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Ionization energy Amount of energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule. There is an ionization potential for each successive electron removed, though that associated with removing the first (most loosely held) electron is most commonly used. The ionization potential of an element is a measure of its ability to enter into chemical reactions requiring ion formation or donation of electrons and is related to the nature of the chemical bonding in the compounds formed by elements. Electron Affinity The electron affinity, Eea, of an atom or molecule is the energy required to detach an electron from a singly charged negative ion, i.e., the energy change for the process: X X + e An equivalent definition is the energy released (Einitial Efinal) when an electron is attached to a neutral atom or molecule. It should be noted that the sign convention for Eea is the opposite of most thermodynamic quantities: a positive electron affinity indicates that energy is released on going from atom to anion. All elements whose EA have been measured using modern methods have a positive electron affinity, but older texts mistakenly report that some elements such as alkaline earth metals have negative Eea, meaning they would repel electrons. This is not recognized by modern chemists. The electron affinity of the noble gases has not been conclusively measured, so they may or may not have slightly negative EAs. Atoms whose anions are relatively more stable than neutral atoms have a greater Eea. Chlorine most strongly attracts extra electrons; mercury most weakly attracts an extra electron. Eea of noble gases are close to 0. Although Eea vary in a chaotic manner across the table, some patterns emerge. Generally, nonmetals have more positive Eea than metals.

Values for the elements

The following data are quoted in kJ/mole. Elements marked with an asterisk are expected to have electron affinities close to zero on quantum mechanical grounds.

Group 1 Period

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

H 73 Li Be 60 * Na Mg 53 * B C 27 122 N *

He * O F Ne 141 328 * Ar *

Al Si P S Cl 42 134 72 200 349

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 48 2 18 8 51 65 * 15 64 112 119 * 41 119 79 195 343 * Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 47 5 30 41 86 72 * 101 110 54 126 * 39 107 101 190 295 * Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl * 46 14 31 79 * 104 150 205 223 * 36 Fr Ra ** Pb 35 Bi 91 Po At Rn *

Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho 45 92 Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Er Tm Yb 99 Lu 33 Lr

* Lanthanides ** Actinides

Es Fm Md No

Chemical series of the periodic table

Alkaline earth metals Metalloids

Alkali metals

Lanthanides

Actinides

Transition metals

Poor metals

Nonmetals

Halogens

Noble gases

Periodic trends
Eea increases across a period (row) (since the radius slightly decreases, because of the increased attraction from the nucleus, and the number of electrons in the top shell increases, helping the atom reach maximum stability) in the periodic table and decrease going down a group (family) (because of a large increase in radius and number of electrons that decrease the stability of the atom, repulsing each other).

Molecular electron affinities

Eea is not limited to the elements but also applies to molecules. For instance the electron affinity for benzene is negative, as is that of naphthalene, while those of anthracene,phenanthrene and pyrene are positive. In silico experiments show that the electron affinity of hexacyanobenzene surpasses that of [1] fullerene .

Lattice Energy The lattice energy of an ionic solid is a measure of the strength of bonds in that ionic compound. It is given the symbol U and is equivalent to the amount of energy required to separate a solid ionic compound into gaseous ions. Lattice energy can also be considered as the energy given off when gaseous ions form an ionic solid. It is dependent on ionic charge and the ionic radius: as the charge of the ions increases the lattice energy increases (becomes more negative), and as the radius decreases (the ions in the ionic solid are closer together) the lattice energy increases. Lattice energy deals primarily with metals. It cannot be determined directly but can be by using experimental data in the Born Haber cycle and from theoretical calculations.

Calculation
Lattice energy is the energy change when an ionic compound is separated into its gaseous ions. It is given in units of kilojoules per mole. For example, when solid sodium chloride is separated into gaseous sodium and chlorine ions

The lattice energy is 786 kJ/mol. Lattice energy is usually calculated by using the Born-Haber cycle. The Kapustinskii equation can also be used. Lattice energy, the potential energy of two interacting ions (taken as two point charges), can also be calculated by using a modified version of Coulomb's law: , where [1] the distance between the centers of the ions, and are the charges on the ions. , is

Diamond crystal lattice

Heat of Atomization Heat of atomization is the quantity of heat energy required to change one mole of an element in its standard state at 298 K to gaseous atoms. Values are reported in kilojoules per mole of atoms

Heat of Fusion
The amount of heat required to convert a solid at its melting point into a liquid without an increase in temperature. Liquids release the same amount of heat when they solidify. Heat of formation - the heat evolved or absorbed during the formation of one mole of a substance from its component elements

Entropy

( n tr -p ) A measure of the amount of energy in a physical system not available to do work. As a physical system becomes more disordered, and its energy becomes more evenly distributed, that energy becomes less able to do work. For example, a car rolling along a road has kinetic energy that could do work (by carrying or colliding with something, for example); as friction slows it down and its energy is distributed to its surroundings as heat, it loses this ability. The amount of entropy is often thought of as the amount of disorder in a system.

Gibbs free energy http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Gibb's+free+energy