lt*-*9

ln conjunctionwiththe NationalPioneeringInstructorsCourse'02,Bukit
Panjangand TampinesDistricthad collaborated to organisedthe'District
PioneeringGourseFor Scouts' between2TbJu[ 02 and3d August02
respectively.

To:
SpecialThanks

DC'(BIPanjang)Mr AndrewChua
DC fl-"amqtne$1$ Flo_Ghee, Heng
SL'Mi Patriqt"TanTeck Ping
AVSLMr ChecingKokThong
Membersof the NationAlPioneeringInstructorTeam
;' P.ioneering0ourse Staff$ ,
- .,
. ,. Participantsgf-PioneeringInstructorCourse

in makjngthe collaborationprojecta success!

 CONTENTS
Page

1. l n tro d u cti o n 1

2. Lectures Synopses 2-3

3. Knots And Lashings 4-10

4. S p l i ci n g sa n d Wh i p p i n gs 1 1- 1 3

5. Block And Tackle Systems 14-16

6. Anchorages 1 7- 1 g
7. Safety Precautions 20 -21
B. MaterialsUsed In Pioneering 22-23
9. GreativityIn Pioneering 24 -25
10. Ergonomics And Stability Principlesin Pioneering 26-33
.: trD

11. GonstructionOf Aerial Runway 34-50

12. Projects lllustrations 5 1- 6 0
 DistrictPioneeringCoursei
In Gonjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorCourse

I NTRO DUCTI O N

Whatls "Pioneering"?

Pioneeringis the word used to describethe work done by 18th and 19th
centurymilitaryengineerswho went aheadof an armyto buildbridgesand
towerswithropeandtimber.ln Scouting,it refersto buildingstructures
using
woodensparsand rope.

Catapults,climbinggyms,bridges,towers,shelters,gateways,wovenlean-
tos,fences,rafts:with a bit of ingenuity,
Scoutsor Venturerscan buildalmost
anythingusingonly sparsand rope. At the sametimethey'lllearnimportant
leadership,planningand team-building skills. Morebasicprojectslike shoe
racks and wash basin stands provide a great introduction
to knots and
$ pioneering
for beginners.

Sincethe daysof B.-P.,pioneering has formedan importantpartof Scouting.

Thistraditional
skillmakesit easierto livecomfortably
in thewildswithouthigh
tech fold-awaytables,chairsand plasticgames. lt also buildsself-reliance
and confidence.

Pioneering involvesthe processof dgsigqring

and constructingequipmentfor
practicaluses. This can rangefrom a simplewasl'istandfor your bowlto a
cahtileverraisingbiiddeacrossa river.

Pioneering
requiresa familiarity
with knotsand lashingsandtheirappropriate
use.Withthe moreambitiousprojectsteamworkand fonryard planningwill be
to the pioneersskillset.
welcomeadditions

For scouts pioneeringcan serve many practicaland useful purposes.A

withthe additionof gates,
lengthycampwill be madeall the morecomfortable
benches,tables,washstands, dressers,showersandotheritems.

'Pioneering
can be greatfun, simplemonkeybridgesand aerialrunwayscan
be as muchfun to buildas theyareto use.

Usingyour skillsto constructa bridgeacrossa lake can serye both the

enjoymentand practicalsidesin one go. You certainlylearnhowto tie your
lashingsproperlyonce you havewalkedover a bridgeand haveit collapse
underyou!

PC-PIC Page 1
 DistrictPioneeringGourse'
ln Gonjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorCourse

LECTURES
SYNOPSES

KNOTSAND LASHINGS

Topic will cover the severaldifferentKnots and Lashingsused to build

PioneeringProjects,such as Guyline Hitch, MarlinespikeHitch, Square
Lashings,DiagonalLashings,FigureOf Eight Lashings,and manyothers.
Besidesleamingthe differentKnotsand Lashings,the lecturewill coverson
the propermethodtyingand analysingof knotsand lashings;maintenance of
ropes; properties of ropes such as their breakingstrengthswill also be
included.

SPLICINGS
ANDWHIPPINGS

Participants
will be taughtSimpleWhipping,Sail-maker Whippingand Back
Spliceas part of care and mainteanceof ropes. The differences
will be
compared.Lecturewill coversbothTheoryand PracticalKnowledge.

BLOCKAND TAGKLESYSTEMS,

Differenttypes of Blocks and'Tackles Systemwitt be introducedfor their

specificusage,the parts and the differencesof blocks will be compared,
differenttype of Tacklesmethodswill also be introduced.Lecturewill cover
bothTheoryand PracticalKnowledge.

ANGHORAGES
\-ft'

The type of commonAnchoragesand theirspecificusagewill be covered;the

cornparisonof Anchoragesuch as the 3-2-1 Anchorage,the Deadman
Anchorage,the Log and Pickle Anchoragewill be introduced. Basic
knowledge of SoilStudies,the geologyof Singapore
willalsobe introduced
as
GeneralKnowledge.

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 District PioneeringCourse :
In Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringlnstructorCourse

SAFETYPRECAUTIONS

This topic will be one of the most importantsubjectto Pioneering, Safety

Precautionsstudieswill be emphasised,such as proper maintainingof
equipment,selections of properequipmentfor pre buildingprojects,stepsto
safetyworkingfor pre andduringbuildingprojects.

USEDIN PIONEERING
MATERIALS

This topic will allow the scoutsto be exposedto variousmaterialsfound

commonlywhich are usefulin pioneering. Materialswill be classifiedin
accordance to orthodoxandunorthodoxgroups.

IN PIONEERING
CREATIVITY

GreativeProblemSolving
Lecturewill be basedon the OSBORN-PARNES
Process- gl" of the CPSmethods.

' i...

SelfReadingTopics:

ANDSTABILITIES
ERGONOMIGS PRINCIPLES
IN PIONEERING

Topicwill coverssimplestructuredesignusingergonomics, analysissuch as

simple bracingfor stabilityof projects- the 'TrianglePrinciples'. Formal
educationtopics like Forcesand Momentswill be revisedto enhancedthe
knowledgeof topicfor implementation in Pioneering.

The topicis self authoredby the cunentDC(Tampines) and the topic(formerly

titled as 'Theoryof Pioneering') was officiallylecturedduringthe East Area
ScoutPioneering Coursefromyear1996-1997.

OF AERIAI.RUNWAY
CONSTRUCTION

A step by step guidecompliedby SL Patrick Tanronthe constructionstages

for a . typical Scout Aerial Runway. The guides covered the
"oyerall
fundamentals knowledge in Pioneering.

PC-PlC', Page 3
 LECTURE5
qi

KNOTSANDLASHING'
5P[ICIN6S ANDWI{IPPrN65"*
BLOCKANDTACKLE 5Y5TEM5
ANCHORA6Es
5AFETYPRECUATIONS
MATERTALU5EDTN PIONEERING
CREATIVIryTN PTONEERING
 DistrictPioneeringGourse
ln Gonjunctionwith the Nat'rpioneeringInstructof6l;ur;g'r:i3- :vor'.''^ici

KNOTSAND LASHINGS

To carryout experiments
withsparsand ropes,firstreviseyourknots! i

ReefKnot
Thisis the mostcommonknoteverusedby mankind.lt is
usedto connecttwo
rgPesof equalthicknesstogether. lt is an easyknot
and anyoneshouldbe
ableto tie it whiteblindfolded

To tie the reef kngtr.rr"..the right over reft, then reft

over right rureof vice
versa' As shownin the diagram,the.whiteropewhichwas
goesoverthe otherrope(initially iniiialtyon the left
on the right),andthisstepis repLatedin the
oppositedirection.To confirmthat the reet iinot is
thatthe 2 endsof anyof the sameropearesideby side. froperty tied, makesure

1
:

SheetBend
z '1
'
, .' :i '
This knot is used two ropes of unequalthicknesstogether. However,
!9_-tie
take note that the difference in ihicknessoi tne two joining Lpe, ,uri not be
too great-This knot is wideryusedin scoutingto tie ih"
,pp", end of a flag to
the ropeon the flagpole.

To tie the knot, r.a\g a. roop with the thicker-rope first.

thinnerropethrough.theroop'frombefow,tn"n go-Jn" Next, thread the
roundaroundthe roop,
takingnote to keep the.thinrope underitserf,iin" iop (as
formedby the thin ropein figure 3). Remeru"ito puir shownin the x"
the knottight!

Cfove Hitch
This knot-isused to bind a rope to a round object, such.as
a fog or a spar. l!
is usuallyusedto startoff a lashingin pioneering.

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 ' " "''''it.l rg
*"i l_[tr;_ill ri i 'irlrSil':ii'1 i: i Ii -tii l
DistrictPioneeringGourseI ' ' r .- r i \'.': 'i
-'
In Conjunctionwith the Nat'l Pioneering lnstructor Course

To tie theknot,firstmakea turnwiththe ropearoundthe sparand overitself.

Then,makeanotherturn with the rope,but thistime underitself.Pull tight
bothendsof the rope. The clovehitchis completed.

There is a short-cutmethod of tying this knot too. Make 2 similarloops

adjacentto each other. The loop that is slightlyabove the other is placed
directlybelowthe other loop, hencemakingit seem that there is only one
loop.Slotthe loopsas one into a sparand pulltight both ends, The clove
hitchis completed.

RoundTurn2 And A Half Hitch

This knot is used to connectropes from a structureor a tent to a round
support,suchas a peg or tree. In camps,it is mainlyusedto fastenguylines
fromtentsto the pegs,as well as guylinesfrom a flagpoleto the pegs. The
advantageof this'knot is that the nipes oan,be fastenedand its tension
increasedeasilyby adjustingthe knot.

First,makea completeroundaroundthe supportwiththe rope. Then,usethe

free end to tie two half hitches in the same directionas shown in the
diagrams.Usually,there isn't time for us to end the knot by whippingstring
aroundthe ropes(diagram 2). You can try tying2 more half hitchesclose
togethertostopthe knotfrom slipping.

