Glossary*

absorption coefcient. See BeerLambert law. BeerLambert law. Quanties the absorption of a monochromatic wavelength by an homogeneous substance relating the incident radiant intensity (Io) ACd to the transmitted intensity (I) by I = Io 10 , where A is the absorption coefcient; C, the concentration of the absorbing species, and d, the optical path length (usually in centimeters). The units for A are either in liters per mole-centimeter, or, for undened compounds or for mixtures, in liters per centimeter (of liquid). Alternatively, the law can be expressed basically on the Naperian log(ln) ECd basis: I = Io e , in which E is the extinction coefcient, also in liters per mole-centimeter. Other symbols and units are found in the literature; however, the important point is to distinguish data expressed in publications either in the Log 10 base or in the Ln e base logarithms. black body. A thermodynamic equilibrium concept that correlates temperatureheat transfer into the capacity of emission of light at given wavelengths. The maximum of emission is displaced to lower wavelengths when the temperature is increased. BunsenRoscoe law. The ratio of reaction proportional to the absorbed dose. (The law generally applies to disinfection of drinking water; in photochemical processes, side effects must be considered.) constants. See end of this glossary. dose. Corresponds to the radiant power or radiant ux received per second by a unit surface. In this text, the dose is expressed in joules per square meter; in the literature data often are found also in milliwatt second per square centimeter. Einstein law. The absorption of one single photon promoting a single photochemically induced change in the absorbing atom or molecule. The initial change in the molecule is the result of the absorption of one single photon. Einstein (unit). The Einstein can be considered as a mole of photons (i.e., 6.022 23 10 photons of the wavelength considered). For example, at 253.7 nm, 1 E is equal to 472 kJ, or 131 Wh (or 1J = 1 W sec = 2.12 E). energy. Energy is expressed in joule. The energy of a photon is given by E = 34 h = hc/; where h is the Planck constant (6.626 10 J sec) and c, 8 the velocity of light (2.998 10 m/sec). energy of a photon. See energy. 1 frequency. May be expressed in hertz (i.e., cycles per second; sec ), or wave number 1/ (per meter or per centimeter).

* Note that units, terms, and symbols are as in the Systme International (SI) system.

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GrothiusDraper law. Only radiation (photon) that is absorbed capable of initiating a photochemical process. intensity. Flux or uence (i.e., power), incident on a surface of unit area; watt per square meter. (This is not to be confused with radiant intensity; see also irradiance.) irradiance. See intensity. Remark: both intensity and irradiance are found indistinctly in the literature on water treatment. Irradiance is a nonspecic concept concerning wavelength, emission source, and distance from the source. Intensity (less useful for general lighting conditions) remains more specifically wavelength-related and involves more discrete (specic) source receptors (i.e., specic parts of DNA instead of general irradiance). length. In meters (m) or centimeters (cm). Wavelengths usually are expressed in nanometers (nm) or micrometers (m). (In the literature, one can still nd units that are not in conformity with the SI nomenclature such as microns (), which equals micrometers; millimicrons (m), which equals 9 nanometers, and ngstrms (), which equals l0 m.) photometry. Measurement of light energy perceived by the human eye. Many photometric units exist, such as lux, lumen, candella, phots, etc. In UV parlance, these units are not used. Planck constant. Proportionality constant between radiant energy and frequency 34 of light E = h; with h = 6.626 10 J sec. Plancks theory. Electromagnetic radiation consists of discrete quanta (or photons) quantied by the energy of each photon as h (see Planck constant). radiance. Flux (power) per unit solid angle per unit surface area (remote source) 2 1 watt per square meter per steradian (W m sr ). radiant emittance. Flux per unit area received from a remote source: watt per 2 square meter (W m ). radiant energy. Radiant power multiplied by the irradiation time: watt times second (W sec) or Joule (J). radiant intensity. Flux (power) emitted by a source per unit solid angle: watt 1 per steradian (W sr ). radiant power or radiant ux. Emitted power by a light source, watt (W). radiometry. Quantication of total radiant energy at all wavelengths emitted by a source. radiometry (spectral). See spectral radiometry. reciprocity law. See BunsenRoscoe law. spectral radiometry. Quantication of radiant energy emitted at particular wavelengths or wavelength regions. wavelength. See length.

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Constants
Constant Avogadro constant Boltzman constant Electron electrical charge Faraday constant Gas constant Gravity (acceleration) Joule/cal a Molar gas volume at NTP Planck constant Speed of sound (NTP ) Temperature (absolute) Velocity of light Einstein
a a

Symbol NA k e F R g J h h/2 Cs K c E (= 1 mol of photons)

Unit mol 1 1 J mol K C (coulomb) 1 C mol 1 1 J mol K 2 m sec m mol J sec J sec 1 m sec m sec
1 3 1 1

Value 6.02 10 23 1.38 10 19 1.6 10 4 9.65 10 8.315 9.81 4.184 2 2.2414 10 34 6.626 10 34 1.055 10 331.45 273.15C 8 3 10 (vacuum)
23

NTP, normal temperature and pressure.

2002 by CRC Press LLC