was detected a mass balance alarm was triggered showing the water loss volume, as shown on the next chart images

Immediatelytheleaklocatortoolwasactivatedandtheleaklocationwasidentifiedas exemplifiedinthefollowingfigure.

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In this case the leak was located with an accuracy of 2.2% in distance and 0.37 % in volumeasdepictedinthefollowingtables: Locationaccuracy:
ReallocationoftheDischargevalve Longitude 58.14430706 Latitude 23.58335657 LeakLocationPredicted Longitude 58.14346629 Latitude 23.58239414 Distance Error(m) 137 %Error(DistanceError/Distance betweenthemeasuringpoints) 2.2%

(coordinatesonWGS84referencesystemEPSG4326)

WaterLossaccuracy:
LeakVolumePredicted(m3/h) 59.40

Date 7311310:10AM 7311310:20AM 7311310:30AM 7311310:40AM RealWaterLoss(m3/h) 59.66 59.50 59.25 59.17 %Error 0.45% 0.17% 0.25% 0.37%

Finally the output of the AQUASAFE Leak Locator can be exported to a report as presentedonthefollowingfigure.

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LEAKDETECTIONREPORT
Date: Leakdetecteddetails: LeakDetectionZone: LeakSize: PipeDiameter: Location:
(WGS84)

m3/h mm

LAT LONG

PublicAuthorityforElectricity&WaterMuscatWaterSupplySystem,Oman Aquasafe LeakDetection SystemAutomaticReport.

LEAKLOCATIONMAP

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4 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION. GETTING STARTED

4.1 Installing the Setup
The installation of AQUASAFE Client has no specific requirements; just go to the address http://rusyalreservoir/AquaSafeInstaller/index.htm where the Aquasafe Client isavailable.ClickInstallandthenNextuntiltheinstallationprocessiscomplete.

4.2 Technical support

AQUASAFEsupportquestionsmaybesentviaemailto:AQUASAFE.support@hidromod.com

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5 MAIN WINDOW
Main window of AQUASAFE Client is composed by icons menu in the upper right corner and a bar where the workspaces are placed (central bar at top). The main available icons on the AQUASAFE platform are described in Table 1. The Server Configurationmenuisonlyavailabletouserswithadministratorprivileges.

Table1:MainmenusavailableontheAQUASAFEplatform
Design Type of Menu Show/Hide Workspaces List (allows to make visible or hide the list of available workspaces) Add Gadgets to Workspace (allows to add new functionalities to a workspace such as map or graph views, activate alarms and reports, etc.) Server configuration (allows to manage user accounts, create distribution lists, create reports and alarms, add new data sources, etc. only available for accounts with administrator privileges) Manage Workspaces (allows to create new workspaces or modify the existing ones)

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6 ADMINISTRATION MENU
The Server Configuration window enables the user to manage the AQUASAFE server features.Thesefeaturesaregroupedinfourcategories:i)Usersmanagement,ii)Base, iii)Sourcesandiv)Reports. Thiswindowisacessedtroughtheicon intheMainWindow.

The Users Manager controls allow creating new accounts, attributing workspaces to users,managingtheworkspacesandcreatingdistributionlists. The Base management controls allow access to the system configuration in terms of themonitoringstations,parametersandmodelsmanagedbytheplatform. The Sources management controls of provides access to the data sources and to their configurationincludingthesetupofalarmsandmanagethediskspace. Finally the Reports management controls allow the configuration of automated reports.

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6.1 Users Management Controls

6.1.1 User Accounts
To add a new user account or manage an existing account select the appropriate option in the Administration Controls window ( requestedonthescreen. At this dialog it may be set or modified the username, the password, the role (administrator, power user, user), the contacts (email and phone number), the language (PT or EN) and the Time Zone (UTC or Muscat). There is also the option to blocktheuser. ) and fulfil the information

ToaddanewuserclickontheAddbutton.Foreditordeleteanexistinguser,pointto thatuserinthepanel.Onceitselecteditwillappeartwobuttons:oneforedit(pencil) andanotherfordelete(cross).

