Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Ni su Serija Matematika 6 (1992), 141149 FILOMAT-20, Ni s, Septembar 2628, 1991

INFLATIONS OF A BAND OF MONOIDS c and Stojan Bogdanovic Miroslav Ciri

Abstract. In this paper constructions of inations of bands of monoids by systems of homomorphisms are given. Using the method from [3] we give constructions for inations of bands of monoids in the general case, and also in some special cases (inations of R edeis bands of monoids). Moreover, some characterizations for inations of bands of groups and for a R edeis bands of groups are given. Let T be a subsemigroup of a semigroup S . A homomorphism of S onto T is a retraction if (t) = t for all t T . A semigroup S is an ination of a semigroup T if T is a subsemigroup of S , S 2 T and there exists a retraction of S onto T . By Ge we denote the maximal subgroup of a semigroup S with the identity e. A band E is a R edeis band if ef {e, f } for all e, f E . Let be a quasiorder (i.e. reexive and transitive binary relation) on a set X . Then x < y x y x = y, x, y X . Let Si , i I be a family of semigroups with pairwise disjoint sets of elements and let be a quasiorder on the index set I . A system ij of homomorphisms of Sj into Si dened for all i, j I such that i j we call the system of homomorphisms over the quasiorder . If, besides that, the following properties hold: (i) ii is the identical automorphism of Si for every i I , (ii) ij jk = ik if i < j < k, then the system ij we call the transitive system of homomorphisms over . In this paper we will use the following quasiorders dened on a band I : ij = i , i 1 j ji = i , i 2 j i, j I . If I is a R edeis band and a relation 3 is dened on I by i 3 j i 1 j i 2 j , i, j I ,

then by Lemma 1. [8] it follows that 3 is also a quasiorder on I . For undened notions and notations we refer to [1] and [7]. Supported by Grant 0401A of Science Fund of Serbia through Math. Inst. SANU 1991 Mathematics subject classication. Primary: 20M10 141

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Theorem 1. Let I be a band. To each i I we associate a semigroup Si such that Si Sj = if i = j . Let Si be an ination of a monoid Gi with the identity ei , i I . Let ij and ij be systems of homomorphisms over 1 and 2 , respectively, for which the following properties hold: (1) (2) (3) ij and ij are the identical automorphisms of Si , for every i I ; i 1 j 1 k , ij jk (sk ) = ik (sk )ij (ej ) , ij jk (sk ) = ij (ej )ik (sk ) , i 2 j 2 k .

Let (aij ) be an I I -matrix over S = {Si | i I } such that aij Sij , aii = ei and ijk,ij (aij ij,j (sj ))aij,k = ai,jk ijk,jk (jk,j (sj )ajk ) , (4) for every i, j, k I . Dene a multiplication on S = {Si | i I } by: si Si , sj Sj . si sj = ij,i (si )aij ij,j (sj ) , (5)

Then (S, ) is an ination of a band of monoids. Conversely, every ination of a band of monoids can be so constructed. Proof. Let the conditions of this Theorem hold. Then by Theorem 1. [3] (G, ) is a band of monoids, where G = {Gi | i I }. That (S, ) is a semigroup we prove in a similar way as in the proof of Theorem 1. [3]. For si Si , sj Sj we have that si sj = ij,i (si )aij ij,j (sj ) Sij Sij Sij Gij , so S 2 = G. Let i : Si Gi , i I , be a retraction. Then for si Si , i (si ) = ei si = si ei . Dene a mapping : S G by: (x) = i (x) if x Si , i I . Let si Si , sj Sj . Then (si ) (sj ) = i (si ) j (sj ) = ij,i (i (si ))aij ij,j (j (sj )) = ij,i (si ei )aij ij,j (ej sj ) = ij,i (si )ij,i (ei )aij ij,j (ej )ij,j (sj ) = ij,i (si )aij ij,j (sj ) = si sj = ij ((si sj ) = ( s i sj ) .

by (2) and (3), since si sj Gij ,

Therefore, is a retraction of S onto G, so S is an ination of a band of monoids G. Conversely, let S be an ination of a semigroup G, let G be a band I of monoids Gi , i I , and let : S G be a retraction. Let Si = 1 (Gi ), i I . Then S is a band I of pairwise disjoint semigroups Si , i I , and for every i I , Si is an ination of a monoid Gi . Clearly, (xi ) = ei xi = xi ei , xi Si , i I . Dene mappings ij and ij of Sj into Si over 1 and 2 , respectively, by si if i = j si if i = j . ij (sj ) = , ij (sj ) = e i sj if i = j if i = j sj ei Immediately we show that ij and ij are homomorphisms. It is clear that aij = ei ej Gij and that aii = ei for all i, j I . Using the fact that ij (sj ) = sj ei = (sj )(ei ) = sj ej ei = ij (sj ej ) = ij ((sj )) ,

