Chapter #11: Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic Big Picture Themes 1.

. Jeffersons election was considered a revolution because he represented the common people for the first time. 2. Troubles in North Africa and between England and France emerged. Jeffersons actions were sluggish. 3. Trying to again avoid war with England or France, Jefferson bumbled around with an embargo. His theory was that the only way to avoid war was to stop interaction between U.S. ships and Europe. The overall effect was to kill U.S. trade and enrage the merchants and businessmen up North. 4. The Louisiana Purchase came as a complete surprise and quickly doubled the size of the U.S. 5. James Madison picked up where Jefferson left off with the embargo in trying to avoid war. But, young western Congressmen wanted war to possibly gain new land, to squelch Indian troubles, and defend the free seas. They declared the War of 1812 with England. IDENTIFICATIONS: Marbury v. Madison Marbyry v. Madison was a case in the Supreme Court that eventually established the policy of judicial review, in which the Supreme Court would have the final say on the question of constitutionality. Henry Clay Henry Clay served in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, and was also a Secretary of State. He played a crucial role in leading the United State to war in 1812. Essex Junto The Essex Junto was a powerful group of New England Federalist party officials, including lawyers, merchants, and politicians. John Adams and Alexander Hamilton are often associated with this name. Burr Conspiracy Aaron Burr conspired against Jefferson to plot the secession of New England. When this was foiled by Hamilton, he challenged Hamilton to a duel and ultimately killed him. Impressment Impressment was the forced enlisting of sailors, and was practiced by the British during times of British and French conflicts. Many American sailors fell victim to this.

Chesapeake/Leopard Incident A royal frigate commanded by the British, was ordered to fire upon a U.S frigate, the Chesapeake. This resulted in three American deaths, as well as 18 other American injuries. Non-intercourse Act The Non-intercourse Act was passed by Congress as an act of compensation for the Embargo Act. It legally allowed trade to other all other countries except for France and Britain. Macons Bill No. 2 Macons Bill No. 2 was passed by Congress during Madisons presidency. It repealed the embargo completely, and hoped to lure Britain and France back into an alliance.

William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe At the Battle of Tippecanoe, white soldiers led by Commander Henry Harrison effectively destroyed all Shawnee settlements, and led the remaining Indians to ally themselves with Britain.

War Hawks War Hawks were the name given to the hot-headed youths who desperately called for a war against Great Britain. Their actions aroused the attention of James Madison, who eventually declared war on 1812.

Battle of Horseshoe bend The Battle of Horseshoe bend was led by Andrew Jackson, and effectively crushed all Southwest Indians. Hartford Convention The Hartford Convention was issued by Massachusetts in 1814, when the capture of New Orleans seemed imminent. They met to discuss grievances and to seek to redress their wrongs. Treaty of Ghent The Treaty of Ghent, signed in 1814, was an agreement from both sides to stop fighting and to restore conquered territories. Treaty of Greenville 1795 In the Treaty of Greenville, the Indians agreed to give up their lands in the Old Northwest in exchange for $20,000, an annuity of $9,000, and recognition of their sovereign status.

Battle of New Orleans New Orleans became an area of conflict in the early 1800s, when Spain withdrew their right of deposit. In doing so, America seemed on the brink of war once again with Britain and France. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Federalist and Republican Mudslingers Know: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Whispering Campaign 1. What political liabilities existed for Adams and for Jefferson in 1800? During this time period, the Federalist Party received a number of damaging blows to its reputation and status. In refusing to fight with France, John Adams found himself an outcast of the Federalists. His decision devastated the Federalists, whose feverish war preparations had swelled public debt and created disagreeable new taxes. The federalists then began to challenge Jefferson, making him a victim of Americas earliest example of whispering campaigns. He was accused of having intimate relations with one of his slaves, and many ministers also thundered against his alleged atheism. The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800" Know: Aaron Burr 2. Was the 1800 election more or less important than the 1796 election? Explain. During the 1800 elections, Jefferson and Burr had both received the same number of electoral votes for the presidency. Under the Constitution, this meant that the House of Representatives had to break this tie. This agonizing period was concluded when finally a few Federalists who hoped for moderation from Jefferson, refrained from voting. Jefferson referred to this election as a revolution, meaning that he considered it a representation of a return of the original spirit of the Revolution. His mission was to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of governmental power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule. 3. If the Federalists had power for such a short time, were they really that important? Explain. Although the Federalists held power for only such a short time, they are still considered an important part of our history. Due to conflicts between Hamilton and Jefferson, the rise of the Federalist Party in effect also caused the rise of the opposing Democratic-Republican Party, which still exists today. The decisions of John Adams and George Washington also reflected the political ideals of the Federalist Party, which are significant because they were Americas original Founding Fathers. Responsibility Breeds Moderation Know: Pell-mell 4. How revolutionary was the "Revolution of 1800?" It was hardly revolutionary, as Jefferson had barely managed to win presidency by a narrow margin. America could also take pride in the vigor of their experiments in democracy, as the peaceful and orderly transfer of power on the basis of an election whose results all parties accepted. During his presidency, Jefferson also established a system of

