CHAPTER 2: FORCE & MOTION ESSAYS QUESTION ANSWER Question 1 (a) Changes during collision: (i) Velocity of smaller

ball increases, velocity of bigger ball decreases to zero, (ii) Momentum of the smaller ball increases, momentum of bigger ball decreases (iii) The bigger ball will stop, the smaller ball will move forward. (b) The quantity of bus will determine the mass of the bus. The momentum of the bus depends on the mass and velocity of the bus. Bigger mass and velocity means the momentum of the bas will increase. A high momentum will cause the bus difficult to be stopped. Question 2 (a)(i) Momentum = mass x velocity (i) The shape of the plasticine ball on the wooden block change / flattened or the shape of the plasticine ball on the sponge does not change The shape of the wooden block does not change or the shape of the sponge is curved Plasticine ball takes a longer time to stop when it hits the sponge. Impulsive force acts on the plasticine ball on the wooden block is larger Impulsive force is inversely proportional to the time of impact.

(b) Gravitational potential energy change to kinetic energy and change to heat + sound energy. Energy change to kinetic energy of the molecules which is used to change the shape of the sponge. (c) Modification Reason Torpedo or reduce air friction aerodynamic shape heat resistant prevent heat from material entering use parachute reduce the speed land on water reduce impulsive force strong material not easily breakable or dented high melting withstand the point material extreme temperature or prevent melting Question 3 (a)(i) The property of a spring that enables it to return to its original length when the force acting on it is removed. (a)(ii) The thickness of M < the thickness of N Maximun height in Diagram 9.2(b) is greater than maximum height in Diagram 9.2(a) The height of the ball increases as the thickness of the spring increases. Stiffness increases, thickness increases / thickness directly proportional to spring constant k The elastic potential energy of the spring increases as the thickness of the spring

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(b)(i) F2 > F1 Spirng in diagram 9.1b / N has thicker wire/ higher spring constant / bigger elastic potential energy than spring in diagram 9.1a N stiffer spring / M softer spring / N less elastic / M more elastic (b)(ii) elastic potential energy to kinetic energy to gravitational potential energy (c) Modification tight / fit attire / light attire spike shoes

(c) (i) v = 45 x 1000 = 12.5 m/s 36000 v = u + at = 12.5 = 0 + a (10) a = 1.25 ms-2 (ii) F = ma = 1 800 x 1.25 = 2 250 N Modification ABS Brake Explanation The lorry can be stopped immediately and does not skid Two tyres increase stability / lower pressure acts so less damage on road/ better grip 5 small tanks does not shake (easily) // to reduce the effect of inertia Further Prevents collision distance between the trailer and the tractor/ reduce (forward) momentum Tanker R is Because it has an chosen ABS brake system, two tyres, 5 small tanks and a longer distance between the trailer and the tractor. Question 5 (i) Mass x velocity (ii) -change of momentum is same -Diagram 9.1 time for change of momentum is shorter -Rate of change of momentum produces impulsive force. -Time for change of momentum is longer so the impulsive force is smaller // vice versa -Time of change of momentum is inversely proportional to impulsive force

run faster elastic / flexible poles low density poles strong poles thick mattress

Reason less air resistance // small mass increase grip to prevent from skidding increase energy/ momentum bend easily lighter / easy to carry not easily broken reduce impulsive force

Question 4 (a) Speed = distance Time (b) Momentum depends on mass and velocity // momentum = mass x velocity. High momentum causes a high force to act on the lorry when accident occurs / difficult to control the lorry // difficult to control the direction of the lorry // more damage done. Inertia depends on mass. Difficult to stop/move the lorry.

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Question 6 (i) Ratio of force to the extension // F/x where F = Force x = extension (ii) o mass in Diagram 9.1 = mass in diagram 9.2 o Diameter in Diagram 9.1 < diameter in Diagram 9.2 o Extension in Diagram 9.1 < extension in Diagram 9.2 o As the diameter increases the extension increases o As the diameter increases the spring constant decreases Question 7 - The forces between molecules are attractive and repulsive force - When the spring is stretched attractive force between molecule acts - When the spring is compress the repulsive force between molecule acts - When the force is released, the spring returns to its original position due to the forces. Question 8 (i) Work = force x displacement (ii) - Force in diagram 10.1 > force in Diagram 10.2 - Distance travelled in 10.1 < Distance in Diagram 10.2 - The Potential energy is the same - When Force is higher the distance traveled is shorter - Potential energy = Work done Question 9 Fuel burns in the combustion chamber Hot gases expelled at high speed backwards
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A large backwards momentum is produced The rocket gains forwards momentum of equal magnitude