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and, analogously, that ij (sj ) = ((sj )), then by Theorem 1. [3] we have that the conditions (2),(3) and (4) hold. For si Si , sj Sj we obtain that si sj = (si )(sj ) = ij,i ((si ))aij ij,j ((sj )) = ij,i (si )aij ij,j (sj ) . Example 1. The semigroup given by the following table ei xi ej xj ei ej ei ei ej xi ei ei ej ej ei ej ei ej ej ei ei ej ej xj is an ination of a band of groups and the multiplication on S is determined by the following homomorphisms ej x j e i xi ij = , ji = , (i <1 j <1 i) , ej ej ei xi and aij = ajj = ej , aji = aii = ei . Clearly, this representation of homomorphisms ij and ji is dierent to the representation of its in Theorem 1. Therefore, systems of homomorphisms are not determined uniquely. By the following theorem we give the construction of an ination of a band of monoids dierent to the construction from Theorem 1. This other construction give the connection between systems of homomorphisms and retractions. Theorem 2. Let I be a band. To each i I we associate a semigroup Si such that Si Sj = if i = j . Let Si be an ination of a monoid Gi with the identity ei , i I . Let ij and ij be systems of homomorphisms over 1 and 2 , respectively, for which the following properties hold: (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) for every i I , ij = ij is a retraction of Si onto Gi ; ii ij = ij jj = ij , i 1 j , ii ij = ij jj = ij , i 2 j , i < 1 j <1 k , ij jk (sk ) = ik (sk )ij (ej ) , i < 2 j <2 k . ij jk (sk ) = ij (ej )ik (sk ) ,

Let (aij ) be an I I -matrix over S = {Si | i I } such that aij Sij , aii = ei and (11) ijk,ij (aij ij,j (sj ))aij,k = ai,jk ijk,jk (jk,j (sj )ajk ) , for every i, j, k I . Dene a multiplication on S by: (12) si sj = ij,i (si )aij ij,j (sj ) , si Si , sj Sj .

Then (S, ) is an ination of a band of monoids. Conversely, every ination of a band of monoids can be so constructed.

Proof. Let conditions of this Theorem hold. As in the proof of Theorem 1. we obtain that S 2 = G = {Gi | i I }, that (S, ) is a semigroup and that (G, ) is a band of monoids. Dene a mapping : S G by:

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Therefore, is a retraction of S onto G, so S is an ination of a band of monoids G. Conversely, let S be an ination of a band I of monoids Gi , i I . In a similar way as in the proof of Theorem 1. we determine semigroups Si , i I . If we dene mappings ij and ij over 1 and 2 , respectively, by ij (sj ) = sj ej ei , ij (sj ) = ei ej sj , then easily we prove the statements (6)-(12). Theorem 3. Let I be a band. To each i I we associate a semigroup Si such that Si Sj = if i = j . Let Si be an ination of an unipotent monoid Gi . Let ij and ij be transitive systems of homomorphisms over 1 and 2 , respectively. Let (aij ) be an I I matrix over S = {Si | i I } such that aij Sij , aii is the identity of Gi and the condition (4) holds. Dene a multiplication on S by (5). Then (S, ) is an ination of a band of unipotent monoids. Conversely, every ination of a band of unipotent monoids can be so constructed. Theorem 4. A semigroup S is an ination of a band of groups if and only if (13) for all a, b S . ab a2 bS Sab2 ,

(x) = ii if x Si , i I . For si Si , sj Sj we have that (si )(sj ) = ii (si )jj (sj ) = ij,i ii (si )aij ij,j jj (sj ) = ij,i (si )aij ij,j (sj ) = si sj = ij,ij (si sj ) = (si sj ) .

