6 Chapter06 Input Output Devices

Chapter 06
Input-Output
Devices
Foundations of Computing
Dr. Pradeep Sinha & Priti Sinha
Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 2/102
Chapter 06: Input-Output Devices
Learning Objectives
In this chapter you will learn about:
Input devices
Output devices
I/O interfaces
Slide 3/102
Input-Output Devices
To be useful, a computer system needs to communicate
with its external environment
Input-output devices provide this capability
They are also known as peripheral devices
Speed of I/O devices is very slow as compared to that of
primary storage and CPU
Their speed depends on movement of mechanical parts
Ref Page. 266
Input Devices
Slide 5/102
Input Devices
An input device is an electromechanical device that accepts
data from outside world and translates them into a form a
computer can interpret
They are classified broadly into following categories:
Keyboard devices
Point-and-draw devices
Data scanning devices
Digitizer
Electronic cards based devices
Speech recognition devices
Vision based devices
Ref Page. 266
Slide 6/102
Keyboard Devices
Keyboards allow data entry into a computer system by
pressing a set of keys
The most popular keyboard used today is the 101-keys
QWERTY keyboard
Keyboard devices are classified broadly into two types:
General-purpose keyboards
Special-purpose keyboards
Ref Page. 267
Slide 7/102
General-purpose Keyboards
General-purpose keyboards are standard keyboards used
with most computer systems
General-purpose keyboard used today is the 101-keys
QWERTY keyboard
It is so called because it has altogether 101 keys
QWERTY layout is adopted from the standard typewriter
keyboard layout
Ref Page. 267
Slide 8/102
A QWERTY Keyboard
Ref Page. 267
Slide 9/102
QWERTY Keyboards
A QWERTY keyboard groups the keys into following functional
groups:
Alphanumeric keys
Contain the keys for the letters of English alphabet, the
numbers 0 to 9, and several special characters like ?, /, $,
&, @
Numeric keypad
Set of keys that looks like an adding machine with its ten
digits and mathematical operators (+, , * and /)
It is usually located on the right side of the keyboard
Arrow keys
Set of four keys up (), down (), left () and right ()
Also called cursor-control or cursor-movement keys
Ref Page. 268
Slide 10/102
Special Function Keys
Special
function key
Function performed
Enter Sends keyed-in data or a selected command to the memory.
Shift Enters a capital letter or one of the special characters above the
numbers when pressed with the corresponding character key
simultaneously.
Ctrl Used in conjunction with other keys to expand the functionality of the
keyboard. The exact functionality depends on the software used.
Alt Used in conjunction with other keys to expand the functionality of the
keyboard.
Backspace Moves the cursor one position to the left and deletes the character in
that position.
Tab Advances the cursor to the next user-defined tab position.
Caps Lock Toggles (alternate/switch) the capital letter lock feature on and off.
Num Lock Toggles the number lock feature on and off.
(Continued on next slide)
Ref Page. 269
Slide 11/102
Special
function key
Function performed
Home Moves the cursor to the beginning of a work area (line/screen/document
depending on software used).
End Moves the cursor to the end of a work area.
Delete Deletes the character at the cursor position.
Page Up Displays the previous page of the current document or the previous
record of a database.
Page Down Displays the next page of the current document or the next record of a
database.
Insert Toggles between insert mode (adds entered character at cursor
position) and typeover mode (replaces character at cursor position with
entered character) of data entry.
Escape Negates the current command or menu and returns to the work screen.
Sometimes performs other functions depending on software used.
Spacebar Enters a space at cursor position.
Print Screen Prints what is displayed currently on the screen.
Special Function Keys
Ref Page. 269
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Other Function Keys
Other function keys
User-programmable keys labeled as F1, F2, F3, and so on
Function assigned to each of these keys is different for
different software packages
Also known as soft keys
Ref Page. 268
Slide 13/102
Special-purpose Keyboards
Foreign language keyboards
Special keyboards for data entry in local languages
These keyboards have a large number of keys and use a
coding scheme with more bits
Japanese language keyboards work with a 16-bit coding
scheme
Keyboard templates
Several software vendors distribute their software packages
with keyboard templates
These templates are usually made of plastic that nicely fit
over the keyboard
With this, a user need not remember the functions assigned
to different keys
Ref Page. 270
Slide 14/102
Software simulated keys
To allow faster entry of data, a user may reassign a keyboard
key to produce non-standard character such as " or ", or
a phrase or name such as "Prentice-Hall of India
Such arrangements of making a key produce something
different from what it is normally supposed to produce is
known as software simulation of the key
Autorepeat feature
All keyboards are designed with the autorepeat feature
If a key remains pressed for the autorepeat initial delay
period, the character or the functionality of the key starts
auto-repeating
This feature facilitates faster data entry when the same
character is to be entered multiple times
Ref Page. 270
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Keyboard buffer
Keyboard buffer is a small memory inside either the terminal
or the keyboard
It temporarily stores each keystroke before the input data is
transferred to the computer
When a user presses a key, the processor may be busy doing
something else and may not be in a position to transfer the
keyboard input to main memory
Keyboard buffer helps in overcoming this problem by allowing
users to enter keyboard inputs at their own convenient speed
Processor keeps transferring them to main memory whenever
it finds time
Ref Page. 271
Slide 16/102
Point-and-Draw Devices
Initially, interaction with computers was restricted mainly
to text mode
Computer designers came out with the idea of a new type
of user interface, called graphical user interface (GUI)
GUI provides a screen with graphic icons or menus and
allows a user to make rapid selections
GUI requires an input device with which a user can rapidly
point to and select a graphic icon or menu item
Ref Page. 271
Slide 17/102
Mouse
Mouse is the most popular point-and-draw device
Mouse is a small hand-held device that fits comfortably in a
users palm
It rolls on a small bearing and has one or more buttons on
the top
When a user rolls a mouse on a flat surface, a graphics
cursor moves on the terminal screen in the direction of the
mouses movement
Different applications display the graphics cursor as different
symbols
Graphics cursor, irrespective of its size and shape, has a
pixel-size point that is the point of reference to decide the
position of the cursor on the screen. This point is called hot
spot
Ref Page. 272
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Mouse
Click Button
Ref Page. 272
Slide 19/102
Mouse Operations
Use to (a) Change the location of an icon on
the screen; (b) Draw graphics objects (lines,
circles, curves, freehand, drawings, etc.); (c)
Select a block of text for performing some
operation on the entire block.