FigureOf Eight Knot

This knot is commonlyused in adventureactivities,such as rock climbing. lt
is a securestopperknot which is very convenientbecauseit is extremelyeasy
to tie.

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 District PioneeringGourse
In Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorGour6b''

The simplicityof the knot makesone learnit as soon as he seesone. Notice

that the finishedproductlooks like an ',8",henceits name.

Itt('
r/ t/
ll

([,U
,:t

t\

a It I r

I l ,(\ \
rl \\

,rl1\
r'.:Jl/)l -1l-
a

Bowline
The bowlineis tied to form a loop or to attacha personor an objectabovethe
ground. It is normallyused as a safety line to secure a personor an object
above the ground. lt is normallyused as a safety fine to securea personto
somethingin case he falls from a great height. This knot is securebecauseit
ngverSlips

First,createa toop,then threadthe end you are holdingthroughthe loop

(figure 1), aroundthe still end of the ropefrom behind(figure z; ano down
the originalloop(figure3).

.ft
.l*s

M a r l i n s p i keH i tch
This knpt is commonlyused to tie polesto the two rgpesof a rope ladder. Not
only that,the advantageof this knotis that the polescan be insertedinto a

PC - PlC' Page 6
 '' '" nerir*i) lr;iig**sit ,ir,:,i-;:'..:
i i-.t
District PioneeringGourse
In Gonjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorCourse

loopsecurelyat anypartof the ropewithoutthe needof havingone endof the

ropein yourhands.Thisknotis securein the sensethatthe polewillnot slip
downthe ladder,hencemakingthe stepsof theladderstable.The ladderwill
be evenmoresecurewhenthereis weighton it due to the mechanism of the
knot.

Makea loopwiththe rope,thenpullpartof the rope(towards the freeend)up

throughthe loop. Slidea polethroughthe second,newlycreatedloop. Pull
the free end tight. The fixed end is normallythe top of the rope ladder
attachedto something(eg. tower)whilethe free end will be the end below.
Makesurethatfree end as indicatedin the diagramis towardsthe bottomof
the ropeladder,or elsethe sparwill slipdownwithweight.

n)

pguare Lashing
This lashingis usedto bindtwo sparswhichdre pbrpendiculdr
to eachother.
.This.lashing
hasto be tightfdr stabilityof a structure.

First,tie a clovehitchon the supportingpole(usuallythe verticalpole). Then

placea pole perpendicular to the supportingpole (you can do theseon the
ground!).using the rope, go aroundthe horizontalpole, then behindthe
verticalpole,aroundthe horizontalpole and behindthe verticalpole below
again. Noticethat the rope only wraps round half of each pote (figure 1).
Repeatthe wrappingsthriceat least.

Nextwill be the frapping. Take the free end of the rope and makea circle
aroundthe spotwhere.the2 polesmeet. Pulltightaftereveryround. Do this
for 3 timesat least(figure2). The ropesin the centerregionwill be squeezed
inwards,hencemakingthe lashingtighter.

Lastly,after3 roundsof frapping,end the.square

lashingwitha clovehitchon
one sideof the horizontalpole(figure3).

,:f d

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 ufstrict Pioneering Course
ln Gonjunctionwith the Nat'f Pioneeringf nstructor Cours'e

f:

'{3)

DiagonalLashing
This lashingis usedwhen attractring two poleswhichare not at rightangles,or
that the polesneedto be pulledtowardseach otherto be tied t{ether] First,
tie a timberhitcharoundthe 2 poles. Then, startwrappingthJrope around
the 2 poles in the directionthat is perpendicular
to nat oi the timber hitch.
T_hreewraps will be sufficient. Then, start wrappingthe rope in the other
directionfoi at least3 times too. Make sure you pult tignt after each tum!
(figure1).

Nextwill be the frapping.usingthe rope,go aroundthe joiningpartof the two

spars(notethatthe ropedoesnot wraparoundany poleduringirapping)for 3
rounds. same rule,that is to pull the ropetightaftereachtim. Finaiiy,.end
the diagonallashingwith a clovehitchon the sideof a pole(figure2).

PC-PfC PageI
 f tl ne- ::l .Ll 'Ii l ,* :.}

DistrictPioneeringC'ourse
In Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorGourse

Sheer Lashing
This lashingis used to connecttwo poles togetherside by side, or to extend'A
pole by connectinganotherPoleto it.

, Startwith a clovehitchon eitherpble: Thenwrap.theropbaroundbothpoles'

for 6 to 8 times. Then,frap the lashingby wrappingaroundthe ropeitselfin
the regionwherethe polesmedt.Do this for at least3 times. After'securing'.
the frapstightly,end with a clovehitchon the othersideof the pole.

Tripod Lashing(alsoknownas Figureof 8 Lashing)

,.1 4 As the,.namesuggests,the tripodlashingis usedto tie,3 polestogetherso
thatwhentheyopenup, a tripodis forrned.

Again,startwith a clove hitchon eitherpole that is on the outside. Then

weavethe ropeoverand underthe polescontinuously. Stopwhenthereare
already3 or 4 linesacrosseachpole. Frapthe lashingsin the similarstyleas
the otherlashings.Takenotethatthe frapping3-4 roundsfor one regionmust

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District PioneeringCourse :
ln Conjunctionwith the Nat'l Pioneeringfnstructor Gourse

be finishedfirstbeforemobbingon to the secondregionfor frapping.Finally,

end the lashingwith a clovehitchon the otherouterpolewhichdoei nothave
a clovehitchon it (figure1),

Figure2 showsa tripodand a quadra-pod.To openthe tripod,firsterectthe

3 adjacentpoles,thenslowlymovethe baseof the polesapartin a waywhere
the.partof the polesabovethe lashingwill criss-crosseachother. A quadra-
pod is builtby tyingthe tripodlashingon 4 polesinsteadof 3.

FinishedProduets

(2)

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 District PioneeringCourse
course
ln Gonjunctionwi[n tne Nat'l PioneeringInstructor

AND W HI PPI NG S
SPLICINGS
SimpleWhiPPing

StepOne Step Two StepThree

(1) StePOne
to fPP t loop(or bight)
To beginthe whipping,doublebackthe endof the whippingqlg whippingcordand
the
and laythis alonginienO of the rope.Takethe running"ttd of the firsttum
beginto windit arounJth" l.op"gojngbacktowardsthe end,ensuring
troi""t the shortend of the whippingcord'
(2) Step Two
lvhen you have almost
Continueto work round and roundtowardsthe end of the rope.
cord throughthe loop
reachedthe end of the rope, pushthe workingend of the whipping
which you madeat the beginning'

(3) StepThree ' --

pullthe shortend of the
Holdingthe lastturn of the whippingso that it doesn'tescape' pullingthe lastturn
originalloopso tnattne loopisorawnunderbackunderthe whipping,
the spareendsof cords
with it. Thiswill ,topinl *nippingtromcomingundone.Trimoff
closeto the whippingto leaveit neat'

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 DistrictPioneeringCourse
In Gonjunctionwiifr tne Nat'lPioneeringI nstructor Course

Sa i l r n ake rWh i p p i n g

St e p l :

Open the layof the end of the rope and pass

the
whippingcord throughand backio form a foop
around
one strand.

Step2:

Usingthe runningend and wol king towards

the rope end,
whip to the desiredfengthby circtiig the rope
with the
whippingcord.

Step3:
Pass a loop over the same stand it sunounds
E- below,
which should be tighten down securefyinto
{ffis head,trappingthe whippingend.
the rope

YT,
.
ffi hT{EE
.-il!ru

Ir:tlFr
V..-G

Step4:
:o

Securethe whippingby tyingthe two ends

of the
whippingcord as deep'inion" rope head
as possible,
usinga Reef Knot.

PC.PIC'
P a g e1 2
District PioneeringGoursel
In Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringlnstructorCourse

Step 5:

ffiffi Finishby rollingunderfootto checkwhippingand to seat

it properlyinto the lay of the rope.

Back Splice

Step One Step Two Step Three Step Four

Unlaythe rope for Workingagainstthe lay Repeatthis over- Finishby
about six times the of the rope, pass each one-under-one trimmingoff the
circuinvenceof the. tail oyer the str,andnext routinetwiOe tails and rolling
rgpg and form a to it and tl'renunderthe more (so three the'splice
Crown Knot as next one. Pull each tuck tucks in all per betlMeenyour
shown. back towardsthe crown strand). handsto make
to keep it tight. a neatfinish.

PC - PIC'l Page13
District PioneeringCourse
tn Conjunctionwiin tne Nat'l PioneeringInstructorCourse

BLOCKAND TACKLESYSTEMS

Blocksare pulleysusedto reducethe forceneededto do work,suchas lifting

a load. This is usuallydone with the mechanismof a blockandtacklesystem.
Blocksare usually made of galvanizediron or laminatedsteel,although
woodenblocksstillexist.

The swivel hooks or'eyes' purposeis to attacha ropeto the block,usuallyto

connectthe block to a horselor anchorageby meansof a rope. Eyesare
closedsingswhileswivelhookshavean openend.

Sheayesare the tumingwheelsand the mainworkingpart of a pulley.The

numberof sheavesin a block decidewhetherit is a single,doubleor triple
block. However,a tripleblockis rarelyusedas a doubleblockis sufficient.

The sizeof the sheaveswill determinethe thicknessof the ropeusedto reeve

throughit. he ropeshouldnot be too smallas it mightslip off the sheaveand
get stuck betweenthe sheave and the shell. Too large a ropewill cause
unnecessary frictionbetweenthe rope and shell. Sheavesshouldbe ableto
tum smoothlywith the rope.

fhe crown and tail are the ends wherethe pulley-isattachedto the hookor
eye and becketrespectively.' ' ..' ,.