Proof. Let S be an ination of a semigroup T with a retraction of S onto T , and let T be a band I of groups Gi , i I . Let a, b S , and let (a) Gi , (b) Gj , for some i, j I . Since ab, a2 b, ab2 T , we then obtain that ab = (ab) = (a)(b) Gij , a2 b = (a2 b) = ((a))2 (b) Gij and ab2 = (ab2 ) = (a)((b))2 Gij . Therefore, ab a2 bGij ab2 a2 bSab2 . Conversely, let (13) holds. Then by Theorem 1. [3] it follows that S is an ination of an union of groups T . Let a, b T and let a H e, b H f , for some e, f E (S ), where H is the Greens relation on T . Then ab = a2 a1 b a2 (a1 )2 bS = ebS = ef bS ef T , ab = ab1 b2 Sa(b1 )2 b2 = Saf = Saef T ef , 1 ef = a af a1 a2 f S = af S = ab1 bf S ab1 b2 f S = abf S abT , ef = ebb1 Seb2 b1 = Seb = Seaa1 b ea2 a1 b = Seab T ab . Therefore, ab H ef , so H is a congruence. Hence, T is a band of groups.

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R edeis bands of semigroups are the interesting class of semigroups, with very important applications. For one of its see [7,Chapter V]. Here we consider inations of R edeis bands of monoids and inations of R edeis bands of groups. edeis band. To each i I we associate a monoid Theorem 5. Let I be a R Si with the identity ei such that Si Sj = if i = j . Let ij and ij be systems of homomorphisms over 1 and 2 , respectively, for which the following properties hold: (14) (15) ij jk (sk ) = ik (sk )ij (ej ) , i 1 j 1 k , ij jk (sk ) = ij (ej )ik (sk ) , i 2 j 2 k . (16) (17) i 2 j 2 k, i 2 k , ij jk (sk ) = ik (sk )ij (ej ) , (18) ij jk (sk ) = ij (ej )ik (sk ) , i 1 j 1 k, i 1 k . Dene a multiplication on S = {Si | i I } by: s i Si , s j Sj . si sj = ij,i (si )ij,j (sj ) , (19) Then (S, ) is a R edeis band of monoids. Conversely, every R edeis band of monoids can be so constructed. Proof. Let si Si , sj Sj and sk Sk . Then (si sj ) sk = (ij,i (si )ij,j (sj )) sk = ijk,ij (ij,i (si )ij,j (sj ))ijk,k (sk ) = ijk,ij ij,i (si )ijk,ij ij,j (sj )ijk,k (sk ) = ijk,i (si )ijk,ij (eij )ijk,ij ij,j (sj )ijk,k (sk ) = ijk,i (si )ijk,ij ij,j (sj )ijk,k (sk ) , si (sj sk ) = si (jk,j (sj )jk,k (sk )) = ijk,i (si )ijk,jk (jk,j (sj )jk,k (sk )) = ijk,i (si )ijk,jk jk,j (sj )ijk,jk jk,k (sk ) = ijk,i (si )ijk,jk jk,j (sj )ijk,jk (ejk )ijk,k (sk ) = ijk,i (si )ijk,jk jk,j (sj )ijk,k (sk ) . ij and ij are the identical automorphisms of Si , for every i I ;

Now we distinguish the following cases: (i) if ij = j = jk , then ijk = ij = j , so ijk,ij ij,j = jj jj = jj jj = ijk,jk jk,j ; (ii) if ij = j, jk = k , then ijk = jk = k , so ijk,ij ij,j = kj jj = kk kj = ijk,jk jk,j ; (iii) if ij = i, jk = j , then ijk = ij = i, so ijk,ij ij,j = ii ij = ij jj = ijk,jk jk,j ; (iv ) if ij = i, jk = k, ik = i, i.e. i 2 j, i 2 k, k 1 j , then ijk = ik = i, so by (17) it follows that ijk,ij ij,j (sj ) = ii ij (sj ) , ijk,jk jk,j (sj ) = ik kj (sj ) = ij (sj )ik (ek ) , whence (si sj ) sk = si ij (sj )ik (sk ) = si ij (s)j )ik (ek )ik (sk )

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c and S.Bogdanovi M.Ciri c = si (sj sk ) ;

(v ) if ij = i, jk = k, ik = k , i.e. i 2 j, k 1 j, k 1 i, then ijk = ik = k , so by (18) it follows that ijk,ij ij,j (sj ) = ki ij (sj ) = ki (ei )kj (sj ) , ijk,jk jk,j (sj ) = kk kj (sj ) = kj (sj ) , whence (si sj ) sk = ki (si )ki (ei )kj (sj )sk = ki (si )kj (sj )sk = s i ( sj sk ) .

edeis band I of monoids Therefore, (S, ) is a semigroup and, clearly, S is a R Si , i I . Let ei be the identity of Si , i I . Dene mappings ij and ij over 1 and 2 , respectively, by: ij (sj ) = sj ei , ij (sj ) = ei sj .