Move the mouse from one hot spot
position to another hot spot position
with the left mouse button pressed.
Drag 7
Provides added functionality to the mouse.
Actual functionality varies with software used.
Press and release both left and right
mouse buttons simultaneously.
Simultaneous-
click
6
Function varies with software used. Press and release right mouse button
twice in rapid succession.
Double-click
(Right button)
5
Initiates execution of the program represented
by the icon at the hot spot position.
Press and release left mouse button
twice in rapid succession.
Double-click
(Left button)
4
Function varies with software used, but it is
used often to call up a menu of options.
Press and release right mouse button
once.
Click
(Right button)
3
Selects the menu item or icon at the hot spot
position.
Press and release left mouse button
once.
Click
(Left button)
2
Graphics cursor points to the menu item or
icon at the hot spot position.
Move the mouse so that hot spot is
positioned at a menu item or an icon.
Point 1
Function Meaning Operation
Sr.
No.
Ref Page. 273
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Types of Mouse
Mechanical mouse
Mechanical mouse has a ball inside it that partially projects
out through an opening in its base
Ball rolls due to surface friction when the mouse is moved on
a flat surface
On two sides of the ball are two small wheels that spin to
match the speed of the ball. Each wheel of the mouse is
connected to a sensor
As the mouse ball rolls when a user moves the mouse, the
sensors detect how much each wheel spins and send this
information to the computer in the form of changes to the
current position
Ref Page. 274
Slide 21/102
Types of Mouse
Optical mouse
An optical mouse has no mechanical parts like the ball and
wheels
It has a built-in photo-detector
When a user moves the mouse on a special pad with
gridlines, the photo-detector senses each horizontal and
vertical line on the pad, and sends this information to the
computer in the form of changes to the current position
One, Two, and Three buttons mouse
Mouse can have one, two, or three buttons
With a mouse having multiple buttons, the leftmost button is
the main button that allows for most mouse operations
A user can configure another button as main button
Ref Page. 274
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Types of Mouse
Serial and bus mouse
A serial mouse plugs into a serial port
A bus mouse requires a special electronic card, which
provides a special port just for connecting the mouse to a
computer
Wired and cordless mouse
Wired mouse is connected to a computer with a small cord
A cordless mouse operates by transmitting a low-intensity
radio or infrared signal
Ref Page. 274
Slide 23/102
Trackball
A trackball is a pointing device similar to a mechanical
mouse
Roller ball is placed on the top along with the buttons
We have to roll the ball with hand
Trackball requires less space than a mouse for operation
Trackball is a preferred device for CAD/CAM applications
Ref Page. 274
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Trackball
Click button
Ball is rolled
with fingers
Ref Page. 275
Slide 25/102
Joystick
Joystick is a pointing device that works on the same
principle as a trackball
To make the movements of the spherical ball easier, it is
placed in a socket with a stick mounted on it
User holds the stick in his/her hand and moves it around to
move the spherical ball
User can move the stick forward or backward, left or right,
to move and position the graphics cursor at a desired
position
Joysticks use potentiometers to sense stick and ball
movements
A button on top of the stick enables a user to select the
option pointed to by the cursor
Ref Page. 275
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Joystick
Click button
Socket
Light
indicator
Stick
Ref Page. 275
Slide 27/102
Electronic Pen
Light pen
Uses a photoelectric cell and an optical lens mounted in a pen-shaped
case
It focuses on to it any light in its field of view
It detects the light emitted from a limited field of view of the monitors
display
System transmits this electric response to a processor, which identifies
the menu item or icon that is triggering the photocell
Pen has a finger-operated button
Writing pen with pad
This type of electronic pen comes with a special type of writing pad
User writes on the pad with the electronic pen whatever data he/she
wants to input to the computer
This input device with handwriting recognition software is used often as
an easy way to input text and freehand drawings into computer
Ref Page. 276
Slide 28/102
Touch Screen
Touch screen is the most simple, intuitive, and easiest to use
of all input devices
It enables a user to choose from available options by simply
touching with a finger the desired icon or menu item
displayed on a computers screen
