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Chapter 11 Chapter 11: The Age of Reformation Notes

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The Reformation Elsewhere Switzerland & France, almost simultaneous church reform movements w/Germany, developed new churches Cantons States 1. Varied religions (Catholic, Protestant) Two main preconditions of Swiss Reformation 1. Growth of national sentiment w/popular opposition to foreign mercenary service 2. Desire for church reform that had persisted in Switz since councils of Constance (1414-1417) Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) leader of Swiss Reform 1. Credited Erasmus over Luther 2. Opposed sale of indulgences and religious superstitions 3. Petition for an end to religious celibacy (not marrying) and right for clergy to marry legally 4. Whatever lacked literal support in Scripture was to be neither believed nor practiced. Philip of Hesse (1504-1567) wanted to unite Swiss & German Protestants in mutual defense pact 1. Marburg Colloquy (October 1529) Luther and Zwingli 2. Did not work well, two separate defense leagues created Swiss Civil War Division between Protestant and Catholic 1. Protestant victory at Kappel (June 1529) forced Catholic states to break from foreign alliances and recognize rights of Swiss Protestants 2. Zwingli wounded during battle & executed 3. Treaty signed each canton had right to decide religion 4. Heinrich Bullinger (1504-1575) Zwinglis protg, new leader of Swiss Reformation, eventually merged w/Calvinism. Anabaptists rejected infant baptism, only adult baptism, Greek for rebaptize 1. Luther & Zwingli retained infant baptism 2. Anabaptists extremely radical & individualistic 3. Conrad Grebel (1498-1526) started Anabaptism Performed 1st adult rebaptism in Zurich, January 1525 4. Zwingli supported city government request for peaceful, gradual removal of resented traditional religious practices opposite of Anabaptism rush for perfection 5. Schleitheim Confession (1527) distinguished Anabaptists by pacifism (rejection of war), refusal to swear oaths, non-participation in offices of secular government 6. Political officials saw the differences as a threat to social bonds, and sedition (treason, agitation) 7. Anabaptists from all social classes mostly rural, agrarian class 8. Rebaptism a capital offense in HRE (1529)

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Chapter 11 2/XXI Munster, Germany (1534-1535) Anabaptist extremists take control 1. Jan Matthys of Haarlem & Jan Beukelsz of Leiden 2. Forced Lutherans and Catholics to convert or emigrate 3. City blockaded by armies 4. Munster transformed into an Old Testament theocracy, full of charismatic leaders and polygamy (multiple marriages) 5. Protestant & Catholics retaliate 6. Menno Simons (1496-1561) founder of Mennonites Spiritualists isolated individuals, hated external, institutional religion, only religious authority was the Spirit of God. Antitrinitarians common sense, rational and ethical religion, opponents of Calvinism, believed in original sin and predestination, defenders of religious toleration John Calvin (1509-1564) founder of Calvinism Reform in Geneva revolted against resident prince-bishop in late 1520s, city council took away his legal & political powers in 1527 1. May 21, 1536 city voted to adopt the Reformation 2. Calvins Institutes of the Christian Religion theological statement of the Protestant faith Strasbourg model Genevan Church: 4 offices 1. 5 Pastors 2. Teachers and doctors 3. 12 elder laypeople 4. Deacons True believers predestination is in the hands of God only Geneva home to many exiled Protestants driven out France, England, and Scotland (1555) 1. Europes only free city 2. woman paradise The Diet of Augsburg Charles V (1530) 1. Ordered all Lutherans to revert to Catholicism 2. Augsburg Confession Protestant beliefs triggered by the emperor at Diet of Augsburg 3. Luthers Schmalkaldic Articles Protestant confessions 4. HRE in war w/France and Turks Reformation Elsewhere 1. Germany Formed regional consistories, judicial bodies composed of theologians & lawyers Educational reforms schools for girls 2. Denmark King Christian II (r. 1513-1523) Official state religion 3. Sweden King Gustavus Vasa (r. 1523-1560) Supported by Swedish nobility Embraced Lutheranism Confiscated church property Subjected clergy to royal authority at the Diet of Vesteras (1527) -MMXRev. B

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Chapter 11

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4. Poland Lutherans, Anabaptists, Calvinists, Antitrinitarians No central political authority Model for religious pluralism and toleration (1550) Reaction Against Protestants Charles V made efforts to make compromise between Protestants and Catholics 1. Imperial armies destroyed Protestant Schmalkaldic League, captured John Frederick of Saxony & Philip of Hesse 2. Imperial law Protestants everywhere readopt old Catholic beliefs & practices 3. Protestant leaders went into exile The Peace of Augsburg 1. Maurice of Saxony switched to Lutherans 2. The Peace of Passau (August 1552) Charles V gave Lutherans religious freedoms 3. The Peace of Augsburg (September 1555) division of Christendom permanent, established that the ruler of the land would determine its religion 4. The Peace of Augsburg didnt reach Calvinism and Anabaptism officially & legally 5. Calvinists remained to try to secure rights to practice religion freely 6. Anabaptists backed off The English Reformation Edward I (r. 1272-1307) rejected Pope Boniface VIII 1. Prevent secular tax of clergy 2. Rome rejected papal appointments in England 3. William Tyndale (ca. 1492-1536) Translated New Testament into English in Germany 4. Cardinal Thomas Wolsey (ca. 1475-1530) Chief minister of King Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) & Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) Royal opposition to incipient English Protestantism King Henry VIII defended the seven sacraments against Luther Henry and Catherine of Aragon 1. Married Anne Boleyn (January 1533) 2. Wosley failed to secure 1st annulment The Reformation Parliament 1. Passed legislations that placed rules on clergy 2. Whenever fundamental changes are made in religion, the monarch must consult with and work through Parliament 3. Henry made head of church (January 1531) 4. Published grievances against church (1532) 5. Submission of the Clergy (1532) placed canon law under royal control and the clergy under royal jurisdiction 6. Ended all payments by English clergy and laity to Rome & gave Henry jurisdiction over ecclesiastical appointments 7. The Act of Succession (1534) Anne Boleyns children legit heirs to throne -MMXRev. B