Then by the proof of Theorem 1. [3] we have that ij and ij are homomorphisms and that (14),(15) and (16) hold. In a similar way we prove (17) and (18). Finally, si sj = si ei sj = si eij sj = si eij eij sj , if ij = i , si sj = si ej sj = si eij sj = si eij eij sj , if ij = j , so, in any cases, si sj = si eij eij sj = ij,i (si )ij,j (sj ) (= si sj ) . Theorem 6. Let I be a R edeis band. To each i I we associate a semigroup Si which is an ination of a monoid Gi with the identity ei , such that Si Sj = if i = j . Let ij and ij be systems of homomorphisms over 1 and 2 , respectively, for which the following properties hold: for every i I ij = ij is a retraction of Si onto Gi ; ii ij = ij jj = ij , (21) i 1 j , ii ij = ij jj = ij , i 2 j , (22) ij jk (sk ) = ik (sk )ij (ej ) , i <1 j <1 k , (23) ij jk (sk ) = ij (ej )ik (sk ) , (24) i < 2 j <2 k . ij jk (sk ) = ik (sk )ij (ej ) , (25) i 2 j 2 k, i 2 k , (26) ij jk (sk ) = ij (ej )ik (sk ) , i 1 j 1 k, i 1 k . Dene a multiplication on S = {Si | i I } by: si sj = ij,i (si )ij,j (sj ) , s i Si , s j Sj .

(20)

edeis band of monoids. Then (S, ) is an ination of a R Conversely, every ination of a R edeis band of monoids can be so constructed. Proof. Let si Si , sj Sj and sk Sk . Then (si sj ) sk = ijk,ij ij,i (si )ijk,ij ij,j (sj )ijk,k (sk ) = ijk,i (si )ijk,ij (eij )ijk,ij ij,j (sj )ijk,k (sk ) = ijk,i (si )ijk,ij ij,ij ij,j (sj )ijk,k (sk ) , = ijk,i (si )ijk,ij ij,j (sj )ijk,k (sk ) , si (sj sk ) = ijk,i (si )ijk,jk jk,j (sj )ijk,k (sk )) .

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The similar proof we have in the case (v ). Thus, (S, ) is a semigroup. Let G = {Gi | i I }. By Theorem 5. it follows that (G, ) is a R edeis band of monoids. In a similar way as in the proof of Theorem 2. we shows that S is an ination of G. Conversely, let S be an ination of a band I of monoids Gi , i I , with the retraction . Using methods and denitions from the proof of Theorem 2, we easy prove that conditions (20)-(26) hold. Let si Si , sj Sj . Then si sj = (si )(sj ) = si ei ej sj = si ei ei ei ej sj = si ei eij eij ej sj si ei ej ej ej sj = si ei eij eij ej sj if ij = i , if ij = j ,

Now we have the same cases as in the proof of Theorem 5. and in cases (i), (ii) and (iii) we have similar proofs. Let we consider the case (iv ). Then ijk,ij ij,j = ii ij = ij , ijk,jk jk,j = ik kj , whence si (sj sk ) = ii (si )ik kj (sj )ik (sk ) = ii (si )ij (sj )ik (ek )ik (sk ) = ii (si )ij (sj )ik kk (sk ) = ii (si )ij (sj )ik (sk ) = (si sj ) sk .

= ij,i (si )ij,j (sj ) (= si sj ). Remark 1. If ij and ij be systems from Theorem 6. and we put that aij = ij (ei ) if i 2 j , aij = ji (ei ) if j 1 i , then we can prove that systems ij and ij and the matrix (aij ) satisfy the conditions of Theorem 2, so Theorem 6. is a special case of Theorem 2. In this way we obtain, also, that Theorem 5. is a special case of Theorem 1. [2]. Remark 2. If ij and ij be systems from Theorem 6. then in the case i 1 j and i 2 j we obtain that ij = ij . Clearly, that holds also for systems of homomorphisms from Theorem 5. Theorem 7. A semigroup S is an ination of a R edeis band of groups if and only if for all a, b S one of the following conditions holds: (27) ab a2 Sa2 a2 Sb ; ab b2 Sb2 b2 aS . (28)