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6.1.2 User Workspaces

In order to distribute workspaces by the different users select the User Workspaces option . In this dialog it can be viewed the workspaces used by each user and

remove or attribute existing workspaces to each user. To do this select the required workspaceandusethepenontherightsidetoeditthepermissions.

6.1.3 Manage Workspaces

To edit or delete workspaces select the option Workspaces Manager . By selecting

the required Workspace it will appear on the right side the option edit (pen) and delete(trash).

6.1.4 Distribution Lists

This control allows the creation of distribution lists by grouping several different users to which specific information (reports, alerts, etc.) should be sent automatically. To create a distribution list selected the appropriate option ( anddothefollowingactions(seesequenceofactionsbellow):
provideanameandadescription, selecttheuserstowhichyouwantdistributetheinformation, provideothercontacts(beyondusers)towhichyouwantdistributetheinformation

) in the Users Controls

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6.1.5 Graphs Management

Managing graphs in AQUASAFE means basically to make available a set of templates that may later be used to produce reports. This option is usually very useful if it is intendedtoproducesomegoodlookingreports. The way to use this option is very simple. Start to create a Report Template that it is intendedtobeusedandloadittotheAQUASAFEplatformusingthedialogthatwillbe displayedwhenselectedthecontrolCharts intheUsersControlssection.

LoadacharttemplateintoAQUASAFEserver

6.2 Base controls

6.2.1 System
The System control ( )is intended to able to gather in one single server application

differentnetworksystems.Ifthereisjustonesystemtomanagethiscontrolisnottoo much relevant but if there is more than one independent systems to manage this controlassumesagreatimportance. Thesifferentsystemscanbelinkedinatreeformatinawaythatonesystemmayhave othersystemsinside.

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Toaddanewsubsystemjustclickthepluissigninfrontofanexistingone.Theremain featuresarecommontotheothercontrols:add(pen)ordelete(trash).

Introducinganewsystem.Provideanameandadescription.

6.2.2 Monitoring Stations

TheMonitoringStationscontrol( )isintendedtoenableuserstoaddormanagethe

points where there is data available to manage within AQUASAFE. By selecting this control a map will be displayed showing the location of the points where there is data available. This dialog also enables the users to add new monitoring stations, import a list of monitoring stations from a csv file or export the existent list in the same csv formatorkmlformat.

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MonitoringStationsdialog Case the user intends to add or edit a new Monitoring Station he/she should use the appropriate option on the left top of the window to add or the pen icon that will appearwhenpoitingtothestationnameandfulfiltherequiredinformation.

MonitoringStationsrequiredinformation.Thesamplingcodeisimportantonceitis troughthiscodethatitismadethelinktotheSCADAsystem.

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6.2.3 Parameters
The Parameters control ( ) has a similar purpose of the Monitoring Stations control

in this case for the Parameters recognized by the system. Similar Add, Import and Exportactionsareavailable.

Parametersdialog For each parameter it is possible to enter a set of conversion rules for different units. This option is very useful when importing data from different providers that may be recorded also in different units. For example in the above shown dialog the velocity maybeimportedinm/sorkm/honcearuleforconvertingm/sinkm/hwasprovided. When adding a new parameter the displayed dialog presents this option allowing the usertodefineanynumberofconversionrules.

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Addinganewparameter

6.3 Sources Controls

6.3.1 Alarms
Creating an Alarm basically means to define a set of rules that, if met, will fire some action(sendingawarningtotheoperatorscreenoranEmailforalistofusers,createa report,etc.).TheAlarmsarealwayssetuponanexistingdataseries. Top set up an Alarm, selected the appropriate Alarm option ( controlsarea. ) on the Sources

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AlarmsDialog.Throughthisscreenitispossibletomodifytheexistingalarmsorcreate newones

NewAlarmdefinition.Starttoprovideanameanddescription.

Providethelimitstotriggerthealarm.Constantvaluesorvariabletimevalues(time series)maybeused.Anynumberofalarmlevelscanbedefinedbyrepeatingthe processofdefininganewalarmlevel.

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ExampleofanAlarmdefinitionconsidering3differentlevels.