Computers with touch screen facility use optical sensors,
which can detect the touch of a finger on the screen
The sensors communicate the position of touch to the
computer, which interprets the input made by the user
Information kiosks often use touch screens
An information kiosk is an unattended system located at a
public place that stores information of public interest and
allows common people to access stored information as per
their requirement
Ref Page. 276
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Data Scanning Devices
Data scanning devices are input devices that allow data
entry from source documents directly
These devices have following characteristics:
They eliminate the need for manual entry of data
They demand high quality of source documents
Form design and ink specification requirements become more
critical
Ref Page. 277
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Data Scanning Devices
Image scanner
Image scanner is an input device that translates paper
documents into an electronic format
Input documents may be typed text, pictures, graphics, or
even handwritten material
We can alter and manipulate the stored images in interesting
ways, if the computer has image-processing software
Image scanners use optical technology for converting an image
into electronic form
They shine light on a document and sense the intensity of the
reflection at every point of the image
The finer is the granularity of grid points, the better the
scanner
High quality black-and-white scanners and color scanners use
more bits to represent each grid point
Ref Page. 278
Slide 31/102
Types of Image Scanner
Flatbed scanner
Flatbed scanner is like a
copier machine consisting of
a box having a glass plate
on its top and a lid that
covers the glass plate
Document is placed upside
down on the glass plate
A light beam below the
glass plate moves
horizontally from one end to
another, scanning one line,
the light beam then moves
up a little and scans the
next line
Ref Page. 279
Slide 32/102
Types of Image Scanner
Hand-held scanner
User can hold a hand-held
scanner in hand conveniently
It has a set of light emitting
diodes encased in a small
case
To scan a document, a user
drags it slowly over the
document from one end to
the other end with its light on
Ref Page. 279
Slide 33/102
Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
Device
Scanner equipped with character recognition software
converts bitmap images of characters to equivalent ASCII
codes
To translate bitmaps of characters into equivalent text, the
OCR software examines the bitmap of each character and
compares with the set of characters the machine has been
programmed to recognize
OCR software is extremely complex
These software are designed to recognize texts written
using OCR-A (American standard) and OCR-B (European
standard)
OCR devices are now available also for recognizing
handwritten characters
Ref Page. 279
Slide 34/102
Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
OMR is a scanner, which can recognize a pre-specified type of
mark made by pencil or pen
Objective type tests applicants mark their choices of correct
answers on a special pre-printed test scoring sheet by darkening
a small square, circular, or oval shaped box by a pencil
Technique used involves focusing a light beam on the document
and detecting the reflected light pattern from the marks
Pencil marks made with a soft lead pencil reflect the light
strongly
OMR devices require that the pre-printed forms use good quality
paper and the boxes to be marked on them are aligned
accurately for correct interpretation of input data
Use of OMR is not limited to the grading of objective type tests
only
Ref Page. 281
Slide 35/102
OMR Answer Sheet
Pre-printed answer sheet
Indicates direction in which the
sheet should be fed to OMR device
a b c d
a b c d
a b c d
1.
2.
3.
Ref Page. 281
Slide 36/102
Bar-Code Reader
Bar codes represent alphanumeric data by a combination of
adjacent vertical lines by varying their width and the spacing
between them
A bar-code reader is a device for reading bar-coded data
It is a hand-held scanner, or is embedded in a stationary
scanner
Scans a bar-code image and converts it into an
alphanumeric value for input to a computer connected to it
Bar-code reader uses laser-beam scanning technology
It focuses a laser beam across the pattern of bars
Ref Page. 282
Slide 37/102
Different bar codes having different patterns of bars reflect
the beam in different ways
Light-sensitive detector senses the reflected light patterns
and converts them into electrical pulses
Logic circuits convert the electrical pulses into an
alphanumeric value
Most widely known one is the Universal Product Code
(UPC)
Bar-Code Reader
Ref Page. 282
Slide 38/102
UPC Bar-code
21000 67520
Product category character
0 - grocery products
3 - drugs and health
related products,
etc.