The swallow is the holewhere the ropeentersand leavesthe block.

The shell is the protectivecover of the block,preventingdamagedoneto the

sheaves.

The beckel is for attachingropesto the block. Usually,it is the startingpoint

of the ropewhich reevesroughthe blocksin a blockand tacklesystem.

shefl

ecket
oingleblock double bfock

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District PioneeringCourse I
In Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorCourse

Types of TackleSystem

When ropesare reevedintoblocksto multiplythe poweroutput,a blockand

systemis formed.The blockand systemis a very usefulmechanical device
as it reducesthe amount of energy needed to overcomea force, at the
expenseof distance.

Usually,blockand tacklesystemsare usedin pioneering to tightenhawsers

or to lift a heavyloadup and down. The 3 commonlyusedonesarethe Gun
tackle,Luff tackleand the Twofold tackle

Block and Tacklesystemsusuallymake use of only 2 blocksat most,as

friction betweenthe ropes and the blocks will become more and more
significant,hence adding unnecessaryresistanceforce which defeatsthe
purposeof the blockand the tacklesystem.

Gun Tackle(or knownas DoubleWhip)

In the Gun tackle,both blocksused are singleblocks,one at a fixed end
whichthe otheris at the movingend.

Forced required [o pull load = ft of weight of the load

Luff Tackle
In the Luff tackle,the single block is at the moving end while the doubleblock
is at the fixed end. The Luff tackle is usuallymore than enough to reducethe
force to'an acceptablemagnitude.

Force required to pull load = 113of weight of the load

frrederd Fxedad

doubh block

singleblock

Grn Tackle Luff Taekfe

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 DistrlctPloneeringCoursei :
In conjunctionwith the Nat'lpioneeringInstructorcourse

Twofold Tackle
Both blocksused are doubleblocks,one at the fixed end whilethe otheris at
the movingend.

Force required to pull load = 1/,of weight of the foad.

tixedend

dcxrbleHock

dq$le block

TrrdoH Trckle

t3'

frt
'tJ

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DistrictPioneeringGourseI
lnstructorGourse
with the Nat'lPioneering
In Gonjunction

ANCHORAGES

Anchoragesplaya very importantrolein manybig pioneering projects.For

manyscout structures
troops, such a$ suspension bridge,
aerialrunwayand
monkeybridgemighthave not beentriedout in pioneering and all
activities,
theseneedstronganchoragesfor stability
and security.

NaturalAnchorages
As the namesuggests,firm supportssuch as strongand sturdytree trunks
with well developedroots are good anchorages. However,care must be
takennotto destroyMotherNature.Alwaysuse a gunnysackto wraparound
the treetrunkbeforetyinga ropeor hawserto the tree. Also,no matterhow
steadythe anchoragemightbe, the attiachmentof the ropesto the anchorage
must be very tight and secure too. Hence, avoid using inegularshaped
supportssuchas boulders.

3-2-l Anchorage
one. lt is usedwhenthe groundis
This anchorageis the moststrain-resistant
suitablefor pegsto be drivenin (whichmeansexcludingsoft,sandyor hard
ground).lt can'hold up to maximumload.of 10 tons if it is properly
'
constructed; , The equipmentneededto build this anchoragebre 6 pegs or
picketsand lashingropes.

Thereare 3 groupsof pegs in linewith each other and the hawseror block
and tacklesystemattachedto it. The seriesof pegs are in the order3,2,1,
with the lastone beingfurthestawayfromthe pioneeringproject.ldeally,the
pegs must be knockedhalfwayinto the ground. This meansthat what is
visibleabovethe groundis only Tzof the total lengthof the peg. The pegs
mustalsobe knockedintothe groundat an angleof 60 degrees.

,3-2-1Anchoragts

Afierthe 3 groupsof pegsare in place,the wrappingwill take place. Tie a

clovehitchat the baseof the last peg,thenwrap aroundthe groupof 2 pegs,
and backto the last peg in a criss-cross
direction.The wrappingshouldhave
a visiblefigureof "8". The wrapsshouldbe perpendicular to the pegs. After
about4 wraps,tie 3 overhandknotson the ropeitself(usuallyin the backward

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 District PioneeringGourse
tn Gonjunctionwiin the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorGourse

direction). And end with a clove hitch on the rope itself too. Repeat
the
wrapping procedurefor the groupof z pegs and 3 pegs as well.

end\yith
clovehitch

\wapping
(tsp view)

The connectionof the hawserof blockand tacklesystemto the anchorageis

done by tyingthemto the base of th_egroupof 3 pegs. The tying is done by
wrappinga lashingropearoundthe e [egs'andthe Fookor 6t tn" brock.
Take note that the angle betweenthe hlwser and the ground
"ye must not be
morethan25 degree.

Log And PicketAnchorage

The log and picketanchorageis bestused in marshygroun-ds
and can take a
foadof up to 1.5tons. i.
This anchorageneedsat least8 pegsand a log with minimumdimensions
of
6 inchesin diameterand 3 feet in lengrth.Tnj picfets are knockedinto the
ground in two rows. The pegs shouldbe spreadout eventyalong
the whole
length.of the log if possibre.Note that for maximumeffect,the 169must be
placedperpendicular to the directionof the strain.
I There will be an equalnumberof pegson eaehsideof the log, formingpairs
of pegs. The method of tying the pairs of pegs together aJ'shown in the
diagram is the same as thit in the g-z-1 a-nchoLge.(refer to the last
paragraphof the previouspage)

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Course: :
In Gonjunction Instructor
withtheNat'lPioneering Gourse

DeadManAnchorage
This is the mostidealanchorage in circumstanceswherethe groundis softor
sandy.The log shouldhavedimensionsof at least6 inchesin diameterand
about3 feet in length. The log must be at 90 degreeto the strainas in the
previousanchorages. Thenanglebetweenthe groundandthe hawsershould
not exceed25 degrees. The depth of the trenchmustbe at leasttwicethe
diameterof the log.

The ropeattachedto the log is to comeout througha narrowtunneldug out at

the sideof the trench.Afterthat,the burialtakesplaceand it is advisable to
trampleon the groundto ensurefirmness.This anchorage can take up to.a
load of 1 ton. Althoughthis is the only effectiveanchoragein soft or sandy
ground,it takesa longtimeto construct.

A N GH OR A C E TEGHNIQUES

"Dgad Man"

Ground

Ground

Ground
Tackle System

PIan View of 'DeadmanAnchorage'

PC - PlC' Page 1I
 District PioneeringCourse
In Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructor Gourse

SAFETYRULESAND PRECAUTIONS

Thereare alwaysdangersin pioneeringactivities, whenlarge-scale

especially
projectssuch as tall towers are being built. Pioneeringshould be fun and
safe.To preventany unnecessaryaccidentsfrom happening,the manysafety
aspectsof pioneering shouldalwaysbe emphasizes duringpioneering.

GeneralSafetyMeasures:

' Alwayscheckall equipmentbeforeuse.

. o Faultyequipment mustneverbe used.
. Use the appropriate equipment.Do not use lashingropes as the main
hawserof an aerialrunway.
. Make sure the conect knotsare used for the appropriatetimesto ensure
optimumeffect.
. Beforeput to practicaluse, make sure the completedstructureis stable
first.
. Secureall guylines.
. Structuremustbe testedfor its stabilityand safetylevel,such as sending
peopleup on it one by one slowly.
. There shouldbe people"spotting"the climbers,that meansstayingbelow
them to cushionthemif they everfall. This shouldbe donewheneverthere
' peoplegoingup the structure.' : ' : :i. .:' ':
. For'c6rtainstructures that are very high,measurescan be takento prevent
peoplefromfalling.For example,bowlineis usedto preventthe fall of the
personfromthe mainhawser.
. Ensure the anchoragesare tight and properlybuilt for its effectiveness.
Anchoragesshouldbe used to supportheavyloads insteadof a single
peg.
. Make sure all basesof the standssuch as the tripodstand shouldbe in
-., contactwiththe groundfor betterstability.
s-: . Never abuse the structure by shaking or kicking it. Do not add
unnecessary stressto lashingas well.
. Neveroverloadthe structure.Certainstructurescan only supportup to a
certainweight.Overloading will leadto the collapseof the structure-
. Make surethat thereare qualifiedand experiencedpioneeringinstructors
arbundto inspectthe activityand enforcethe safetyprecautions.
. Alwayshavea firstaid kit for a pioneeringactivityfor emergencyuse.

EquipmentGhecks

Ropes:
. Lashingshouldbe between4 to 5 metres.
. Lashingshouldhavea diameterof 8mmto 10mm.
. Guylineropeshouldbe of minimum diameter12mm.

PC-PlC' Page 20
 Course
DistrictPioneering
lnstructorCourse
withthe Nat'lPioneering
In Conjunction

. Ropesmustbe keptdry at all times. lf ropesare damp,they shouldbe

driedbeforestorageso as to preventweakeningof the rope. Theyshould
be driedunderthe sun or shadeonly. Usingair bloweror ovenwill
weakenthe roPeas well.
. All ropesshouldbe keptin a cool,dry and shadedplace.
. Makesurethatthe ropesare not overstressed at all times.
. Ropesmustnot be in contact withsharpedges,as it willweakenthe rope.
. Checkfor mildewand rotting.
o Checkfor cutsor breaksin any partof the ropes.
. lf ropeis destroyed,throwit away.
. Ropeendswhicharefrayedmustbe splicedor whipped.

Spars:
. Checkfor cracks,faultsor anyweakspotsin the spars.
. Checkfor dampor rottenends.
. Checkfor termitesor woodlice.
. Checkfor hollowsin the spars.

lf any of the aboveexistsfor a spar,discardthe spar.Theymustnot be used!

Ensurethatthe thicknessof the sparis suitablefor its rolein a structure.