Oncedefinedthevaluestowhichthealarmwillbetriggereditwillbenecessaryto providethenameofthetimeseriesuponwhichthealarmwillworkandtheminimum timelengthduringwhichtheeventmustpersisttotriggerthealarm.Theobjectivehere istoavoidfalsealarmsduetodataspikes

6.4 Reports Controls

Thereportingconfigurationandpublicationprocessinvolvesfourphases: 1) CreateaTemplate; 2) DefinetheReportcontent; 3) Selectapublishermedia; 4) PublishtheReport. The first step it will be to imported an existing template using the control Report Template. A Template may be an empty Excel sheet for instance (it will act as a media

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where to write). After loaded the template it will be necessary to create the report itself using the control Reports. For example if the required report is an Excel file, this step involves the definition of the row and column where the report will start to be written,thedatasourcesspecificationandthegraphslocation.Thisconfigurationstep dependsonthetypeoftemplateimportedintothesystem. Instep3itwillbedefinedthekindofmediatroughwhichtheReportwillbepublished. ItmaybeviaEmail,ftp,etc.. Finally, the last step, it will be effectively publish the Report. This step involves the definition of publishing schedule (e.g., daily, weekly, monthly, etc..) and the specificationoftheusersforwhichthereportshouldbesent. Thenwepresentthemostimportantwindowsinminutesstepinvolvedthecreationof yourreport,i.e.,sincethetemplatetopublication.

6.4.1 Report Template

Thiscontrol allowsimportingExcelandWordtemplates.ATemplatemaybeanempty Excel sheet for instance and it will be used later to specify where to write the data, wheretoputthegraphics,etc.. To import a report template choose this option on the Administration Controls Window. Selecting Add Template option it will be displayed a configuration menu that introducesthesequencethatissummarizedbelow.

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Add,EditorDeleteatemplate

Browsethetemplatelocation

6.4.2 Reports
ThiscontrolisrequiredtoeffectivelycreatetheReport.Itrwillbeherewheretheuser will define the data sources to use to produce it. The sequence starts with the choice of a report template (previously imported to the system in the previous step) and followsthesequenceshowedinthefiguresbellow:

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AddanewReport

GiveitaNameandaDescription

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Chooseatemplatetype

Chooseanexistingtemplate

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ChooseTimeSeriesbasedonwhichthereportwillbeproduced

DefinetheSheetandCellwherethereportwillstarttobewritten.Usetheformat providedintheexample.

6.4.3 Report Publishers

Once created the Report the next step will be to define the details of the media from whereitmaybedistributed(ifnotyetdefined).PresentlytheoptionsareEmail,ftpor

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in a local folder (usually for the cases where there is no ftp or mail service available). To choose the publisher media select the option Report Publishers on the AdministrationControlswindow.

Create(upperoptions),Edit(pen)ordelete(trash)themediatopublishthereports (Folder,EmailorFtp)

FolderOption.Inthiscasealocalfolderisselecttostorethereports.Itisnecessaryto defineafolderlocationandprovideanameandadescriptionforidentification purposes.

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EmailOption.Inthiscaseitisnecessarytospecifythedetailsofthemailservicetouse: SMTPhost,port,usernameandpasswordofauserwithpermissionstousetheservice. Aftercreationyoumaytesttheservicebysendingatestmessagetoatestrecipient.

FTPOption.InthiscaseitisnecessarytospecifythedetailsoftheFTPservicetouse: FTPhost,folder,usernameandpasswordofauserwithpermissionstousetheservice.

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6.4.4 Report Publication

The final stage of creating a Report is to give the order to distribute it to the selected users (Email) or put it available on the FTP or selected forder. To do this choose the publisher media select the option Report Publications on the Administration Controls window. Start to Add the media service to use (one of the available in the publishers previouslycreted),thendefineascheduletosendthereportthereporttopublish(one of those previously created in the Reports creation option) and finally select the distributionlist(onlyapplicableinthecaseofEmail). The scheduling may be done by time (publish the report at prescribed time intervals) orbyevent(publishthereporteverytimeadefinedeventoccurs).Inthecaseofatime basepublicationthereisthepossibilitytochooseacontinuousregularpublication(for exampleeverydayoreveryweekatadefinedtime)orafixedtimepublication.

Selectthepublicationmedia(inthisexampleEmail).