Proof. Let S be an ination of a semigroup T with the retraction of edeis band I of groups Gi , i I . Let a, b S S onto T and let T be a R and let (a) Gi , (b) Gj for some i, j I . If ij = i, then ab = (ab) = (a)(b) Gij = Gi , a2 = (a2 ) = ((a))2 Gi , and ab a2 Gi a2 a2 abGi ab ,

whence

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so (27) holds. If ij = j , then in a similar way we prove that ab b2 Gj b2 and b2 abGj ab , so (28) holds. Conversely, let for all a, b S one of the conditions (27) and (28) holds. Then a2 a2 Sa2 , i.e. a2 is regular for all a S . By hypothesis and by Theorem 3.1. [4] we have that S is a semilattice Y of semigroups S , Y , and for every Y , S is a nil-extension of a left or a right group K . Let a S , b S for some , Y , and let a2 Ge , b2 Gf for some e, f E (S ). Assume that (27) holds, i.e. that ab = a2 ua2 and a2 = vb for some u, v S . Then it is easy to verify that = = , so by Lemma 1. [5] it follows that ab = a2 ua2 = ea2 ua2 e eS e = Ge . and a2 b = a(ab) Ge , so e Sa2 b = Svb2 , whence ef = e. Therefore, (29) ab Gef . In a similar way we show that by (28) it follows that (29) holds and ef = f . Hence, S 2 is a R edeis band E (S ) of groups Ge , e E (S ). Dene a mapping : S S 2 by: (x) = xe if x2 Ge , e E (S ) . Let a, b S, a2 Ge , b2 Gf . Then by (29) it follows that ab Gef , so by Lemma 1. [6] we obtain that (ab) = abef = eabf = aebf = (a)(b) , if ab Ge (for ef = e), and (ab) = abef = ef ab = eabf = aebf (a)(b) , if ab Gf (for ef = f ). Therefore, S is an ination of a R edeis band of groups. edeis band of periodic Corollary 1. A semigroup S is an ination of a R groups if and only if for all a, b S . ab a
2

Corollary 2. Let I be a R edeis band. To each i I we associate a group Si such that Si Sj = if i = j . Let ij be a transitive system of homomorphisms over the quasiorder 3 . Dene a multiplication on S = {Si | i I } by: si sj = ij,i (si )ij,j (sj ) , si Si , sj Sj . Then (S, ) is a R edeis band of groups. Conversely, every R edeis band of groups can be so constructed.

Corollary 3. Let I be a R edeis band. To each i I we associate an ination Si of a group Gi such that Si Sj = if i = j . Let ij be a system of homomorphisms over the quasiorder 3 for which the following properties hold: (i) for every i I ij is a retraction of Si onto Gi ;

Inations of a band of monoids (ii) ij jk = ik , i 3 j 3 k . Dene a multiplication on S = {Si | i I } by: si sj = ij,i (si )ij,j (sj ) , si Si , sj Sj .

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Then (S, ) is an ination of a R edeis band of groups. Conversely, every ination of a R edeis band of groups can be so constructed. Proof. This follows by Theorem 6, Remark 2. and by the fact that homomorphic image of an idempotent is an idempotent. References , Semigroups with a system of subsemigroups, Inst. of Math. [1] S.Bogdanovic Novi Sad, 1985. , Ination of a union of groups, Matemati cki Vesnik, 37 (1985), [2] S.Bogdanovic 351-355. c and M.Ciri , Bands of monoids, Matemati [3] S.Bogdanovic cki bilten Skopje, 9-10 (XXXV-XXXVI) (1985-1986), 57-61. c and M.Ciri , Semigroups of Galbiati-Veronesi III (Semilat[4] S.Bogdanovic tice of nil-extensions of left and right groups), Facta Univ. Ni s, Ser. Math. Inform. 4 (1989), 1-14. and S.Milic , A nil-extension of a completely simple semi[5] S.Bogdanovic group, Publ. Inst. Math. 36 (50), (1984), 45-50. [6] W.D.Munn, Pseudoinverses in semigroups, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 57 (1961), 247-250. [7] M.Petrich, Lectures in semigroups, Akad. Verlag, Berlin, 1977. [8] B.M.Schein, Bands of monoids, Acta Sci. Math. Szeged 36 (1974), 145-154. Department of Mathematics Philosophical Faculty 18000 Ni s, Cirila i Metodija 2 Yugoslavia , Faculty of Economics, 18000 Current address: Stojan Bogdanovic Ni s, Yugoslavia Faculty of Economics 18000 Ni s, Trg Jna 11 Yugoslavia