Question 11 - to absorb the shock - to make the rider feel more comfortable // reduce vibration Modification Low density of motorcycle parts High engine power Explanation So that it is lighter To produce high acceleration// high resultant force So that the spring is stiffer // motorcycle bounce less // less vibration To increase stability // to reduce friction Spring is not easily broken

High spring constant // stiffer spring

Wide tyre // smooth tyre High strength

Question 12 characteristics Reinforced passenger compartment

explanation The passenger should remain intact during a collision. It is made of high tensile strength steel that is able to withstand large forces

Crumple zones These are specific points at the front and back portion of the car that are made to crumple progressively Safety belt

Lengthen the time of collision, hence reduces the impulsive force on the bus.

airbag

Prevent passenger from jerking forward when the bus stop suddently Lengthen the time of collision

(b) Total energy at any time is constant As the stone falls, gravitational potential energy converts to kinetic energy Gravitational potential energy is maximum at the highest point Kinetic energy converts to heat and sound energy when it hits the ground. (c) Qualitative problem The material must Does not break be strong easily when pressure is applied The shape is Can move with aerodynamic / the least amount streamlined of friction / reduce air resistance Angle of So that the rocket launching is 45 can travel very far / maximum distance The volume of To increase water is 1/3 of the momentum + whole volume impulsive force Attach / fix fins at Rocket can move the tail of the smoothly and rocket stable / does not wobble (berpusing) Question 13 (a) (i) momentum = mass x velocity (ii) Total momentum in Diagram 9.1 is zero Total momentum before the bullet is fired = total momentum after the bullet is fired

Shatter roof windscreen.

Break into small pieces with blunt edges. Narrower at the To decrease air front shape friction By high To deceases the strength and fusibilities to high rigidity of become dented material

Question 12 (a) The mass of the coin is greater than the mass of leaf Both objects reach the ground at the same time While falling, both objects are at the same position/ both objects travel the same distance at any time. The coin and leaf have the same increase in velocity // same acceleration All objects fall with the same gravitational acceleration due to gravity, g.

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The magnitude of the momentum of the bullet and pistol are equal The direction of the momentum of the bullet and pistol is opposite The physics concept is principle of conservation of momentum

The kinetic energy increases as gravitational potential energy decreases Principle of conservation of energy (c) Velocity increases Kinetic energy maximum Based to principle of conservation of energy, the gravitational potential energy is zero because change to maximum kinetic energy. Exchange between kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy easily Easilly oscillate caused by changing of energy Reduce frictional force / easy to move Reduce impulsive force when landing Withstand to the high force caused by jumping and landing

(c) Aspects Use bigger blade/ increase the number of blade/ inrease the speed of blades Blade made of strong material Reason Increase the air intake

(c) Semi circular curve shaped

Increase the number of fuel injection / add more fue injectors Increase the size of combustion chamber Decrease the diameter of the nozzle

Can withstand strong pressure or it will not break easily More fuel to be burnt to produce greater thrust

Increasing slop slightly

Smooth surface More space for the fuel to be burnt Exhaust gas ejected at higher velocity / momentum

Soft layer at the surface Strong material / concrete of foundation of the track

Question 14 (a) Energy caused by position from ground. (b) (i) The height of the ball at P > Q Gravitational potential energy of the ball at P >Q The velocity of the ball at Q > P The kinetic energy at Q > P
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Question 15 (a) Power is the rate of work done or work time (b) Characteristics Reason Low mass Can move faster/ active Tall Easy to shoot goal Responding time Easy to catch ball fast Power high Will not tired easily / more energy Small time to can run fast complete 100 m run Choose C Low mass, tall, high power, responding time very fast and small time to complete 100 m run (c) Runner has inertia To continue moving forward The legs stop, body continue moving forward Unstable and fall

(d) Student 1: power = mgh/t = (55 x 10 x 10)/12 = 458 W Student 2: power = (60 x 10 x 10)/14 = 428 W Student 1 has higher power.

FIZIKMOZAC 2010