Manufacturer/supplier
identification number
Specific product
code number
0
Ref Page. 283
Slide 39/102
Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
MICR is similar to OCR
Banking industry uses it for faster processing of large
volume of cheques handled every day
Special ink containing particles of iron oxide is used for
pre-printing the characters on the cheque
E13B font is the most commonly used character set by
MICR devices
Ref Page. 283
Slide 40/102
Digitizer
Digitizer is an input device used for converting pictures,
maps, and drawings into digital form for input to computers
Digitizer consists of a digitizing tablet associated with a
stylus
Digitizing tablet is a flat surface that contains hundreds of
fine copper wires forming a grid
Digitizing tablet is spread over a working table and is
connected to a computer
The stylus is like a pen or a lens-like cursor with a cross
hair and button
When a user moves the stylus on the tablet, a cursor on
computers screen moves simultaneously to a
corresponding position on the screen to provide visual
feedback to the user
Ref Page. 284
Slide 41/102
Digitizer
Stylus
Digitizing tablet
Table top
Cursor
Ref Page. 284
Slide 42/102
Electronic Card Reader
Electronic cards are small plastic cards having encoded data
appropriate for the application for which they are used
Electronic-card reader, reads the data encoded on an
electronic card and transfers it to the computer
Magnetic strip cards
Have a magnetic strip on their back, in which encoded data is
stored
Data stored in it cannot be read visually
Employee identification card and bank ATM card are two such
examples
Smart cards
Have a built-in microprocessor chip instead of a magnetic strip
Memory of the microprocessor chip stores the encoded data
Smart card also has some processing capability
Ref Page. 285
Slide 43/102
Speech Recognition Devices
A speech recognition device allows a person to input data to
a computer system by speaking to it
Currently speech recognition systems have limited success
because correct interpretation by a machine of the large
number of words in the vocabulary of a language is difficult
Main difficulty is that different users speak with different
accents and intonations
A computer with speech recognition device consists of a
microphone or telephone and follows the steps shown in
next slide to recognize and act upon a spoken input data
Ref Page. 286
Slide 44/102
Speech Recognition System
Match with
pre-stored
words in
computers
electronic
dictionary
Person
speaking the
word STOP to
a computer
1
MOVE
NO
PUT
STOP
TEN
WAIT
YES
ZERO
Display the recognized
word and/or perform
command
5
Word STOP in
digital form
Convert analog
signals to digital
form
3
4
Convert spoken
word into electrical
signals (analog
form)
2
STOP
Ref Page. 287
Slide 45/102
Types of Speech Recognition Systems
Speaker-dependent
Recognizes the speech of only a single individual or a few
individuals
Usually maintains a separate database of pre-stored words for
each individual
Speaker-independent
Requires a very large database of pre-stored words to
accommodate anyones voice pattern
Usually has a very limited vocabulary
Single word recognition systems
Are designed to recognize only a single spoken word
Continuous speech recognition systems
Are designed to recognize spoken sentences
Ref Page. 288
Slide 46/102
Vision-Input Systems
They allow a computer to accept input by seeing an object
They consist of a digital camera and follow the following
steps to recognize a given object:
Focus the camera on the given object
Camera creates a digital image of the object and feeds it to
the computer
Computer matches the image with similarly formed pre-stored
images
Computer takes appropriate action depending on whether a
match is found or not
Ref Page. 289
Output Devices
Slide 48/102
Output Devices
An output device is an electromechanical device that accepts
data from a computer and translates them into a form
suitable for use by outside world
Output devices generate computer outputs that are classified
broadly into following types:
Soft-copy output: It is temporary in nature because it is not
produced on a paper or some material that a user can carry for
showing to others or for filing and use later
Hard-copy output: It is permanent in nature because it is
produced on a paper or some material that a user can carry for
showing to others or for filing and use later
Ref Page. 290
Slide 49/102
Monitors
Monitors are the most popular soft-copy output devices
They display an output on a television like screen
Two basic types of monitors are cathode-ray-tube (CRT) and
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) flat-panel
CRT monitors work much like a television screen
LCD flat-panel monitors are thinner, lighter, and are used
with both portable and non-portable computer systems
Ref Page. 290
Slide 50/102
CRT and LCD Monitors
CRT Monitor LCD Monitor
Ref Page. 290
Slide 51/102
How a CRT Monitor Displays an Output
Electron
beam
Consists of a
cathode and a
heating filament
Accelerating
electrodes
with focusing
electron lens
Horizontal
deflection
plates
Control grid
Vertical
deflection
plates
Phosphor
Screen Electron
beam
generator
Ref Page. 291
Slide 52/102
CRT Monitor
Electron gun does not draw an image directly by focusing and
shooting on the pixels forming the image
It traverses the screen in a fixed pattern
It aims at every pixel on the screen systematically, starting at
the top-left corner and scanning to the right horizontally, then
dropping down a small distance and scanning another line
Each horizontal line of pixels is called a scan line
In one pass of scanning the entire screen, if the electron beam
travels all scan lines from top to bottom sequentially, it is called
a progressive scan
On the other hand, if the electron beam travels only odd
numbered scan lines in one pass and even numbered scan lines
in the next pass, it is called an interlaced scan
Ref Page. 292
Slide 53/102
Screen Scanning
Scan lines
Horizontal
retraces
(a) Progressive scan
(b) Interlaced scan
Vertical
retraces
Ref Page. 292
Slide 54/102
How to Compare CRT Monitors?