. Thickstrongsparsshouldbe usedas mainsupports.
. Thinsfars shouldbe usedfor less.impbrtant partqsubh'asplatfonns. . ,'
, - end of the sparmustalwaysbe on or nearthe groundso as
. The th.icker
o to keepthe centerof masslow,henceaddingstabilityto the structure.

Anchorages:
. Suitableanchoragesshould be used in certain circumstances, usually
dependingon the weight of the load and the conditionsof the ground.
Anchoragesshould be checkedregularlyto ensure that they are still
secure.
. After a anchorage is completed, never gave extra blows to it. The
effectivenessof the anchoragewill be lost in the processdue to the fraps
becomingloose.
'Blocks:
o Blocksused shouldbe of minimumweightto minimizethe totalweightof
the wholestructure.
o Sizesof blocksandthe ropesgoingthroughit shouldvaryaccordingly. lf
- . the ropesare too smallfor the block,it mightslip off the sheavesand get
.t.stu ck atthe.pi de.| fi ti s too | a r g e , t h e s h e a v e s m ig h t n o t t u 1 n . . . }
. Blockswithfixedeyesareiprefenedto hooks.
o lf hooksare used,a figureof eightknotsshouldbe tied on it to preventthe
ropeconnectedto it to slip out of the hook.
. Metalblocksmustbe keptrustfree. {
. Blocksshouldbe oiledregularly for lubrication to ensurethatthe sheaves
turnsmoqthly.

PC,PIC' Page 21
 District PioneeringCourse'
In Gonjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorGourse

MATERIALS
USEDIN PIONEERING

Variousmaterialslike polystyrene,
bamboos,coconutleaves,timberplanks,
nails and screws(besides the sparsand manilaropes)are considered
as
for Pioneering.
usefulmaterials

Pioneeringmaterialsused in Pioneeringcan be classifiedinto two groups

'Orthodox'and' Unorthodot Materials.
'
Orthodox Materials

This class of materialsconsistsof commonmaterials- Spars and Manila

ropes. Locally,the sparsthat used by Scoutsto build projectscan be found
commonlyin constructionsites - these spars are from the source- Bakau
a Wood.(foundin mangroveswamps).

ManilaHempas we know is one of the mostgenerallyused ropes. Manila

ropes contractwith come into contactwith water. Once the ropeis naturally
dried,the tiedjointswill not be slippedoff easily.

Note: lt is NOTADVISABLEto pour water frequently on the manilaropes

when constructing projects. The natural oil may be eroded away and
thus shorting the 'life span' of th.eiopes. :i ' : -

UnorthodoxMaterials

This classof materialsare of non-exhaustive.The listed are someof the

commonitemswhichwe may usedin Pioneering

Bamboos
Bamboosare one of the most durablematerial. The main causefor its
durabilityand strengthis due to its naturalgrains.

The commonusageof bambooswill be for constructionof platformflooring;

Fire Stand,etc. Bambooshad also beenprovenas the alternativeto Bakau
pioneeringprojects.
Woodfor construction-of

Polystyrene
Commonlyalso knownas 'Styrofoam', this particularmaterialsbelongsto the
"PlasticFamily'. Polystyreneis a light weight, high buoyancyand shock
absorbentmaterial(foundin packagingof goods)but its weaknesslies low
of load.
resistanceto heatand application

polystyrene
In Pioneering, had provenits usefulness
in manywayssuchas in
of rafts- highbuoyancyin water.
construction

PG.PIC' Page 22
DistrictPioneering
Course :
In Gonjunction Instructor
withthe Nat'lPioneering Gourse

GoconutLeaves
Coconutleaveshad beena very long useful'friend'to the Scoutsas it had
'seryed'us in manyways. Besides,coconutleavescan be foundeasily- it is
low in cost,in factfreeto use!

and
In Pioneering,coconutleavescan be use in roof pitching,decorations,
sheltering(fromrainand sun).

As mentioned,the list of materialsunderthe 'UnorthodoxGroup' are of non

exhaustive.Beforelookingfor the resources,we hadto considerwhatdo we
need in the first place and where to get or else we will be going round
endlessslywithoutany returnsor sometimesunneccessary retumswhichmay
gives us more 'headaches'! lt is good for us to plan beforeactingon the
decision!

.a

t'

PC-PlC' Page 23
 District PioneeringCourse I
In Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorGourse

CREATIV I TYI N PI O NEERI NG

W h a t i s 'C re a ti vi ty'?

Defineas:

o The abilityto producenew and original ideas/things.

o lnventiveness

Why a needfor a 'creativemind' in Pioneering?

. To allowScoutsto comeup with new projectof newdesign- the'creation'

mustbe suitableto use.
' To widenindividuaf's
skillsan knowledgein Pioneering

To train a mindof 'DareTo Try!"

Greativityand ProblemSolvingMethodology

The.osBORN-PARNESGreative Problem solving process (one of the

CPS methods) ::
:
A structuredmethodology
for problemsolvingthat providedpracticalapproach
to addressingproblems
foundin any discipline.

The processbeginswiththe followinging6 steps:

1. MessFinding-
Many problems,ofteninterwined,is a MESS. Recognisingthe existenceof a
mess a necessaryfirststep in problemsolving. Thus,messfindinginvolves
becomingawareof challengeand opportunities.The purposeis to tlarify tne
goalson whichto focusproblem-solvingeffort.
2. FactFinding-
Purposeof Tactfindingis to gather as much informationas possibleto
increasethe understanding about the mess. Helps to avoid premature
evaluationof the specificproblemsentwinedin the mess,allowone to focus
on the messratherthen solutions.Also helpone uncoverunanticipated or
overlookedaspectsof he mess.

3. ProblernFinding-
Messfindingand Factfindingpave the way for problemfinding. The phase
focusedon developingand refining problem statementsthat address the
MESS.

PC-PlC' Page 24
 t{in" &arrr4l} trni.li;t;rtoit };r.l;eii!
DistrictPioneering
Gourse.
In Gonjunction
withthe Nat'lPioneering
Instructor
Course

4. ldeaFinding-
Devotedto generatingas many potentialideasor solutionsas possible.
Specifictechniquessuchas checklist,brainstorming,
forcedrelationships
can
be usedeffectively
for ideainformation.

5. SolutionFinding-
Purposeof phase is to evaluatepotentialsolutionsand developthem into
usefulactionsfor solvingthe problem.

6. AcceptanceFinding-
Final phasein the GPS (CreativeProblemSotving).In acceptancefinding,
one developsa planof actionto implementthe solution.Acceptancemustbe
gained from oneself,as well as from others. lt's not usual to find that
solutionsneedto be modifiedto addressimplementation problems.Needto
preparedfor any problemsthat mightarisein implementingideas.

t
I

PC-PlC Page25
 SELFREADING
t'
:

':

ERGONOMTCS& sTABILrry
PRINCTPLES
TN PTONEERINo

CONSTRUCTTON
OF AERIALRUNAWAY

rt .
District PioneeringGourse
ln Conjunctionwith the Nat'lPioneering
InstructorCourse

S E L F RE A D T N G
1:

ERGONOMIGS PRINCIPLES
ANDSTABILITY IN PIONEERING

INTRODUCTION

Do you wonderwhy sometimeswhile buildingPioneeringprojectsduring

meetings,we hadto spenda periodof time underthe sunyet the end resultto
the projectis not of satisfactory?With that,we had to re-tiedthe lashingsor
even mademodifications the designedproject.

A question may raised, ' Why must time be wasted to the buildingof
PioneeringProjects?'. The answerto the questionlied in this self written
topic basedon the autho/sexperiences.

ErgonomicsandStabilityPrinciplesIn Pioneeringis not of somethingstrange,

it is actuallypractisedusuallywhilewe are buildingprojects.Forthistopic,
you willtaughton tl'ieknowledgeof DesignErgonomics andsimpteStability
Designof Structures,

+-
i _,.

Ergonomics Design'Of Structures )

What is Ergonomics? Ergonomics in technicaltermsis defineas the studyof

conditionsin whichpeoplework mosteffectively.ln simplifiedterms,it is the
study of people's behaviourto the objects,that is, the designof the objects
allow them to feel at ease, to stand or sit at a comfortablemanner,etc.
Examplesof commonobjectswill be likechair,ladder,andtable,etc.

One simpleexampleto practisethe ergonomicsdesignis when scoutsare

buildingthe Fireman'sLadder(see FigureA ). The ladderis basicallyusedto
practiseour agility,to do that, we had to climb up the stepsin the zig zag
manner,uponreachingthe top, we had to turn our bodyto get over,and the
do the samewayof howwe get up to get down.

But do you askyourselfone questionbeforeyou startto climb,' Are thesteps

too low or too high for me to reach? To solvethe question,then ergonomics
must be takencare of beforeyou startto tied all the lashingsfor the erection
of the particularstructure.
r-'.''"*-

From my experiences,.l had comeup with a proposedergonomics designto

the FirernanLadder,( see FigureB below). The first stepabovethe ground
should be of about3 ft becausethe heightis quitecomfortable for us to get
down,fromthere,the heightto the secondand thirdstepshouldbe of about4
ft, ( our chestto our feet is also about4 ft ), so that we can feel comfortably
while climbingto the nextstep. So the overallheightof the ladderis about
2.5mto 3m,andshouldnotexceed3m becauseof the instability of structure.