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The definition of the time interval between a regular publication is defined trough a CronExpression.Thisexpressionhasanonfriendlyformatandincaseofdoubthowto use it there is the option to use the site http://cronmaker.com/ to create it. An example of a cron expression is for instance 0 0 12 1/2 * ? *. This means to publish a report every two days (1/2) at 12:00. If you would like for instance to publish the reporteverySaturdayat11:00itwouldlooklikeas0011?*SAT*. You may also prescribe the time lag to include in the report both in what regards the hindcastperiodandtheforecastperiod.

Schedulethepublication

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Selectthereporttopublish

Selectadistributionlist.Casethereisnotoneavailable(asitisthecase)itwillbe necessarytogobacktotheUserscontrolsandcreateadistributionlistusingthe DistributionListscontrol.

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7 OPERATION MENU
The Operation Menu it is in practice the day to day interface with the platform and it was though to be as much simple as possible in order to provide a smooth and easy operation. The system is based on the concept of workspaces that can be built by the user itself andthensharedamongseveralusers.Bythiswayeachusermayhavehis/herpersonal interfacegatheringtheinformationinwhichhe/sheisinterested. The Operation Menu is acessed trough the icon in the Main Window and it

includesseveralcontrolsthataregroupedintwomaingroups:DataandAlarms.Asthe name sugests the first group is focused in Data viewing and the second in the Alarms viewing. The different tasks (Data or Alarm viewing) may then be grouped in workspaces that maybevisibleorhiddeninthemainwindowtopribbon. Tovieworhidetheexistingworkspacesusetheicon intheMainWindow.

7.1 Creating a new workspace

InordertocreateanewworkspaceusetheAddGadgets optionandselectoneof

the available options (Charts, Maps, Reports, Images, Alarms). No matter the kind of feature is intended to be added to that workspace the process is always similar. In the following chapters it will be shown how to add features to a workspace and than save itforlateruseortosharewithotherusers.

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Availableoperationcontrols(DataandAlarms)toaddfeaturestoaworkspace.

7.1.1 Add a Line Chart

When a Line Chart is asked it appears on the screen an empty chart with a tool box in thetop .

Linechartfeature

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Thenextactionwillbetodefinethedatatodisplayinthischart.Todothisusetheedit (pencil)optionandthefollowingdialogwillappear:

Select a time series to draw and the time span (hindcast and forecast) to represent. When clicking select time series in the first dialog window it will open a second one listing all the data series available to draw. Any number of time series may be selected andrepresentedtogether.

Once selected, the color of the different time series to represent may be changed by clickinguponthecoloronthescreen

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The graph color or characteristics may be changed at any time using the edit (pen) option The remaining Graph features available are those accessible through the top tools bar
Edit Zoom/fitto thewindow Showvalues asaTable Browsefora charttemplate

Case you select the Show Values as a Table option a new top options bar will be available and clicking on the second icon the values may be direcly

exportedinXLSformat.

7.1.2 Add a Map

This control enables the user to add maps to its workspaces. Maps are added by selecting the option Data/ Maps in the User Controls panel (select Add Gadgets optioninthemainwindow).

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In a new window (similar to the one bellow) a menu is available. This menu enables the addition of a new map for representation. To configure the new map, the option ConfigureMapmustbechosen.

ByclickingtheConfigureMapbutton,anewmenu,similartotheonebellow,appears. Theavailablefieldinthismenuare: Hindcast: enables the user to go back in time until the date/time when he wantstoseethedata;

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Forecast: enables the user to go forward in time until the date/time when he wantstoseethedata; Real Time: Time window will be constantly moving using Hincast and Forecast datestodefineatimewindowrelativetothepresenttime; Select Layers: enables the user to access the layers that can be visualized as maps; Select monitoring stations: Enables the user to access the location of monitoringstationsandrepresentthemoveramap; SelectAlarms:EnablestheusertoaccesstheavailableAlarms;

Pan, Zoom and Zoom Fit options, in the Maps gadget, enable the manipulation by the user of the maps. If the user wants to save a specific view setting, he must select Save andchooseaname(ViewName),selectSharedViewifhewantstoshareitwithother usersandleaveashortdescriptioninViewDescription. If more than one Maps gadget is needed in the Workspace, the previouslly described stepsmustberepeated.DifferentMapswindowsmayhavedifferentconfigurations.