Screen size
Monitors with 17 inch to 21 inch screen size are common
today
Users prefer a monitor with a large screen
Resolution
Refers to the number of points to which electron beam can be
directed (pixels) on the screen
Total number of scan lines is called a monitors vertical
resolution and total number of pixels per scan line is called its
horizontal resolution
Higher the resolution of a monitor, the clearer is its displayed
images
Ref Page. 293
Slide 55/102
Refresh rate
When an electron beam hits a pixel on phosphor-coated
screen, the pixel glows for a short time only and then fades
away
To make a displayed image appear flicker-free, it is drawn
repeatedly
The actual number of times that the electron beam scans the
entire screen per second is called refresh rate of the monitor
Higher the refresh rate, the better is the display quality of a
monitor
Color
Monitors are either monochrome or color
Monochrome monitor displays images only in a single color,
usually white, red, green, blue, or amber
Ref Page. 293
Slide 56/102
Color monitor displays multi-colored images
Monochrome monitor is usually capable of displaying multiple
shades
The term gray scales is used to refer to the number of shades of
a color that a monitor can display
A color monitor uses three electron beams instead of one, and
each pixel on the screen is made up of three tiny red, green,
and blue phosphors arranged in the shape of a triangle
Each pixel is represented by one byte
It can indicate one of 2
8
= 256 different colors to draw the
pixels
Todays high-end monitors use 24 bits to represent each pixel
Such monitors can support 2
24
or about 16 million different
colors
Ref Page. 294
Slide 57/102
Based on resolution and number of colors supported, several
standards for color monitors have evolved
Four popular standards are:
CGA (Color Graphics Adapter): It has a low resolution of 320 200
and supports up to 16 colors
EGA (Extended Graphics Adapter): It has a resolution of 640 350
and supports up to 16 colors
VGA (Video Graphics Array): It has a resolution of 640 480 and
supports up to 256 colors
Super VGA: It provides resolution from 800 600 to 1280 1024
and supports 256 or more colors
A video card (graphics adaptor card) has its own memory called
video RAM
The higher the resolution and the more colors a monitor
supports, the larger is the video RAM required
Ref Page. 294
Slide 58/102
Video RAM Capacity
Resolution
(Total
number
of pixels)
Memory required for number of colors supported (in bytes)
2 colors
(Requires 1
bit per pixel)
4 colors
(Requires 2
bits per pixel)
8 colors
(Requires 3
bits per pixel)
16 colors
(Requires 4
bits per pixel)
256 colors
(Requires 8
bits per pixel)
640 480
(3,07,200)
(307200 1)/8=
38,400 bytes
(307200 2)/8 =
76,800 bytes
(307200 3)/8 =
1,15,200 bytes
(307200 4)/8 =
1,53,600 bytes
(307200 8)/8 =
3,07,200 bytes
800 600
(4,80,000)
(480000 1)/8 =
60,000 bytes
(480000 2)/8 =
1,20,000 bytes
(480000 3)/8 =
1,80,000 bytes
(480000 4)/8 =
2,40,000 bytes
(480000 8)/8 =
4,80,000 bytes
1024 768
(7,86,432)
(786432 1)/8 =
98,304 bytes
(786432 2)/8 =
1,96,608 bytes
(786432 3)/8 =
2,94,912 bytes
(786432 4)/8 =
3,93,216 bytes
(786432 8)/8 =
7,86,432 bytes
1280 1024
(13,10,720)
(1310720 1)/8 =
1,63,840 bytes
(1310720 2)/8 =
3,27,680 bytes
(1310720 3)/8 =
4,91,520 bytes
(1310720 4)/8 =
6,55,360 bytes
(1310720 8)/8 =
13,10,720 bytes
Ref Page. 295
Slide 59/102
Flat Panel Monitors
A flat panel monitor is only about one inch thick, is light in
weight, and consumes less electricity than a CRT monitor
The display technologies used by flat panel monitors include
Liquid-crystal display (LCD)
Electro-luminescent display (ELD)
Gas-plasma display (GPD)
The liquid crystals used in these monitors are normally
transparent, but become opaque when charged with
electricity
Ref Page. 295
Slide 60/102
Dumb, Smart, and Intelligent
Terminals
Terminals are used extensively as online, remote data entry
devices
Depending on their local processing capability, they are
classified as dumb, smart, and intelligent
A dumb terminal is a simple, low-cost terminal, without any
local processing capability
A smart terminal has a microprocessor (a CPU) and some
internal storage in addition to I/O capabilities. It has local
data editing capability and the ability to consolidate input
data prior to sending it to the main computer
An intelligent terminal is a small computer by itself. It
consists of a built-in microcomputer and users can program it
Ref Page. 296
Slide 61/102
Terminal Emulators
A full-fledged computer like a PC or a workstation is
required to serve as a terminal for communicating with a
remote computer
A PC or a workstation is not a terminal, and does not act
like a terminal
This problem is solved by writing a software program that
runs on the PC/workstation and communicates with the
network interface over a serial port on the PC/workstation
and pretends that it is a terminal
Such a program is called a terminal emulator
Ref Page. 296
Slide 62/102
Privacy Filters
Monitors often use privacy filters to prevent others
sitting/standing nearby from viewing the contents
displayed on it
A privacy filter, which fits over a monitors screen, covers
the displayed contents from people standing/sitting nearby
on either side
It is made of a plastic film that is inlaid with microscopic
black strips
A user sitting in front of the screen can see through the
filter clearly, but to others, the screen looks black
Ref Page. 297
Slide 63/102
Printers
Printers available today are classified based on:
Printing technology used
Common types of printers are dot-matrix printers, ink-jet printers,
drum printers, chain/band printers, and laser printers
Approach of printing
Printers are of impact and non-impact types
Impact printers use the approach of hammering a typeface against
paper and inked ribbon to produce printed output
Nonimpact printers do not hit (impact) a ribbon to print. They use
thermal, electrostatic, chemical, or inkjet technology to produce
printed output
Speed of printing
Printers are classified as character, line, and page printers
A character printer prints one character at a time
A line printer prints one line at a time
A page printer prints an entire page at a time
Ref Page. 297
Slide 64/102
Printers
Quality of printing
Quality of printed output is directly proportional to resolution of
printing
Printers are classified as near-letter-quality (NLQ), letter-quality