PC-PIG' Page26
 District Pioneering Course j
In conjunction wiirr the Nat'f Pioneering
fnstructor course

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PC-Plc'
frQvRt B
Page 27
 ' r,..j
1:

District PioneeringCourse
ln Conjunctionwith the Nat'lPioneeringlnstructorCourse

Simple Structure Stability Design

No matterhowgooda Scoutcanbe as a Pioneer,thatis,tyinga goodlashing

to projects,the projectbuiltsuchas the StiltTowerwill not be stableif he did
not considerthe fact of bracingthe jointsof the tower! Youmayask, ' Why
shouldmoreworkbe donewhenthe lashingsltied doesnot slipoff '?. Once
a scouthappensto climbontoa particular projectthat is notstable,in the next
secondstherewill be unforseen accidentwhichmay leoparised the safetyof
the Scout

Althoughthe projectmaybe wellpegged,the structure willstillcollapsedueto

loading(weight)imposedon the unstableproject. That is why, it is of an
importancefor us, as scouts;to learn how to stabiliseprojectswe built for
purposeof safety.

To beginwith, it is not easyto understandwhy projectsyou may seen on

PioneeringBooks are braced in differentways, but I had extractedout
commondesignof projectssuch as the TresUe,Stilt Towerto explainhow
theseprojectsare stabilised.

The Trestle:
The designof trestle.canbe foundin many pioneeringprojects,such.as the
platformof a towbr,dborway,or hs a lightframefor a chariotrace. Th6 trestle
'. mainlyconsistsof a squareframe,and.twodiagonalsparsacrossthe frame(
Figure 1 ). You may ask, ' Why shouldtherebe a need to tied fwo spars
acrossthe frame,therecanbe manyother waysto makethe framesfabi/ise'.

L
Fytutt,
''TftLTfiLtTLt"

.*-_'-|

As what I had mentioned earlier,thereare manybracingmethodspractised.

For example, the trestleitselfis usefulin manywaysas mentioned,
but the,
commonbracingmethodwill be bracingacrossthe frame,the reasonbeing
diagonalbracingproveto be one of the strongestbracingmethodsfor the
stabilityof structures.

PC-PlC' Page28
District PioneeringGourse : I
In Gonjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorCourse

Now let'sus considerwhy bracingis needed,( see Figure2 ), afthe frameis

not braced,the joints of the frame can be movedeasilyeven thoughthe
lashingsare tight when load is appliedat any part of the frame. The
movementsof jointswill affectthe tightnessof lashings,thus in no time,the
lashingstiedto the framewill be loosened!

But if we had brace acrossthe frame,the effectof the load appliedto the
framewill be minimised( see Figure3 ). The movementof jointswill nowbe
reduced,and the stress appliedto the tied lashingswilt atso be lesser.
Technically,why the movementand lashingsstressesare greatlyreduceis
due to a processcalled' LoadTransferring'.

PC-PlC', Page29
 J-r
i\.!.r'lf1
-5.-.lI -

District PioneeringCourse
ln Conjunctionwith the Nat'l Pi;neering l nstructorCourse

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PC-PlC Page 30
District PioneeringCourse I
In Gonjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorGourse

The Stilt Tower:

The designof the Stilt Toweris actuallya cantileverstructure. 'Whatis a
cantileverstructure?',you may asked. Cantileverstructureconsistsof a
structureprotrudingout fromthe main framestructure,this type of structure
designfor stabilitymust be thoroughlydealtwith due to variousengineering
factorsaffectingits stability.

Oneof the mainfactoris 'Moment',as you boyshadlearnin Science,Momenl

is known as the turning effect of a objects at a point, and Momentis
by the formulabelow:
calculated

Moment= Force* Distancemoveat right angleto a point

Forthis particularproject,I willonlytouchon the platformtiedto the main

frame( see Figurel ) as thisplatformplaysthe importance of
to the stability
the wholeproject.

SecoslnrLA

frkukt L
STOL
DITALL
ft

In orderto stabilisedthe platformprotrudingoutfromthe mainframe,the

platformmustbe braceddiagonally below( seeFigure2 ). The reasonis to
reducethe tumingeffector moment,

Of all parts,why shouldwe bracedbelownotat the top ( SeeFigure3 )? We

hadto considerthe pointof loadapplication.In thiscase,the loadappliedare
fromweightof the scoutsgoingup the tower,be it standingor sittingdownon
the platform

PC - PlC' P a g e3 1
DistrictPioneeringGourse
In Conjunctionwiih the Nat'tPioneeringInstructorGourse

Thus if there is no bracingbelowthe platformto the mainframe,the whole

structurewill not be suitableto hold the weight of the scoutsas the structure
will be movingand shakingat all the partstied'

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PC-PlC' Page 32
 DistrictPioneering
Course
In conjunction
withthe Nat'tpioneering
Instructor
course

The'Triangleprinciples'

All Pioneering projectsthatuselashingsmustbe safeand steady.To

this,theyshouldhavetrianglesbuiltiniotheirdes'n;. ensure
A squarewillwobbtein
all directions.Triangresmakea structuresturdy.tiee Figure4
).
Lastly,letsus notforgetthatwe hadto put whathad been
taughtintouse,we
can then deepenour skillsand knowledge.The steps
to
pioneeris to get your handsworkingby lrtowingyourserr becomea good
to be exposedto
experiences.

r) A tnsue

1
Fr&vRr +

ii) H tns+rc

iii) x twrtlc

PC-Plc' 'Page33
District PioneeringCourse
ln Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorCourse

SEL F RE A DING 2:

OF AERIALRUNWAYS
CONSTRUCTION

IMPORTANT:

Notethat ALL AerialRunwaysmust be planned,constructed and usedunder

the directand constantsupervisionof a responsible
adultat alttimes

lntroduction

Aerial Runways remain a great favourite with membersof the Scout

Associationand there is no reasonwhy they can not be usedto providea
greatsenseof adventureand exhilarationso longas theyare usedwith safety
in mind.

They also providethe basisfor an excellentpra'bticat

trainingsessionin the
use of the variousknots,lashingsand pioneering
techniques involved

Becauseof the speedapd heightoftqninvolved,aerialrunwaysare polentially

and remainso evenwhen all reasonableprecautions,
dangjerous bothin their
constructionand use, have been taken. D

Indeed,withoutsome apparentelementof hazard,they would ceaseto be

adventurousand muchof their appealand trainingvaluewouldbe lost. The
aim shouldthereforebe to eliminateall avoidabterisk and to exercisethe
highestdegreeof responsibility
in the use of the AerialRunway.

There are a wide variety of situationsand circumstances in which aerial

runwaysare builtand usedand it is not possibleor evendesirableto provide
a singleset of detailedand inflexiblerules.

The followingsectionsprovidebasic guidelinesin the planning,construction

supervisionand useof an AerialRunway.

Becausethe aerialrunwayoperatesas a completesystemthere is no single

part which is moreimportantthan any other. All requirean equalamountof
careand attention,bothin the initialsettingup and monitoring
whilstin use.
.-: !

However,:in most mses where serious injuryhas resultedthe fault lies in

eitherthe seatand/orthe methodof attachment
to the travellingblockor in the
brakingsystem. Before anyone even thinks about constructingat aerial
runwayit mustbe clearlyunderstoodthat:

A purposebuiltseatto the designapprovedin the Associations

AerialRunway
Codemustused.

PG.PIG' Page 34
District PioneeringCourse -l
ln Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringlnstructorCourse

The travellingblockmustbe to the approveddesignand musthaveeyesor

rings. Hookedblocks,howevercarefully'closed'
are completely
unacceptable
for supporting
the seat.

The seatmustbe attachedto the travellingblockin the approvedmethodas

describedin the Code.

The mainbrakemustbe capableof a steadyand safe rateof deceleration

of
the passenger.

An emergencybrakemustalwaysbe fittedand manned,in caseof failureof

the mainbrake.

The Associations Aerial RunwayCode is based on long experienceand

provides all Leaders with useful guidelinesfor the in the use of such
equipmentand the trainingof their Scouts. Commonsense must however
prevailand responsible
adultleadershipand the needfor adultsupervision
is
alwaysrequired wheneverAerial Runwaysareconstructed and used.

Givenbeloware additional
important
factorsto bearin mindwhenptanning
an
aerialrunway.

Supervision

As statedabove, it is importantthat the planning,constructionand use of any

Aerial Runway must be under the direct and constant supervision of a
responsibleand cornpetentadult at all times.

Equipment

All equipmentmust be inspectedbefore use, during the operationof the

runwayand again after use. This in itsetf is a useful trainingexercisein
responsibility
apartfromthe importantmatterof safetyand security.

The MainHawser

This shouldbe madefrom eithernaturalfibre (manilaor sisal)staplespun

polypropylene,
polyesteror nylon. Under no circumstancesshoulda wire
hawserbe usedfor an aerialrunwayas thisis considered
to be unsafe.'

The recommended minimumsize for the main hawseris 24mmin diameter

and in no circumstances
shoulda ropeunder20mmin diameterbe used.

Evenwhenstoredin idealconditions, any hawserthat hasbeenoutof usefor

any lengthof timeshouldbe checkedfor wearandtearalongits entirelength.
lf naturalfibre
is used,spotchecksshouldbe carriedout by openingthe lay at
intervalsto makesurethatthe fibresare freefrom mildew.

PC-PlC', Page 35
District PioneeringCourse
In Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringlnstructorCourse

Man-madefibre rope shouldalso be inspectedfor extensivepowdering.This

usually occurs in the heart of the rope and is not always immediately
detectablefrom externalinspection.

lf any mildewor excessivepowderingis discoveredthe rope shouldbe

discarded.Any suspectrope shouldnot be usedfor aerialrunwaysor any
otherpioneering
activitywheresomeelementof riskis unavoidable.

Any suspectrope shouldpreferablybe cut into short lengthsto prevent

misuse.

The TravellingBlock

The ScoutAssociationnow mandatesthat the travellingmetalblockmustbe a

double pulley, man-mrrying block of the conect size and type. Suitable
blocks are fitted with a closed ring to attach the seat and further closed rings
to attachthe brakingand haulinglines.