pell-mell at official dinners, in which guests did not have to sit according to their rank. This was taken as a personal insult to the British minister. Jeffersonian Restraint Know: Albert Gallatin 5. "As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a Democratic Republican." Assess. During Jeffersons presidency, he only managed to eradicate one aspect of the Hamiltonian system, which was the excise tax, which eventually caused the federal government about a million dollars a year in revenue. His treasurer, Albert Gallatin, proved to be as able a treasurer as Hamilton, and he agreed with Jefferson that the national debt was a bane rather than a blessing. Furthermore, Jefferson left the framework of the Hamiltonian system virtually intact, and in later years embraced federalism to a degree as to recharter a bigger bank and to impose higher taxes. The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary Know: Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, Samuel Chase 6 What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be seen in the Marbury v. Madison decision? The Judiciary Act of 1801 created a new federal judgeship and other judicial offices, including the signing of Midnight Judges, and was one of the last laws passed by the Federalist Congress, at the time headed by President John Adams. John Marshall was established as the chief justice, and greatly enforced his Federalist ideals. In the Marbury v. Madison case, John Marshall promoted his principle of judiciary review, in which the Supreme Court alone had the last word on the question of constitutionality. In a response, Jeffersonians ordered the impeachment of a Supreme Court Justice, Samuel Chase. Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior Know: Barbary States, Shores of Tripoli, Gunboats 7. How did Jefferson deal with the extortion of the Barbary States? In order to deal with the chronic attacks form the Pirates of the North Barbary States, Jefferson was forced to buy protection from the pasha of Tripoli. However, the pasha was dissatisfied with his share of money, and declared war on the U.S. After four years of fighting along the shores of Tripoli, Jefferson succeeded in creating a peace treaty which paid for the ransom payments of the captured Americans. He also established a fleet of gunboats, called the mosquito fleet, for future defensive measures. The Louisiana Godsend Know: New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon, Toussaint L'Ouverture 8. Explain two ways that history may have been different if the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States. The area of New Orleans had suddenly become an area of conflict, as the Spaniards had withdrawn the right of deposit as stated in 1795. The deposit privileges were crucial to the frontier farmers, who took up arms. America once again looked on the verge of a revolution. To avoid conflict, Jefferson sent two envoys, James Monroe and Robert

Livingston, to France in order to negotiate and attempt to purchase the land in Louisiana. The French emperor, Napoleon, readily accepted and sold the land east of Louisiana for 15 million dollars, doubling the United States territories. If France had not done this, the United States would not be such a large expanse of land as seen today. Instead, the area west of Louisiana would still belong to the French. Furthermore, America would have gone to war against France, and in seeking aid from other countries, would have broken the antialliance policy. Louisiana in the Long View Know: Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, Zebulun Pike 9. What positive consequences resulted from the Louisiana Purchase? In one stroke, America had successfully avoided a war with both France and Britain, and had also secured a large plot of land, which would become the basis for the development of a world power. It also managed to remove the last of European influences on American soil, and allowed America the liberty to disengage with any Old World rivalries. Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the area he had just purchased. Led by the Shoshoni Indian woman Sacajawea, their two and a half year expedition resulted in many new finds. Another explorer, Zebulon Pike, ventured into the southern portion of the Louisiana territory. America: A Nutcracked Neutral Know: Orders in Council, Impressment, Chesapeake 10. In what way did the struggle between France and Britain affect the United States? After America had established its neutrality in any Old War scuffles, France and Britain broke out in warfare. With the British reigning supreme over the seas and the French over land, both countries decided to try to strangle each other indirectly. The London government issued a series of Orders in Council, which closed French controlled ports to shipping. The French responded by ordering the seizure of all merchant ships. This greatly affected the Americans, as they were unable to now trade with either country. The British also practiced Impressement, which was the forcible enlisting of sailors, on the captured American seamen. Open conflict between the British and the Americans was seen in the example of the Chesapeake, which had been fired upon, killing four and wounding eighteen. The Hated Embargo Know: Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act 11. Who opposed the embargo and why? The Embargo Act, passed by Congress in 1807, forbade the export of all goods from the United States, whether in American or foreign ships. However, this had a devastating blow on the economy, and many Americans suffered as a result. Greatly opposed by the public, the embargo even had an effect of reviving the near eradicated Federalist Party. In compensation, Congress passed the Non-Intercourse act, which formally reopened world trade to all countries except Britain and France. Although dissent had slightly died down, economic coercion continued to be Jeffersons economic policy, especially during the time period of 1809-1812, when America finally found itself at war.