(LQ), near-typeset-quality (NTQ), and typeset-quality (TQ)
NLQ and LQ printers are used for ordinary day-to-day printing
jobs
NTQ and TQ printers are used for top-quality professional printing
Language scripts
Printers are classified based on the scripts supported
A printer may support multiple scripts simultaneously to print in
multiple languages
Color
Printers can print either in a single color, or in two to three colors,
or in multiple colors
Ref Page. 297
Slide 65/102
Dot-Matrix Printers
They are character printers that print one character at a time
They form characters and all kinds of images as patterns of
dots
Print head contains an array of pins
Printer can activate each pin independent of others to extend
and strike against an inked ribbon to form a dot on the
paper
For faster printing, many dot-matrix printers print both ways
Such method is called bi-directional printing
Ref Page. 298
Slide 66/102
Quality of printed output is directly proportional to the
density of dots in the matrix
They are impact printers
Since they use inked ribbon to produce printed output, they
are usually monochrome
They are normally slow
They are cheap in terms of both initial cost and cost of
operation
Dot-Matrix Printers
Ref Page. 300
Slide 67/102
Dot Matrix Printer Printing Mechanism
Paper below
the ribbon
Direction of movement
of print head pins
Print head
pins
Inked
ribbon
Print head
Direction of movement
of print head
Printed characters
formed of dots in a 5
x 7 matrix
Ref Page. 299
Slide 68/102
Inkjet Printers
They are character printers that form characters and
images by spraying small drops of ink on a paper
Their print head contains up to 64 tiny nozzles
They can heat up the nozzles selectively in a few
microseconds by an integrated circuit resistor
To print a character, they selectively heat the appropriate
set of nozzles as the print head moves horizontally
They produce higher quality output than dot-matrix
printers
Ref Page. 300
Slide 69/102
Inkjet Printers
They are non-impact printers because they print by spraying
ink on paper
They are both monochrome and color
A monochrome inkjet printer uses a single cartridge with
black ink, whereas a color inkjet printer uses two ink
cartridges - black and tri-color
Tri-color cartridge contains red, blue, and green colors in a
package
They are slower and costlier than dot-matrix printers
Ref Page. 301
Slide 70/102
Drum Printers
They are line printers that print an entire line at a time
They consist of a solid cylindrical drum with characters
embossed on its surface in the form of circular bands
Each band consists of all printing characters supported by
the printer in its character set
Total number of bands is equal to the maximum number of
characters that the printer can print on a line
They have a set of hammers mounted in front of the drum
in a manner that an inked ribbon and paper can be placed
between the hammers and the drum
Drum rotates at a high speed
Ref Page. 301
Slide 71/102
Drum Printers
To print a character at a desired print position, the printer
activates the appropriate hammer when the character
embossed on the band at the print position passes below it
Drum would have to complete one full revolution to print
each line of output
They do not have the ability to print any shape of
characters, different sizes of print, and graphics such as
charts and graphs
They are impact printers because they print by hammering
on a paper and inked ribbon against characters embossed
on the drum
Ref Page. 302
Slide 72/102
Printing Mechanism of a Drum Printer
Hammers (one for
each band)
Paper
Ribbon
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
W W W W W W W W W W W W W W
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
V V V V V V V V V V V V V V
U U U U U U U U U U U U U U
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
S S S S S S S S S S S S S S
Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
P P P P P P P P P P P P P P
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
Total number of bands is
equal to the maximum
number of characters (print
positions) on a line. Each
band has all characters
supported by the printer.
Solid cylindrical
drum with
embossed
characters
Ref Page. 302
Slide 73/102
Chain/Band Printers
They are line printers that print one line at a time
They consist of a metallic chain/band on which all characters
of the character set supported by the printer are embossed
Characters in the character set are embossed several times
on the chain/band
They have a set of hammers mounted in front of the
chain/band in a manner that we can place an inked ribbon
and paper between the hammers and chain/band
Chain/band rotates at a high speed
To print a character at a desired print position, the printer
activates the appropriate hammer when the character
embossed on the chain/band passes below it
Ref Page. 302
Slide 74/102
Chain/Band Printers
Unlike the drum we can change the chain/band of a
chain/band printer easily
This allows different fonts and different scripts with the same
printer
They do not have the ability to print any shape of
characters, different sizes of print, and graphics such as
charts and graphs
They are impact printers because they print by hammering
on a paper and inked ribbon against characters embossed on
the chain/band
Ref Page. 303
Slide 75/102
Printing Mechanism of a Chain/Band Printer
One section of 48
characters
Ribbon
Paper
Direction of
movement
of the chain
Hammers
132 print positions
Complete chain is
composed of five
sections of 48
characters each
Ref Page. 303
Slide 76/102
Laser Printers
They are page printers that print one page at a time
Main components are a laser beam source, a multi-sided
mirror, a photoconductive drum, and toner
To print a page of output, the printer focuses the laser beam
on the electro statically charged drum by the spinning multi-
sided mirror
The mirror focuses the laser beam on the surface of the drum
in a manner to create the patterns of characters/images to be
printed on the page
The drum is photoconductive, a difference in electric charge is
created on those parts of the drum surface that are exposed
to the laser beam
Ref Page. 304
Slide 77/102
Laser Printers
The toner, composed of oppositely charged ink particles,
sticks to the drum in the places where the laser beam has
charged the drums surface
Printer then applies heat and pressure to fuse the toner
permanently on the paper to generate the printed output.