Under no circumstances should hooked blocks or hooked blocks that

have been converted to closed eyes through the use of brazed metal
straps or jubilee clips be used for the travelling block

DO UB L EP UL L E y
Mg i n
M e t d l, M a n
H a w se r

G L O S E Dr in g
attach seat
ropes and
braking and
hauling lines

The Seat

The seat is one of the most essentialparts of the runwayand great care
shouldbetakenin the prepar

PC-PIC' Page 36
D i str ict P ioneeringCourse _
ln C on ju nctionwith the Nat'l P ione e rin gln s t ru c t o rCo u rs e

A stoutboardof approxinrately
600mm>:250mnrx24mm.thick(24"x 10" >ri"1
shouldbe used,suitablereinforcedwith bracingbattensacrossthe grain.

Four holes should be bored right throughthe board to take the suspensiorr
ropes. Figure of eight stopper knots should be tied in the ropes to keep the
seat level and stop it from dropping,slipping or becomingskewed and the
loosetails joined beneaththe seat with reef knots.

A correctlyfittingfull body harnessor commerciallyavailableboatswains

chair
can be used as an alternativeto a purpose-builtsea't

The verticaldistancebetweenthe seat and the hawsershouldbe at least1.5

meters (5 feet) to avoid the possibilityof the riders hand being placedon the
hawserin front of the pulley.

t,5 m
,./y'' (5 fr)
4;"t:;" rninirnurn
between
ha.wser
.; and seat
Battened J
3
across ;!
the grain ;i

with reef knots

$ eat resting
o n F ig u r e o f
E ig h t s t o p p e r
knots

OtherBlocksand Tackle

A luff tacklecomprisingone singleand one doublemetalblockis used to

tensionthe mainhawser,reevedup (tightened)with an lBmmdiameterrope,
Thiswillprovidea purchase(ratio)of 4:1

PC - PIC' P a g e3 7
District PioneeringCourse
In Gonjunctionwith the Nat'l Pioneeringlnstructor Gourse

When selectingthe correctsize of blockto matchthe sizeof rope,ensure

that:-

. No rope is reeved throughthe block where the width of the sheave

groovesis less than the diameterof the rope (i.e.the ropeshouldn'tbe
fatterthanthe pulleythroughwhichit passes);
o The ratioof the diameterof the sheaveto the diameterof the ropeis no
lessthan5:1,measuredat the bottomof the sheavegroove(i.e.the pulley
diameterat the bottomof the gulley should be at least five time the
diameterof the rope);

of the AerialRunway,blockand pulleys

Whereverpossiblein the construction
with ringsor closedeyesshouldbe usedin preference to hooksandthis also
appliesto the blocksandpulleysusedto puttensionon the mainhawser.

Mousing('tying'closed an open hook with string,sissalor wire) is never

on
absolutelyreliable. This is becauseof the high shockloadsexperienced
this typeof apparatus.

Pickets and Spars

lf wooden pickets(stakes)are used, they must be in good condition,free from

shakes, knots and rot and of adequatelength and thickness.

Th; elact size depends on th,enature of the groundon whichtne runwayis

co.nstructedand the anchorageselected. Howevef;picketsof 1m x 75mm
butt diameter(3' x 3") shouldbe regardedas a minirnum.
:
They should be driven into the groundwith a maul (largewoodenmallet)
ratherthan a sledgehammerand knockedin for two-thirdsof theirlength,at
rightanglesto the directionof the strain. Any ropesexertingforceshouldbe
securedas closeto the groundas possibleto reducethe tendencyto pullout.

Note that if the rope is allowed to ride up, the pickets will be subject to
additionalleverage.

Spars (pioneeringpoles) should be equally sound. These can be readily

tested by gripping the tip and ringing the butt on any hard surface.
Irrespectiveof length of the spar, 130mm butt diarneter(5") should be
regardedas a minimum.
:lr

Other Cordage

The main brakingsystem(whichis describ"O,r,"r1 r."quil, a 12mm^'(112")

diameterropewhichis 10mlongerthanthe lengthof the runway.

ln addition,approximately100m (300 ft) of 8mm or 10mm diameter

shockcord(sometimes
elasticated knownas'bungeerope')willbe required.

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D i str ict P ioneeringCourse i
ln C on ju nctionwith the Nat'l P ione e rin gI n s t ru c t o rCo u rs e

Lashingropes;cf 6ni - Bm length,gu), lirres for sheer legs, a strop lcop,of

l Bmm diameterof sufficientlength to secure the tackle to the anchorage,
t w i n ea n d si sa lw i l l a l sob e re q uir ed.

Tools and Accessories

Sacking or old canvas will be needed to act as protectionfor trees, as a

saddlein the crutchof sheerlegs and so on. Toolswill includea heavymaul,
a clasp knife,and dependingon circumstances, an extendingladderor rope
ladder, a spade or re-trenchingtool and a throwing line to facilitatetree
climbing.

Location and Angle of Slope of the Runway

The length of run and the speed of descent will be determinedby natural
featuressuch as trees and the slope of the ground. lt must be noted however
that the Scout AssociationRules state that the heightand angle of the slope
must be such that a safe, steadydescent is possible.

No runway will be considered acceptable if the maximum height of the

hawser at any point exceeds 8m (25).

It is not possibleto accuratelydeterminethe speedof descentsincethis

dependson the tensionin the main hawser,the performance of the running
blo"qk,the weight.ofthe passenger.etc.
The personin chargeof thg runwayis
responsible for ensuringthat the appropriate
testsare completedbeforaany
passengers are allowedon the runway(seebelow)

Gonstruction of tyloical Aeriat

Suitable guyed Runwaywith options for
Sheer Legs suppofting the rnain hawser

-.S

iI
N ote rnain
brake
shock cord
in'slack ii
position
Ernergency
ti
/i
Brake Position
7A
ti -#
NOTE: tl
U
D o not use this diagrarn as
Suitablylguyed
an accurate guide - refeF
to text throughout Tripod

N o t e so n C o n stru cti o n

PC-PlC Page 39
DistrictPioneeringCourse . I
In Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringlnstructorCourse

The illustrationabove showsa typicalconstruction

with optionsfor using
the mainhawser.Thisillustration
sheerlegsor tripodsfor supporting should
not be considereda definitiveguide and the text should be consulted
throughout

The followingpointson construction

applyequallyto the horizontal,
manually
operatedrunwayor to runwaysof any kind.

Oneof the mainpointsto considercarefullyin the planningstageis the ease

of mountingand dismounting from the seat. This is the causeof many
accidentsandrequirescarefulthought.

Supportingthe Main Hawser

Dependingon the terrain,there are various methodsof supportingthe main

hawser:-

A SuitableTree

A suitabletree may be usedwhereavailableat the headof the runway.Make

sure that it is up to the job and that it will sufferno ill effectswhen adequate
protectionis provided. Alwaysuse the maintrunk in preference to a branch
but if a.branchis used,selectthe strongestbranchwithinreach. Makefast
the main hbwserwith a roundtum and two half hitches,leavinga'long tail
fiangingcloseto the trunk.

Evenbetteris where the hawseris passedover a suitablyhighfork and the

end is tied to a lower branch. This makesthe routinetask of examiningthe
knotduringuse mucheasier. Alwaysbe sureto securea paddingof sacking
or canvaswithsisalbeforemakingfast the mainhawser.

It is stronglyrecommendedthat the person tying in the main hawser is

belayed to a convenientbranch with another rope. Handlinga 24mm
diarneterhawserwhilstsittingastridea branchhalfway up a tree is extremely
difficultand suitablesafetyprecautionsshouldbe taken. lf no suitabletree
can be foundwhen operatingon flat ground,a manuallyoperatedfore and aft
runwaybetweentwo setsof sheerlegscan be excellentfun.

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D i str ictPioneeringCourse
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She e r L egs

S HEER LEGS

S addle
S heer L ashing

Guylines

Effective
Height
\
S guare
Lashings
N ote:
The Base Width should
be no greater than one
third the Effective
Butts heeled in HEisnt
'l 5 0rnrn

Sheerlegs (an 'A' frame) can be used to take full advantageof any natural
slope,to increasethe lengthof the run or to reducethe heighthazard.

Sparsof 4m in lengthare suitablefor the sheer legs and several6m to 8m

lengthsof 12mmor 18mmdiameterropewill be neededfor the lashings.The
sheerlashingshouldbe appliedfirst about500mmfrom the top with the two
sparsin the closedposition.Thesecan be openedslightlylikescissors'whilst
thefrappingturnsare put on.

Theyshsuldthen be openedout all the way,but withthe buttsno furtherapart

than one-thirdthe heightfrom the lashingto groundleveland the thirdspar
squarelashedbetweenthemabout300mmfromthe butts.

A saddleof hessianor 6anvasshouldbe lashedin the crutchwithsisaltwine

and fore and aft guylinessecuredto the tops of both spars. The feet of the
two legsshouldbe heeledintothe groundto a depthof at least150mm.This
is in order to minimisethe danger of keelingover, ever presentin an
apparatussubjectto variablestressesand shockloading.The lowerledger
shouldthen.bewell'clear of the'ground.

PC - PlC' P a g e4 1
DistrictPioneering
Course
lnstructorCourse
withthe Nat'lPioneering
!n Gonjunction

Allthisworkshouldbe donebeforethe hawseris finallypositioned. Whenthe

tackle is beingoperated,.the sheersmay tend to movefrom the vertical
positionbut this can usuallybe correctedwithoutdifficultyif caughtin time.
The vertical positioningof the sheer legs should be checkedthroughout
constructionandoperation.

Mountingand dismountingfromthe seatcan oftenbe difficultfrom sheerlegs

ledgerscanbe providedto act as a'laddef.
but additional

Tripods

Tripods may be used in preferenceto sheer legs. Althoughguyingis still

essentialgreaterstabilityis ensured.Thereis also an additionaladvantagein
that mountinganddismounting platformscan be incorporated
intothe design.