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7.1.3 Ask for a Log Viewer

Inordertoviewthelogsofalltheexecutions(modelruns,datadownloading,etc.),go to the Add Gadgets menu and select the Execution logs option. A window will

appearwithalltheavailabledatasources.SelectthedesireddatasourceandclickOK. You can also assign a name and activate the Show only failed executions option, showing only those executions that failed. Click OK, and a new window will appear on the righthand panel showing 3 types of errors (Preparation, Execution and Storage), while the lefthand panel will show the respective data sources. Preparation errors include all types of downloading of files needed for the models to run within the system. Execution errors refer to numerical errors associated with the models themselves,whileStorageerrorsrefertostorageoftheresultsinthedatabase. If you wish to export the errors list, click the icon that appears on the upper lefthand corner and then assign a name and click Save. The errors list can only be exported in Excel(.xls)format.

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8 REFERENCES
Almandoz J.; Cabrera, E.; Arregui, F.; Cabrera Jr., E. & Cobacho R., 2005, Leakage Assessment Through Water Distribution Network Simulation, ASCE J. of Water Resour. Plan. Manage. 131(6). AWWA, 2003, Basic Science Concepts and Aplications, Principles and Practices of Water Supply Operations,3rded,Denver,CO AWWA,2003,ApplyingWorldwideBMPsinWaterLossControl,J.ofAWWA,Jun.,6579. Davidson,J.W.&Bouchart,F.J.C.,2006.AdjustingNodalDemandsinSCADAConstrainedReal TimeWaterDistributionNetworkModels.Jour.HydraulicEngrg.,132:1:102. Lambert,A.andHirner,W.,2000.Lossesfromwatersupplysystems:Standardterminologyand recommendedperformancemeasures.Availablefrom:www.iwahq.org Lambert A, 2002. International report on water loss management and techniques. Water ScienceandTechnology:WaterSupply,Vol2No4pp120. Lambert, A. & McKenzie, R. D., 2002, Practical Experience in Using the Infrastructure Leakage Index,Proc.ofIWAConferenceinLeakageManagement,Lemesos,Cyprus,Nov.,2002. Lambert A, 2003. Assessing non revenue water and its components: a practical approach. Water21magazine(www.iwapublishing.com/ Lambert, A. & Fantozzi, M., 2005, Recent advances in calculating economic intervention frequency for active leakage control, and implications for calculation of economic leakage levels,WaterSupply,Vol5No6pp263271,IWAPublishing. MounceS. R.,MounceR. B.&BoxallJ. B.,2006,Noveltydetectionfortimeseriesdataanalysis in water distribution systems using support vector machines, Journal of Hydroinformatics Vol 13No4pp672686,IWAPublishing2011doi:10.2166/hydro.2010.144

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International Water Association (IWA), 2000, Losses from Water Supply System: Standard Terminology and Recommended Performance Measure. IWA Task Force on Water Loss, London. Puust, R. , Kapelan, Z. , Savic, D. A. and Koppel, T., 2010, A review of methods for leakage managementinpipenetworks,UrbanWaterJournal,7:1,2545. Shang, F.; Uber, J.; van BloemenWaanders, B.; Boccelli, D.; & Janke, R., 2006, Real Time Water Demand Estimation in Water Distribution System. Proc. WDSA06 (Water Distribution Systems AnalysisSymposium),Cincinnati. Thornton,J.,2002,Waterlosscontrolmanual.NewYork,McGrawHill. USEPA, 2005, Water Distribution System Analysis: Field Studies, Modeling and Management. A ReferenceGuideforUtilities.WaterSupplyandWaterResourcesDiv.,Cincinnati. Walski, T.M., Bezts, W., Posluszny, E.T., Weir, M. and Whitman, B.E., 2006, Modeling Leakage ReductionthroughPressureControl,JAWWA,98:4,p.147155. Wu, Z. & Sage, P., 2006, Water Loss Detection via Genetic Algorithm Optimizationbased Model Calibration, ASCE 8th Annual International Symposium on Water Distribution System Ananlysis,Cincinnati,Ohio,August2730.

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