The printer rotates the drum and cleans it with a rubber
blade to remove the toner sticking to its surface to prepare
the drum for next page printing
They produce high quality output because they form
characters by tiny ink particles
They can print any shape of characters that a program can
describe because they produce printed output as patterns
generated by the laser beam
Ref Page. 304
Slide 78/102
They can print many special characters, different sizes of
print, and graphics such as charts and graphs
They are non-impact printers
Most laser printers can print in black color only
Now color laser printers are also available at affordable
price
A color laser printer has four color toners, each with a
drum of its own
Laser Printers
Ref Page. 304
Slide 79/102
Hydra Printers
Today most modern offices have following office equipment
- a printer, a fax machine, a copy machine, and a scanner
Need for these machines at one place and the overlap in the
technologies used in them has triggered their manufacturers
to create an all-in-one multifunctional device
Such a device is called a hydra printer
Ref Page. 305
Slide 80/102
Plotters
A plotter is an ideal output device for architects, engineers,
city planners, and others who need to generate high
precision, hard-copy, graphic output of varying sizes.
Plotters are of two types:
Drum plotter
Consists of a drum, one or more penholders mounted
perpendicular to the drums surface, and a graph-plotting
software
Drum rotates in both clockwise and anti-clockwise directions
to produce vertical motion
Pen(s) clamped in the holder(s) moves left to right or right to
left to produce horizontal motion
Under software control, the drum and pen(s) move
simultaneously to draw designs and graphs on a sheet placed
over the drum
Ref Page. 305
Slide 81/102
Plotters
It can also annotate a design or graph so drawn by drawing
characters of various sizes with the pen
Flatbed plotter
Consists of a rectangular flatbed table, one or more penholders
mounted perpendicular to the tables surface, and a graph-
plotting software
Under software control, the pen(s) move in the required
manner to draw designs and graphs on the sheet placed on the
flatbed table
Since each pen is program selectable, a user can use the plotter
to produce multi-colored designs by mounting pens having ink
of different colors in different holders
Plotters are slow in operation because of excessive
mechanical movement required during plotting
Ref Page. 306
Slide 82/102
Plotters
A flatbed plotter
Design drawn
on the paper
Paper
A drum plotter
Paper
Design drawn
on the paper
Ref Page. 306
Slide 83/102
Computer Output Microfilm (COM)
COM is an output device that records computer output as
microscopic filmed images on a sheet of microfilm usually
measuring 4"6"
This sheet of film is called a microfiche
COM recording process produces page images that are 48 or
more times smaller than those produced by conventional printers
A single microfiche can hold about 300 times as much
information as a standard computer printed page
COM uses a microfilm recorder for recording output on a
microfiche
Microfilm reader is used to view the output recorded on a
microfiche
It operates on a "back projection principle and displays a frame
at a time on a translucent screen
Ref Page. 306
Slide 84/102
Advantages and Limitations of COM
System
Information recording speed is many times faster for a COM
system as compared to a printer
Microfilm output is many times more compact than a printed
page output
Microfilm output is less costly than printed output
Initial investment required for installing a COM system is
much more than that required for buying an ordinary printer
People feel uncomfortable using a COM system
Ref Page. 307
Slide 85/102
Screen Image Projector
It is an output device used to project information from a
computer on a large screen
It is very useful for making presentations to a group of
people
It has become common presentation equipment today
It provides a temporary, soft-copy output
Ref Page. 308
Slide 86/102
Screen Image Projector
Projection lens
Operations buttons
On/Off light indicator
Ref Page. 308
Slide 87/102
Voice Response System
It has an audio-response device that produces audio output
Output is temporary
It produces soft-copy output
Voice response systems are of two types:
Voice reproduction system
It produces audio output by selecting an audio output from a set
of pre-recorded audio responses
It first converts the analog recordings of the pre-recorded
sounds into digital data and stores them on a disk
To produce an audio output, the system selects the
corresponding sound from the set of pre-recorded sounds
Ref Page. 309
Slide 88/102
Voice Response Systems
Speech synthesizer
It converts text information into spoken sentences
To produce speech, it combines basic sound units called
phonemes
It combines the sequence of words into phonemes, amplifies
it, and produces the output through a speaker
Ref Page. 310
Slide 89/102
Ergonomically Designed Devices
Ergonomics is the science that deals with designing and
arranging machines and other things in such a way that their
users can use them with maximum comfort
A few examples of efforts made in this direction are:
Separate keyboard attached with a reasonably long cable
enables a user to move the keyboard to any comfortable
position
New keyboards have tilt adjustments and hand-rest pads
Cordless mouse is more comfortable to use than a wired mouse