The main hawsermay,whensuitrable packingis used,passover the crutch

for both sheerlegs and tripods. lt is also acceptablefor the mainhawserto
pass over a separatepulleyof suitable-diameter, suspendedfromthe crutch.
The pulleyshouldbe supportedby a doubleloopof 18mmdiameterrope(see
diagramby mainbrakefor an example)

Tensioningand Securingthe Hawser

Due altowdncemust be made for the inevitablesag in the main hawser

whicheverof the thrbe-methodsof support is used. The'amountof sag
dependon the lengthof run and the load (weight),as well as the tensionof
. the hawser. Note that the sag should never be such that the feet of a
passengercan touchthe groundon any partof the run.

To tensionthe hawser,a luff tacklecomprisingone singleblockattachedto an

anchorageand one doubleblockattachedto the mainhawseris necessaryas
describedabove. The mainhawsershouldbe connectedto the closedeye of
the doublepulleyusinga bowlinewith a long tail which is securedbackto the
main hawser with sisal, The hawser can be protectedby placingsacking
aroundthe cfosedeye. .:
The singleblockshouldbe attachedto the mainanchoragepoint(seebelow)
usinga doubleloopof 18mmdiameterrope.

As stated above,when reevedwith 18mm rope, the luff tackle providesa

purchaseof 4:1. Whenoperdtedby half a dozenScoutsthis shouldgiveall
shpuJdmoreforcefulmethods
the tensionrequired. Underno circumstances
of strainingthe systembe used.

The tensionis maintainedby securingthe strainto the sameanchorpointas

the singleblockusinga roundtum andtwo half hitches.

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DistrictPioneeringCourse
ln Conjunctionwith the Nat'l Pioneering
InstructorCourse

Anchorages

The precisepositionof all anchoragesin relationto the main structureis o{

great importance.The hawsermust alwaysrun in a true linefrom end to end
since any deviationwill impose a sidewaysstrain on sheer legs and might
causethem to topple.

A well grown tree may make an excellenianchorageat the foot of a runv"ay.

lf a suitabletree is availablein the right spot, make sure that it is secure. lt
should be protectednear the base with a good pad of sacking.

The Luff Tacklecan then be made ready for use and the followingprocedure
followedwhen a tree is used as the anchorage. Most, but not all of the slack
in the hawser should be taken in and it should be passed throughthe eye of
the fore block. Lay the sheer legs on the groundwith the butts at the correct
distance from the anchorage (which is twice the height of the crutch of the
sheerlegs)

The hawser should be placed lying over the crutch and the sheer legs should
be raised,holdingthem in place while the slack is taken up on the hawser.
Adjustthe positionof the sheer legs as necessaryto ensurea true line.

Mark the positionof butts with tent pegs or other suitablemarker. This is so
that foot holes can be dug in exactlythe right place. The sheer legs can then
be erectedand the neceSsarystrainappliedon the luff tackle. ' z''

When other types of anchorage are used a different procedure is

recommendedsince the positionof the anchoragecan be movedwhereasa
tree can not. The sheerlegsshouldbe erectedfirstso that the hawsercan be
drawn over the crutch and hand strainedto pin-pointthe positionof the
anchorage. The distancefrom the base of the sheer legs (or tripod)to the
positionof the anchoragewill always be twice the effectiveheightof the
sheerslegsor tripod.

As taught in the lectures,the altemativethree methods of providingan

anchoragewhen a tree is not usedare:

o 3-2-1Anchorage
e Log and PicketAnchorage
o DeadmanAnchorage

The MainBrake

The purposeof the main brakeis to consistently providesteadyand safe

decelerationof the passenger. Brakeswhich bring the passengerto an
sudden,jerkinghalt must be avoidedat all costssincethereis a very great
dangerof the passengerbeingthrownoff the seat at speed.

PC - PlC' Page 43
DistrictPioneeringCourse
ln Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorCourse

A preferredmethodis to trail a ropeof 12mmdiameterfromthe rearclosed

eye of the travellingblock. This rope passes over a pulteywhich is
suspended from the crutchat the headof the runway. lf thereis sufficient
headroomon the loadingplatform,this pulleymay be suspended from the
closedeye at the bottornof the pulleywhichsupportsthe mainhawserat the
crutch(seediagrambelow)

G o n n e c t in gt h e M a in B r a k e
To crutch
of support
(or rnain
hawser
rnay rest in
crutch) M a in Ha ws e r

Brake Tied to
Rope closed loop
with bowline

T o S h o ck Go rd
C B u n g e e R o p e ')

Once the brake rope is connectedto the travellingblock it can then be

securedto the shockcord.

Withthe seatat the pointon the runwaywherebrakingshouldstart,a bowline

is tied in the end of the brakeropeapproximately
10 metreson the anchorage
side of the mountingpoint. The loop in the bowlineis then trsedto connect
the brakeropeto the anchoragepointusingloopsof 8mm or 1Ommdiameter
shockcord("bungeerope")as shownin the diagrambelow.

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District Pioneering Course . a
ln Conjunction with the Nat'l Pioneering I nstructo r Course

CONNEGTIONOF tvtAlN BRAKE

Loop of
S h o ck Go rd
Hawser
L o o p ( un a tta ch e d B owline
t o l o w e r p ^ a sse n g e r
B r ake Rope

\ Ma i n
\
H a wseF
A n ch o ra g e

The length of the shcck cord loop is important since it will effectively
determinethe brakingdistance. This is becauseunder no circumstances
should the loop of shock cord be allowedto extend beyond twice its norrnal
length.

Brakingwill dependupon the speedof descentand the load and it will be

necessaryto experimentwith the'numberof loopsof-shockcord to get this
right. However,a doubleloop of approximately 5 metreslbngth(i.e. a 20
metrelengthknottedto form a doubleloop)is a good startingpointfor most
loadsup to 75 kilograms.

A furthershortdoubleloop of 18mmropeis thenusedto connectthe shock

cord to the anchoragepoint. ln operation.once the passengerhas come
safelyto rest,this ropeloop can be removedfromthe anchorageto lowerthe
passenger downthe runwayto the dismounting poinl

It is importantthat the passengershouldbe warnednot to dismountuntiltold

to do so. The brakingsystemwill inevitablyresultin someforwardswingof
the seat as brakingcommences,followedby a short periodof reversetravel
backup the runwayas the elasticreachesthe equilibriumposition.

Oncethe passenger hasdismounted, the brakeropecanthenbe usedto haul

the seatbackup to the top of the runway.lt is important
to alwayslay outthe
brakeropecarefullybeforeeach and everyrun as any kink,snagor knotwill
jam duringrunningin the pulleyat the headof the runwaycausinga sudden
stop.

It shouldalso be notedthat beforeeveryrun is commenced,care must be

takento ensurethatthe brakeropeis clearof the passenger.

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 Course
DistrictPioneering
withthe Nat'lPioneering
In Gonjunction Course
Instructor

The loaderon the platformmustalsokeepclearof the brakeropeduringthe

run as the brakeropefeedsthroughthe crutchpulley.

Brake
The Emergency

An emergencybrake must always be fitted in such a positionthat the

passengeican be manuallydecelerated smoothlywithoutcollidingwith the
iowersheerlegsor tripod. This is in caseof a failureof any partof the main
brake.

The emergencybrake may simplyconsistof a screwgatekarabineron the

main hawier,with a brakepersonon each end ropeas shownin the main
shockcord
Iengthsof Bmmor 1Ommelasticated
diagramabove.lf necessary,
maybe usedinsteadof ropeto reducethe shockloading.

Notethatwherea screwgatekarabineris usedfor this purposeit shouldnever

purposes.
againbe usedfor climbing/abseiling

E rnergency Brake fastened

to the Main Hawser

In normaloperation,the peopleoperatingthe emergencybrakewill assistthe

passengerto dismountat the end of each run and shouldtell the passenger
whenit is qfe to dismount.

Testing of the emergencybrake is essentialbefore the first passenger

embarks.

Therearetwo final notesof cautionconcerningthe emergencybrake.lt will be

very difficultfor peopleon{he emergencybrake'.tomaintainconcentration as
the mainbrakecontinuesto worktime aftertime.lt is suggested
therefore that
four peopleare necessaryto operatethe AerialRunwayin safety.

The loaderon the tripodat the freadof the runwayis the personin charge.No
passengeris releasedon a run untilthe top brakepersonandthoseon the

emergencybrake have been asked if they are ready. To help maintain

positionscan be swappedroundat set time intervals.
concentration,

PC-PlC' Page 46
District PioneeringCourse 'i' .
In Conjunctionwith the Nat'l Piorreeringlnstructoiibourse

The secondnoteof cautionconcernsthe angleof the ropeof the emergency

braketo the karabineron the mainhawser.This mustbe heldsuchthatwhen
the mainhawseris saggingunderloadas the passenger approaches,thereis
no chanceof the emergencybrake ropesor shockcord becomingtangled
withthe heador neckof the passenge
.*
The Seat

As describedabove, a purpose built seat (or full body hamess) must be

providedand devicessuch as battensor stropswhich requirethe passenger
to danglefromthe handsare not permissible.

The seatand travellingblockare to be regardedas accidentblackspotson

any aerialrunway.Theyshouldbe checkedand doublecheckedas a matter
of routinebeforethe runwayis declaredoperationalandagainaftereachrun.
The ultimatesafetyof the seatwill dependon the methodof attachmentto the
ring or eye of the travellingblock. A roundtum and two half hitchesmadein
the bightwith an ample tail will meet the need adequately,but for greater
safetythe knotscan be doublelockedwithwest countrywhippings

Factorsof Safetyand Testing

When it is ready for use, the runwaymust be subjectedto a numberof

rigorous tests to ensure a high sgfety f3cto1before th" first pass.enger
is
allowed,toembark.o

As a matterof good practice,these tests must imposea higherstrainon all

partsof the apparatusthan is likelyto be experiencedduringnormaluse. The
followingtestsshouldbe caniedout, alwaysunderaduttsupervisionand with
observerspostedto watch every part of the runway. Specialattentionshould
be paidto the anchorages,pickets,sheerlegs,runningblockand seatandthe
brakingsystems:

A temporaryrope should be attachedto the empty seat. Startingat the head

of the runway,a vigorousbouncingstrainfrom groundlevelshouldbe applied
and repeatedat intervalsthroughoutthe entire lengthof the run. This is
especiallyimportantaroundthe mid-pointwheremaximumsag in the hawser
will be experienced.