Madisons Gamble Know: James Madison, Macon's Bill No. 2 12. How did Napoleon take advantage of American policy? James Madison succeeded Jefferson as the President on March 4th, and was unable to dominate Congress, unlike Jefferson. To Madisons dismay, Congress dismantled the Embargo Act with a measure known as Macons Bill No.2. It planned to convince either Britain or France to repeal its commercial restrictions in favor of the US. Napoleon seized this opportunity, and in his message, hoped to maneuver America into resuming its embargo with Britain. In accepting Napoleons offer to trade with France, Madison had no choice but to reestablish the embargo with Britain when they refused to uplift their trade restrictions. Tecumseh and the Prophet Know: War Hawks, Henry Clay, Tecumseh, The Prophet, William Henry Harrison 13. What considerations motivated the war hawks to call for war with Great Britain? Young hot-heads, dubbed war hawks, unsatisfied with the American system of neutrality, sought to begin a war with the British. They also yearned to wipe out all opposing Indian settlements in America. Two Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, known as the Prophet, set about to rally Indian allies in a last effort to eradicate the white settlements. However, their settlements were burnt and destroyed in the fall of 1811 by a group of men led by William Henry Harrison, which ended all hopes for an Indian confederacy. "Mr. Madison's War" Know: War of 1812 14. How and why did New England Federalists oppose the War of 1812? Madison asked Congress to declare war, and two weeks later, Congress obliged with majority votes in both the House and the Senate. However, many New England Federalists opposed the war of 1812. The pro-British Federalists in the Northeast sympathized with Britain and resented the Republicans sympathy with France. They also opposed the acquisition of Canada, which would indirectly lead to the voting strength of the Democratic-Republicans. Chapter #12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism 1. The U.S. vs. England fighting had a few themes: (a) U.S. lost in Canada, (b) U.S. surprisingly won at sea, (c) the two split in the Chesapeake, and (d) the U.S. won the big battle at New Orleans. 2. The war was not universally supported. Mostly, the North opposed the war since it was bad for trade. The South and West generally favored the war. 3. After the war, the U.S. could focus on herself, as with the American System to build up the economy.

4. In terms of expansion, a few things happened: (a) the Missouri Compromise drew an East-West line to separate slave and free states, (b) Oregon and Florida became American lands, and (c) the Monroe Doctrine warned Europe to stay away! IDENTIFICATIONS: Rush-Bagot Agreement This was an agreement between the Americas and Britian that would limit the amount of naval forces from both sides on the great lakes. Second Bank of the United States The Second Bank of the United States was rechartered by Congress in 1816, as it exercised too much control over currency and credit. It was also subject to much criticism during the great panic. Francis Cabot Lowell He was responsible for establishing a new textile industry in the Americas. His efforts led to the eventual American Industrial Revolution.

Era of Good Feelings The Era of Good Feelings was classified as the time period that followed James Monroes presidency, and was a period in which nationalism emerged as well. Adams-Onis Treaty Also known as the Florida Treaty of 1819, this treaty declared that Spain would cede all of its claims in Oregon to the Americas Panic of 1819 The Panic of 1819 was a result of disagreements over western frontiers, and led to a major financial crisis and a rise in unemployment and debt.

Tallmadge Amendment The Tallmadge Amendment stated that no more slaves were to be brought into Missouri, and also provided the emancipation for the children of the slaves born there. Missouri Compromise The Missouri Compromise was a result of dispute over the acceptance of Missouri as a state. In it, Missouri was established as a slave state, while Maine was to be admitted as a free state. John Marshall John Marshall served as the Chief Justice, and his decisions established many new principles, such as loose construction and to bolster the power of the federal government at the expense of the states.

Latin American Revolution These revolutions were fought to undermine an autocratic rule in favor of a democracy. This was frowned upon by many European countries, which formed an alliance to oppose democratic spreading.

Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine was a doctrine issued as a response to the European powers threats to reestablish autocratic order and the British attempts at an alliance. It stated that the United States was to remain neutral and would not tolerate invasions.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: On to Canada over Land and Lakes Know: Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough 1. Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada. Although the U.S army struggled throughout the war with Canada, the American Navy began to play increasingly important roles in wartime affairs. Oliver Hazard Perry was one of the greatest naval officers during this time period, and he managed to build an American fleet near Lake Erie. He became well known after defeating a British fleet and causing it to retreat to Detroit, where it was defeated by General Harrison. Thomas Macdonough was another great naval commander who was known for his successful battles at Lake Champlain. Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended Know: Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans 2. Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain. One of the British attacks during the War o 1812 was the invasion of British troops at Baltimore. Although the British launched a relentless stream of attacks by both the army and the navy, American troops managed to successfully hold the fort. Inspired by the American strength, Francis Scott Key would write The Star Spangled Banner, which would eventually become the national anthem. The Americans also successfully warded off British attempts at invasion at the Battle of New Orleans, where Andrew Jackson and his troops would prevail in an overwhelming victory. The Treaty of Ghent Know: Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay 3. Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain. In John Quincy Adams and Henry Clays first negotiations with Britain at Ghent, they demanded an Indian buffer state, control over the Great Lakes, and a part of Maine. Through much negotiation, the Treaty of Ghent was finally established, and was an armistice that stated a peace between both sides, and conquered territory was to be restored. Other important matters were not address, and as a result, neither Britain nor the United

States proved advantageous over the other. Though the Treaty of Ghent was effective as a peace treaty, it did not provide the United States with an advantage. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention Know: Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention 4. What did the Hartford Convention do? Federalist New England presented a new problem, in that it wanted to help the British or even secede from the United States. The Blue Light Federalists were known for flashing their lanterns on shore to warn the British about escaping American ships. The Hartford Convention was also a extremely outrageous Federalist movement. It consisted of 26 representatives from Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Vermont, and was a meeting for them to discuss their grievances. Established at this meeting was the Treaty of Ghent, which refuted all demands of financial assistance. The Second War for American Independence 5. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812? Even though the War of 1812 was merely a footnote in the midst of the ongoing war in Europe, it still left huge consequences for America regardless. It became evident that the Republic would resist grievous wrongs. The United States also began to emerge as one of the worlds military powers, and also witnessed the emergence of great military leaders and commanders who would also later become Americas presidents. The Federalist party also saw its end during the course of this war. American manufacturing also blossomed as a result of British blockades, and would eventually lead to the Industrial Revolution and the increasing independence of the Americas. Nascent Nationalism Know: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur 6. What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812? The War of 1812 successfully brought America together as a country, and began a new movement of nationalism. This also led to the emergence of a new form of literature as evident in the works of Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper, as they were the first writers to use America as a background and setting. Other evidence of the emerging sense of nationalism was there creation of American textbooks, the expansion of the army, an increase in national capital, and the revival of the bank. Stephen Decatur also successfully captures the nationalistic mood in his quotations. "The American System" Know: Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal 7. In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the postwar years? Nationalistic views could be seen when Congress attempted to protect their newly established industries from Britain and creating national unity. In a response to the British attempts to reestablish itself back into American industry, Congress passed the Tariff of 1816, which was intended to protect the American industry rather than to reap a profit. Henry Clays The American System would develop a profitable home market, and would also be reinforced with a strong banking system and a protective tariff. President

Madison vetoed building a framework of roads and canals, and therefore states had to construct their own, as shown by the Erie Canal. The So-Called Era of Good Feelings Know: James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings 8. To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings? In nominating James Monroe as the presidential candidate in 1816, the Virginia Dynasty that was established by the early founding fathers was kept alive. As a result of this, the Federalist party would eventually sink and become insignificant, and would later disappear forever. When James Monroe took over, it was a time period of a new age of nationalism, which created a time for great peace and tranquility. The nickname The Era of Good Feeling is a direct representation of this. However, Monroe did face overwhelming difficulties, especially with the problems concerning slavery.