A monitor mounted on a ball bearing enables a user to tilt and
rotate it
Ref Page. 310
Slide 90/102
Ergonomically Designed Devices
Flat-screen monitors are fast replacing curved-screen monitors
because they improve readability and reduce reflections
Color monitors are fast replacing monochrome monitors
because they are more comfortable to view
Newer monitors use higher resolution to prevent flicker of
displayed objects
Newer monitors also use special screen coatings for reducing
glare on eyes
Ref Page. 311
I/O Interfaces
Slide 92/102
Device Controllers
I/O devices are not connected directly to a computers
system bus, but are connected via an intermediate
electronic device called device controller
Device controller is an interface unit between an I/O device
and a computers system bus
Single device controller usually controls multiple I/O devices
Cables coming out of the controller are terminated usually
at the back panel of the main computer box in the form of
connectors called I/O ports
Ref Page. 311
Slide 93/102
Device Controller
System
Bus
non-DMA path
DMA path
CPU
Multi-port
Device
controller
Single-port
Device
controller
I/O
Device
I/O
Device
I/O
Device
I/O
Device
I/O Port I/O Port I/O Port I/O Port
Memory
Ref Page. 312
Slide 94/102
Serial and Parallel Ports
I/O ports are classified broadly as serial ports and parallel
ports
Serial ports
A serial port is used to connect any device that sends or
receives a stream of bytes serially, one bit at a time
It has only two wires - one for sending data and another for
receiving data
A chip called UART on the device controllers card converts
parallel data from the system bus into serial data that can flow
through a serial cable or telephone wire
RS-232C interface is popular serial
port standard used for transmission
of data
Ref Page. 313
Slide 95/102
Serial and Parallel Ports
Parallel ports
A parallel port allows transfer of 8 or 16 bits of data at a
time
It has 8 or 16 parallel wires for sending and receiving data
It provides faster data transfer rate than serial I/O ports
Ref Page. 314
Slide 96/102
Process of Data Transfer in Case of a
Serial I/O Port
Direction of flow of
data in this example
Data bits of
1
st
byte
Stop
bit
Start
bit
Stop
bit
Data bits of
2
nd
byte
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
Parity bit
S
Y
S
T
E
M
B
U
S
Bit 4
Bit 0
Bit 1
Bit 2
Bit 3
Bit 5
Bit 6
Bit 7
UART of
device
controller
card
Start
bit
I/O
P
O
R
T
Serial
I/O
device
Ref Page. 313
Slide 97/102
Process of Data Transfer in Case of a
Parallel I/O Port
S
Y
S
T
E
M
B
U
S
Device
controller
card
Bit 4 0 0 0
Bit 0 0 1 0
Bit 1 1 1 1
Bit 2 1 1 0
Bit 3 1 0 1
Bit 5 1 1 0
Bit 6 0 0 1
Bit 7 0 1 0
Parity bit 0 1 1
Bit 0 0 1 0
Bit 1 1 1 1
Bit 2 1 1 0
Bit 3 1 0 1
Bit 4 0 0 0
Bit 5 1 1 0
Bit 6 0 0 1
Bit 7 0 1 0
Parity bit 0 1 1
Byte 2
Byte 1
Byte 3
Byte 2
Byte 1
Byte 3
I/O
P
O
R
T
Parallel
I/O
device
Ref Page. 314
Slide 98/102
SCSI Interfaces
SCSI interface uses a generic device controller and allows
any device with an SCSI interface to be connected directly
We can plug one SCSI device into another to form a daisy
chain
We can purchase a separate SCSI interface to plug into an
existing parallel port to which we can connect additional
SCSI devices
Ref Page. 315
Slide 99/102
USB (Universal Serial Bus) Standard
USB is host controlled in the sense that there can be only
one host per bus
USB 2.0 has a Host Negotiation Protocol, which allows two
devices to negotiate for the role of host
USB standard aims at and is limited to single point-to-point
connections
The USB host is responsible for undertaking all transactions
and scheduling bandwidth
USB uses a tiered star topology, similar to that of 10BaseT
Ethernet
Many devices have USB hubs integrated into them
Ref Page. 315
Slide 100/102
USB (Universal Serial Bus) Standard
USBs tiered star topology has following benefits:
We can monitor power to each device and even switch off a
device if an over-current condition occurs
Can support all three types (high-speed, full-speed, and low-
speed) of devices
We can connect up to 127 devices to a single USB
USB supports plug-and-play facility with dynamically loadable
and unloadable drivers
Another important feature of USB is its support for bus-
powered devices
Ref Page. 316
Slide 101/102
Key Words/Phrases
Input-output devices
Peripheral devices
QWERTY keyboard
Dvorak keyboard
Alphanumeric keys
Numeric keypad
Keyboard buffer
Graphical user interface (GUI)
Wired and Cordless Mouse
Trackball
Joystick
Photoelectric
Information kiosk
Data scanning devices
Bit map representation
Flatbed scanner
Hand-held scanner
Optical Character Recognition
(OCR)
Bar-code reader
Universal Product Code (UPC)
Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition
(MICR)
Digitizing tablet
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Magnetic strip cards
Cathode
Electron gun
Scan line
Horizontal trace
Vertical trace
Interlaced scan
Progressive scan
Graphics adapter board
Extended Graphics Adapter
Video Graphics Array
Liquid-Crystal Display (LCD)
Slide 102/102
Key Words/Phrases
Electro-luminescent display
Gas-plasma display
Dumb terminal
Terminal emulator
Bi-directional printing
Plotters
Computer Output Microfilm (COM)
Screen image projector
Voice response Systems
Speech synthesizer
Ergonomics
Device controller
Serial and parallel ports
Expansion slots
Host negotiation protocol

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