The seatshouldthen be drawnto a convenientpointand loadedwith at least

two five galloncontainersfull of water. Theseshouldbe securelyfastenedto
the seatfor the durationof the followingtests. This load repreientsa body
weighingapproximately50 kilos (three full containersshould be used to
represent a bodyof 75 kilos).

At the mid-pointof the runwaythe sag in the hawserunderload must not

allowthefeetof any passengerto strikethe ground.lf thishappens,adjustthe

tensionon the main hawserto reducethe sag. Note that this may speed up
the run and the brakemay alsoneedadjustmentas below

PC-PlC" Page47
District PioneeringCourse :_--___
ln Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringI nstructor Cou rse

The loadedseatshouldthen be drawnto the headof the run in orderto test

speedof descentand the main brakingsystem. At the end of the run the
brakingsystemshouldbringthe loadup shortof the lowersheerlegsor tripod
with an adequatemarginof safety. At the sametime,the elasticated shock
cordshouldnot be allowedto extendbeyondtwiceits natural(resting)
length.

Finally,the mainbrakingsystemshouldbe disconnected and the emergency

braketestedagainusinga loadedseat runningfrom the top of the runway.
The positionof the emergencybrakeoperatorsshouldbe clearlymarkedso
that there is no tendencyto drift towardsthe bottomof the runwayduring
normaloperation..

picketsand so on should
Afterall thesetests,atl knots,lashings,anchorages,
be thoroughly inspected.

Mountingand Dismounting

A worryingnumberof accidentsoccurduringmountingand dismounting from

the run. Whenthe take off at the headof the run is at someheightabovethe
ground(for example,from the branchesof a tree)it is importantthat safeand
adequatemeansof climbingto the mountingpointmustbe provided. lt might
be saferin this situationfor passengers
to embarkat the foot of the run before
being drawn up by the brake line. This allows safety and comfortto be
checkedin lessstr.essful qondition ::. ..:. :
Passengersoftenfind that strengthhas drainedfrom their musctesand that
theirkneesare tremblingat the end of a run. To climbdownan A frameusing
ledgersthereforerequiresextracareand supervision.

Operation

It is stronglyrecommendedthat four peopleoperatethe aerial runwayas

statedabove. The personat the loadingplatformis in chargeof the run and
no passengeris releaseduntil checks have been made with the person
lookingafter the main brake and the two peopleoperatingthe emergency
brakeandassisting withunloading.

to fully brief passengersbefgrerelease.They

It is the loade/s responsibility
shouldbe told to sit well backin the middleof the seat,to holdontothe front
supporting ropesand to relaxand keepstill.

Theyshouldalso be remindedthatwhenthe brakecomesintoactionnearthe

bottomof the run,the seatwill probablyswingforwardand returna shortway
backup the run. Theyshouldbe warnedto hangon tightly.

The passenger shouldalsobe briefedthatoncethe seathas cometo rest,it

pointand the peopleon the emergency
will be loweredto the dismounting
brakewillindicatethetimeto dismount.

PC-PlC' Page 48
District PioneeringCourse :_ -- :; r]ii 5;
ln Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstru ctor-;Course

Poli"y, Organisation and Rules ,

Accidentswill still happenin spite of the mostcarefulpreparations,

but in a
Movementwhichpridesitselfon being preparedthe possibility of accidents
mustbe reducedto the absoluteminimum.

It is thereforevital that AssociationsAerial Runway Code is studied,

understoodand implementedby all concerned. The instructorshave the
to ensurethat the pioneererare givenadequatetrainingin the
responsibility
constructionand use of Aerial Runwaysand that Group Scoutersare fully
awareof theirownspecialresponsibility
in thisfield.

Runwaysmay only ever be built and used underadult supervision and as

stated above,frequentinspectionis necessary. Leadersshouldnote the
.dangersof leavingrunwayserectedfor long periods,for instance,at summer
campor at a permanentcampsite.

In thesecircumstances the systemshouldbe immobilised as far as possible

by releasingthe strainon the tackle,by removingor tying backthe chairand
by whateverfurthermethodis appropriateto the individualconstruction.

lf an AerialRunwayis to be includedas an attractionat a fund raisingeventit

shouldbe usedfor purposesof demonstration only by fully trainedScoutsor
VentureScoutsunder constantaftult supervision.On no.accouptma)4any '
AerialRunwaybe madeavailabteior use-bymembersottne geneialpuUtic.

When not in use the runwaymust be immobilisedas aboveand mustremain

underconstantadultsupervision.

GhecklistDuringUse

Evenwhenthe provisionsof Aerial RunwayCode havebeen closelyobserved

in the construction,the runwaywill inevitablysufferseverestresses,strains
and shocks while in operation. Constantvigilancewill be needed and
of the adult in chargeeveryoneengagedin
althoughthis is the responsibility
the activityshouldbe involvedin the checking.

,The followingitemsshouldreceivefrequentattention:

All knots and lashings: lf any are foundto be in needof attentionoperations

shouldbe suspended untilthework is completed.

Pickets and anchorages:There may be somemovementunderstrainand

lf there is any unduemovementoperationsmustbe
this mustbe monitored.
ceaseduntilanchoragesare replacedandtestedusingdummyloads.

Blocks .and Tackle:Checkknots and if any heat is generatedthe blocks

shoutdbe re-oiled

PC - PlC' Page49
 :"ilui '
Distr i ctP ioneeringCourse',---.-'
ln Conjunctionwith the Nat'ilPibneeringI n stru ctor C ou rse

The Ghair. Every part of this requiresregularmonitoringand inspectionbut

especiallyat the pointof attachmentto the travellingblock.

The Main Hawser:Anchorages at bothendsmustbe regularlycheckedandit

may be necessary to take up additionalslack duringoperationas some
At no time shouldthe feetof a passengerbe allowed
stretchingis inevitable.
to touchthe ground at speed.

Alternatively,
excessively fast descentscan be slowedby decreasingstrainon
the mainhawser.For any modifications duringuse,testingwithdummyloads
mustbe conducted beforeany passengeris allowedbackon the runway.
The sheerlegs or tripods. Any movementfrom the verticalpositionor any
tendencyto rock or tilt must be checkedand stoppedbeforethe runwayis
usedagain.

The BrakingSystem:Checkthe attachment of the brakeropeto the running

block,the meansby whichthe bungeeropeis attachedto the anchoragepoint
etc.

Mountingand dismounting:Canthistrickyoperation be madeeasierfor the

passengersby the additionof an extraledgeron sheerlegs,the re-positioning
of a ropeladderor mountingframe?

The briefing of passengers:ls this workingsatisfactorily?Noneof this need

involve'much fuss and bother. As well as the questionof spcurity.fult
advantageshould also be taken to alert Scouts,and' in particular,Patrol
Leadersof the inherentdangersin activitiesof this sort,and to increasetheir
awarenessof personaland corporateresponsibilities.

Finally

Rememberalthoughsafetyis of paramountimportanceso is fun. lt's well

worth the effort of constructingan aerial runwayand so long as it's done
properlyit shouldbringhoursof fun.

PC .PIC' Page 50
 DistrictPioneeringCourse:
In conjunctionwiin tn" Nat'l--noneering lnstruct$Fbbi,irse
fl rr--'
't
I

PROJECTILLUSTRATIONS

PC-Pfc' Page 51
 !00! o:
District PioneeringCoursq,; .1.. "r,'; ]'
ln Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorCourse

,rl
{

' ..:
'

MONKEYBRIDGE

Thes lhes
fo gmund
ancAot
i,-*3-

tovl of picture)

PC - PlC' Page52
 District PioneeringCourse I
In coniunction wiin the Nat'l Pioneering
lnstructo?#durse

Suspension
Bridge

S I N G L EL OCKBRIDGE

PC - Plc' Page53
 . '

itiOs :'
l* l.:..o ''
-

,"*=, .:{:{'t1
District Pioneering Gourse --:i -
ln Gonjunctionwi[h the Nat;iFioneering Instructor Gourse

,:FF;,
'ltj

SINGLETRESTLEBRIDGE

PC-Plc' Page 54
 District PioneeringCou rse
ln conjunction wiin $re Nat'l Pioneering
InstructoF$6lrse

ft.".:f

SIGNALTOWER

PC-Plc'
Page55
 ,
;L]'j i t
;i-; i"
District Pioneering Gourse .-. -n:',
In Gonjunction with the Nat'l Pioneering Instructor Course

SIGNALTOWER
HOURGLASS

PC .PIC'-- Page56
 District Pioneering course : r,,i;r.ji:.
_,
In conjunction wiin the Nat'l Pioneering
lnstructoi",Course

'lO $ny

B'+v

TenMinut€
F.

ti*f
I

Tourtr

.:'l!

PC-Pfc' Page 57
District PioneeringGoursei
ln Conjunctionwith the NatrlPioneeringInstructorCourse

BrynbachTower

PC - PIC'( Page 58
 District PioneeringCourse . :
In Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorCourse

Stilt Tbnttr
/,*
a'

\"Jf

PC - Plc'i Page 59
 District PioneeringCourse
In conjunctionwith the Nat'f PioneeringInstructor
Course

TRIANGULAR
SIGNALTOWER

PC - PIC'' Page60