The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times Know: Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819 9. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819. The Panic of 1819 was a detrimental factor in the otherwise era of good feeling in the Americas. This Panic was caused by the speculations of western lands by the national Band, as it did not want to lose more money over gambles in these lands. This also brought about a financial crisis, an unemployment and deflation pursued. The national Bank also then forced the Wildcat Banks in the west to foreclose mortgages on much privately owned property, which led to a greater distinction between social classes. Growing Pains of the West 10. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War? One of the reasons for this explosive expansion was the continuation of generations of movements towards the western front. Furthermore, Europeans also began to immigrate to the Americas in large numbers, forcing much of the population towards the unsettled west. The improvement of land routes, such as new highways and the noteworthy Columbia Road, also made travel easier and safer. Slavery and the Sectional Balance Know: Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution 11 Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive? In 1819, Missouri requested to be added as a slave state. However, congress passed the Tallmadge Amendment, which stated that ne more slaves would be brought into Missouri, and also provided emancipation for the children of slaves born there. Many slave owning whites found this Amendment to be a threat to sectional balance. The southerners felt that the northern states were slowly becoming more powerful, and did not wish to lose this balance of power they held in the congress. If Congress were able to abolish the Peculiar Institution, it would eventually lead to similar attempts towards older southern states as well. In response, the North rose up in an outcry against the evils of slavery. The Uneasy Missouri Compromise

Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night" 12. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain. The leader of the following compromises was Henry Clay, a gifted conciliator from Kentucky. As proposed by the Missouri Compromise, Missouri was to be added as a new slave state, but at the same time, Maine was to be added as a separate free state. This kept the balance between the Northern and the Southern states, as there was now twelve of each. The large territory north of Missouri was also to be forever closed to the blight of slavery. Yet both sides were not fully pleased, as this still left the issue of morality unresolved. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism Know: John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden 13. Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate,...are constitutional." One of Chief Justice Marshalls most famous decisions was the bolstering of power of the federal government at the expense of the states. In the McCulloch v Maryland case, Marshall declared the bank to be constitutional after Maryland attempted to destroy a branch by imposing a tax on notes. He also strengthened federal authority, and gave the case of loose construction its most famous formulation. In the Cohens v Virginia case, Marshall gave himself the right to review all decisions made in state supreme courts in regards to the federal government. Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses Know: Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Daniel Webster 14. "John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess. Many of Marshalls decisions also bolstered judicial barriers against democratic attacks on property rights. In the famous Fletcher v Peck case, Marshall proposed one of the earliest clear assertions of the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws that conflicted with the Federal constitution. Marshall was also presented with a similar case in Dartmouth College v Woodward. In this case, he put the states firmly in their place when he decreed that the original charter must stand. Standing in opposition was the godlike Daniel Webster, who expounded his Federalistic and national philosophy before the supreme bench. Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treat of 1819 15. Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain. In maintaining his nationalistic policies, President Monroe teamed with his secretary of state John Quincy Adams. Together, they brought about the treaty of 1818 with Britain, which fixed many of the Louisiana boundaries and also provided for a ten year joint occupation of the untamed Oregon Country. Despite these improvements, Andrew Jackson still proved to be hold a more influential position in territorial expansion. Taking advantage of the opportunity presented in the undefended swamplands, he swept across the Florida

Border and quickly secured himself as the most formidable figure in the area. In the Florida Treaty of 1819, Spain ceded Florida and all claims in Oregon to America. The Menace of Monarchy in America Know: George Canning 16 How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America? Many of the great European powers were determined to restore the monarchy, and stamp out democratic tendencies that had sprouted from the roots of revolution. Russia, Prussia, Austria, and France, acting in a partnership, would send troops to the revolting colonies in Latin America in an attempt to restore the autocratic throne. However, Great Britain found profits thrown open by revolutionary monopoly bound ports sweet, and refused to join this alliance. Instead, the British foreign minister, George Canning, offered the Americans with a proposition. He asked the United States to form an alliance against any European despots who were interested in Latin American republics, and to renounce any interest in acquiring Latin American territory. Monroe and His Doctrine Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine 17 How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas? Secretary John Quincy Adams was wary of the British, who so readily came bearing gifts. He decreed that the British feared that the Americans would one day seize Spanish territory in the Americas, which would jeopardize British claims in the Caribbean. He also argued that an alliance with Britain would only hamper American expansion. In his final argument, he declared that any European fleets would be apprehended by the British regardless, as they highly valued their South American markets. This led president Monroe to declare the Monroe Doctrine, in which he trumpeted a warning against foreign expansion and intervention. Monroe's Doctrine Appraised 18. Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history. Monroes doctrine did not hold much contemporary significance. The newborn republics recognized this as a doctrine of self-defense rather and only secondarily concerned about the welfare of its neighbors. Even before it was issued, the Tsar of Russia had already decided to retreat. The doctrine was applauded then forgotten, until Polk revived it as an important national dogma in 1845. However, the doctrine proved to be the most famous of all long-lived offspring of the nationalistic movement in the early 1800s. It also effectively deepened the illusion of isolationism, upholding Washingtons ideals.