Module I: Introduction to Computers (CH 101)-I

1. Introduction to Computers
1.1.Definition and functions of a computer system

A computer can be defined as an electronic machine that can process information. This means when we giv information to the computer something must be done to it. This can be calculations or just keeping it for some other time and used later. A better definition of a computer can be a computer is a device that takes in data in one form, uses it and produces a different form of information which is related to(not the same) the original data. Abacus is not a computer according to our definition. It is only a calculation device that holds the numbers for the person using it.

Calculator is a computer according to our definition. It ranges from doing calculations to producing graphical out put. All computers must gather data before processing the data. The data entry operator or the technician will enter the data into the computer. The most common data entry method is through the keyboard. The computer then processes the data. Processing means doing something to the data. This can be either doing a calculation or simply changing the data into a different form. There are three main tasks that a computer does; Input: is entering data into the computer. The most common way of inputting data into a computer is through the keyboard. The mouse is another input device that is commonly used. Processing: Then the computer will do something to the data. This something could be doing a calculation, changing the data into a different form or simply storing it for further use. This is known as processing Output: After processing the computer will show the results. This is called output. The most common output device is the monitor or the computer screen. The printer is another output device.

INPUT

PROCESS

OUTPUT

Noonu Atoll Education Centre

Page 1

Module I: Introduction to Computers (CH 101)-I

1.2. The computer processing unit

The central processing unit is the main part of a computer system. This is the place where all the instructions are carried out. A microcomputer generally has one CPU but parallel computers can have many CPUs. The computer processing unit has got three main parts. They are; memory arithmetic logic unit control unit

CONTROL UNIT

ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT

IMMEDIATE ACCESS STORE (MEMORY)

Arithmetic Logic Unit is the place in the CPU where all the calculations and conditional statements are run. The control Unit performs the step by step running of the computer. It sends electric signals to various parts of the system. The immediate access store / the main memory store all the data and programs that are being used.
Advantages of computers:

Gain knowledge and good to communicate around the world. Fast and accurate, store large amount of data in smaller space. Can work 24/7 (full time a day). Does not get tired and has no feelings. Can able to work where humans cannot.

Disadvantages of computers:

Spoil eye sight if look on the monitor too much Expensive to replace a computer or accessories if damaged More distractions due to over usage of net/ games Obesity Cannot be used where on-spot decisions have to be made based on emotions etc.

1.3. Uses of a computer

There can be many uses of a computer. Today computers are used almost anywhere. This includes word processing, making calculations, in research, maintaining records etc. Applications of computers: Computers are used in Banks Police Government Manufacturing sector Education Traffic Control Insurance Commercial Places House hold appliances Entertainment etc.
Page 2

Noonu Atoll Education Centre

Module I: Introduction to Computers (CH 101)-I

1.4. Types of computers

The various types of computers differ in size, speed of operation, the amount of data that can be stored (Configuration) and the number of simultaneous users. There are four different types of computers based on their performance and capacity. The four types are; Super Computers Mainframe Computers Mini Computers Micro Computers Super Computers: The fastest and most expensive computers in the World. They can cost over million pounds to build and very few organisations can afford to purchase one. Used in weather modelling, scientific research, and in universities. Mainframe Computers: Very large computer it allows many simultaneous users. Used to handle large databases and to perform very complex mathematical calculations. Carry out many different tasks for many different people at the same time. Used in banks, Insurance companies, Airlines, Police, etc. Minicomputers: Can support a smaller number of simultaneous users. Typically 50 to 100. Primarily used by larger businesses to handle accounting, billing, and inventory records. Microcomputer: Used extensively in the home (entertainment, communication, personal databases, and spreadsheets) and in all types of businesses (word processing, accounting, inventory control, research).
1.5. Types of microcomputers

Personal Computer (PC): its original sales price, size, and capabilities make it useful for individuals. Laptop: generally small mobile computers run on a single main battery or from an external power supply. Laptops are optimized for mobile (portable) users. Notebooks are smaller computers and it is portable. It is frequently used by travellers or people who have to move from one place to the other. Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs): is a handheld computer, also known as palmtop computers. Newer PDAs also have both color screens and audio capabilities, enabling them to be used as mobile phones (Smartphone), web browsers, or portable media players. PDAs can access the internet, intranets or extranets via Wi-Fi. Embedded Computers: An embedded computer is a single chip that contains all of the elements that are essential for any computer i.e. RAM, ROM, CPU, Input, Output, and Clock. All of the following contain an embedded computer: Telephones, televisions cameras , washing machines microwave cookers , dishwashers &cars
Noonu Atoll Education Centre

Page 3

Module I: Introduction to Computers (CH 101)-I

Here are some examples of microcomputers used.

Hand-held (HPC)

PDA

Tablet PC

Laptop/Notebook

Desktop (PC)

1.6. Kinds of computers

Computers can be classified into three different kinds; Electronic versus mechanical General purpose verses special purpose Digital versus analogue
1.6.1. Electronic versus mechanical computers

Electronic computers are constructed from transistors and electric circuits. It will need an electric source to function. Mechanical computers are constructed from several mechanical devices like gears, springs, pulleys etc: it does not electricity to function. This was one of the first computers developed. (Analytical Engine developed by Chares Babbage)
1.6.2. General purpose computers

General purpose computers are computers that manufactured to do many tasks. It can be changed to a different task. Special purpose computers are designed to perform a predefined set of tasks. It cannot be changed to do a different task.
1.6.3. Digital versus analogue

Digital computers are computers that work with discretely varying quantities. The outputs produces also vary discretely. Analogue computers are computers that function in continuously varying quantities. The output or results produced also vary continuously.

Noonu Atoll Education Centre

Page 4