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Chapter 11 4/XXI 8. Act of Supremacy - Declared Henry the only supreme head in earth of the Church of England 9. Thomas More and John Fisher executed for refusing to accept the Act of Supremacy and Succession Wives of Henry VIII 1. Anne Boleyn executed for treason and adultery 2. Boleyns daughter Elizabeth declared illegitimate by Henry 3. 3rd wife Jane Seymour (d. 1537) after giving birth to Edward VI 4. 4th wife Anne of Cleves 5. 5th wife Catherine Howard beheaded for adultery in 1542 6. 6th wife Catherine Parr humanist and reformer Henrys Religious Conservatism 1. 10 Articles of 1536 made mild concessions to Protestant tenets 2. Forbade English clergy to marry 3. 6 Articles of 1539 reaffirmed transubstantiation, denied the Eucharistic cup to the laity, declared celibate vows inviolable, provided for private Masses, ordered the continuation of oral confession 4. Henry died 1547, succeeded by Edward VI (10 years old) Edward VI (r. 1547-1553) 1. Edward Seymour Duke of Somerset (1547-1550) 2. Henrys 6 Articles repealed, clerical marriage and communion with cup sanctioned 3. Chantries places for dead dissolved 4. The Act of Uniformity (Book of Common Prayer, Thomas Cranmer imposed on all English churches) 5. Images and altars removed from churches (1550) 6. The Second act of Uniformity (1552) revised Book of Common Prayer and imposed on all English churches Moderate Protestant doctrine Justification by faith and supremacy of Holy Scripture, denied transubstantiation, only two sacraments Mary I (1553-1558) restored Catholic doctrine Elizabeth I (1558-1603) lasting religious settlement Catholic Reform 1. Popes in 1500s tried to change laws and institutions of church 2. The Theatines (1524) groom devout and reform-minded leaders at higher levels of church hierarchy 3. Bishop Gian Pietro Carafa (Pope Paul IV, r.1555-1559) 4. Opposite of Capuchins 5. Return to the original ideals of Saint Francis, more popular among the ordinary people 6. The Somaschi and the Barnabites (1520-1530) repaired the moral, spiritual, and physical damage to the people in post-war Italy 7. Ursulines (1535) Italy & France, religious education of girls for all social classes 8. Oratorians (1575) clerics promoted religious literature and church music The Jesuits (1540) Organized by Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) -MMXRev. B

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Chapter 11 5/XXI 1. 15,000 members spread throughout the world 2. Ignatius wrote the Spiritual Exercises mental & emotional exercises to teach absolute spiritual self-mastery over feelings and shape behavior, create new religious self with study and practice 3. Perfect discipline and self-control essential to obedience 4. Enthusiasm and mysticism, loyalty to church 5. Helped counter the Reformation The Council of Trent (1545-1563) 1. Charles V forced Pope Paul III (r.1534-1549) to call general council to reassert church doctrine Caspar Contarini (1483-1542, chair, leading liberal theologian) Contarini critical of fiscal practices and simony of papal Curia 2. Council finally met in the imperial city of Trent, N. Italy (1545) 3 sessions over 18 years 1545-1547, 1551-1552, 1562-1563 (4 popes) Trent strictly under popes control with high Italian prelates Limited voting to high clergy More than of council fathers were Italian Internal church discipline Curtail selling of church offices and religious goods Clergy in Europe had specific requirements Seminary in every diocese to train priests 3. Traditional Scholastic education Clergy Salvation and good works Tradition Seven sacraments Transubstantiation Withholding the Eucharistic cup from laity Clerical celibacy Purgatory Veneration of saints, relics, and sacred images Indulgences 4. Favored Saint Thomas Aquinas more church authority Jansenists medieval Augustinian tradition 5. New Legislation takes hold over time, parish life revived under better trained clergy

Social Significance Lutheran, Zwinglian, and Calvinist work within reigning political Scholars believe reformers were cautious and changed late medieval society very little and encouraged acceptance of sociopolitical status quo Protestant cities had clergy and religion everywhere 1. Threats of excommunication 2. Monastaries and nunneries were influential AP European History -MMXRev. B

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Chapter 11 6/XXI 3. Saints were displayed everywhere 4. Clergy exempt from taxation 5. Rich got richer, poor got poorer 6. Clergy decreased in number, holidays shrank 7. Clergy allowed to marry Education 1. Protestant reformers in Germany, France, and England were humanists 2. Opposition to Scholasticism, believed in unity of wisdom 3. Spiritual Exercises to be read under authoritative scholastic theologians Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560) The praeceptor of Germany 1. Reform curriculum on the humanist model at University of Wittenberg Literary Imagination in Transition religious values debated, embraced, and rejected Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547-1616) Rejection of Idealism 1. Catholic teachings 2. Aggressive piety of Spanish rulers 3. Novels and plays Heroic Honor and reputation 4. Strengths and weaknesses of traditional religious idealism 5. Self educated 6. Don Quixote Knight to prove himself worthy William Shakespeare Dramatist and playwright 1. Politics and government 2. The Kings Men 3. Thomas Kyd & Christopher Marlowe 4. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Romeo & Juliet 5. Universal human themes

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