Chapter 3 Essays and Short Answer

Chapter 3 Essays and Short Answer Name: ________________ Date: __________
Answer the following question(s) on the back of this paper or on a separate sheet of paper. 1 . Explain how the English colonies were affected by any two of the following: the passage of the Navigation Acts, the establishment of the Dominion of New England, the Glorious Revolution, or the period of salutary neglect.
2 . Compare the status and daily life of a typical lower-class white woman, an indentured servant, and an enslaved African living in the colonial South.
3 . How and why was life in the Northern colonies more diverse than life in the Southern colonies?
4 . How were the American colonists' views of Britain and the British military were affected by the French and Indian War and its aftermath? Explain your ideas.
5 . Explain the causes and the results of the French and Indian War. Think About: - why England and France were rivals in North America - the territories that were lost and gained by each side - how the outcome of the war affected Native Americans
6 . Describe the main differences between the economies of the northern and southern colonies in the early 1700s. Think About: - what was produced - where people lived - the role of enslaved Africans
7 . Why did the importation of enslaved Africans increase dramatically in the late 1600s and early 1700s? Explain how Africans became the foundation of the economy of the Southern colonies during this period. Think About: - the plantation economy - indentured servants - the slave trade
New Test.tgt, Version: 1
Chapter 3 Essays and Short Answer 8 . How did the French and Indian War lead to problems between the colonies and Great Britain? Why did many colonists develop ill feelings toward Great Britain even though they had fought side by side with British troops? Think About: - the Proclamation of 1763 - new trade regulations - the presence of British troops in the colonies
9 . In what ways did the colonies "come of age" between 1650 and 1750? How did British policies during this period contribute to the colonists' ability and desire to govern themselves? Think About: - the Navigation Acts - the Dominion of New England - salutary neglect colonial governors and their relations with the colonists
10. Compare and contrast the status of women and Africans in the colonies in the early 1700s. What restrictions did each group have to live with? How do you think members of each group felt about their inferior status in society? Think About: - legal rights - daily activities - regional differences
Chapter 3 Essays and Short Answer Answer Sheet 1 . Complete answers should include any two of the following points: Passage of the Navigation Acts-This spurred a boom in the ship-building industry. led England to support the development of numerous colonial industries, and restricted freedom of trade. Establishment of the Dominion of New England-Massachusetts became a royal colony; local assemblies were disbanded; northern colonies were consolidated and placed under a single ruler with a hard-line attitude toward colonial disobedience of English policies and laws; Navigation Acts were strictly enforced and smugglers prosecuted vigorously. The Glorious Revolution-the Dominion of New England was disbanded and the colonies' original charters were restored; greater religious freedom was established in Massachusetts. The period of salutary neglect-The enforcement of the Navigation Acts and other English colonial laws was relaxed, giving the colonists more economic and political freedom; the seeds of self-government were planted in the colonies. Complete answers should include the following points: While the status of people in all three groups was extremely low, that of slaves was the lowest of all. Lower-class white women were expected to be subservient to men; indentured servants were expected to be subservient to their bosses; and slaves were expected to be subservient to all white people. The daily lives of people in all three groups involved toil and drudgery. Lower-class white women kept house, cooked, and farmed. Indentured servants and slaves normally worked all day in the fields. The work of lower-class white women probably varied more, and is likely to have offered more freedom and personal satisfaction than field work did. Although lower-class white women and indentured servants struggled for survival on a daily basis, most were probably better fed than slaves and suffered less physical abuse. Students might include points similar to the following: a. Unlike the Southern colonies, the Northern colonies produced several cash crops per farm instead of a single one. b. Unlike the Southern colonies, the Northern colonies developed a diverse commercial economy with many thriving industries. c. A powerful merchant class developed in the Northern colonies but not in the Southern colonies. d. The Northern colonies had more cities, which resulted in a wider variety of occupations and social problems. e. The Northern colonies had more ethnic, religious, and national groups represented among its population.
2 .
3 .
Chapter 3 Essays and Short Answer 4 . Complete answers should include the following points: Colonists lost much of their respect for the British army, realizing that it was not invincible. After the war, colonists were angered and felt threatened by Britain's installation of a standing army on their frontier. The Proclamation of 1763 convinced the colonists that the British government was not concerned with their needs. Britain's economic woes led to the use of writs of assistance and passage of the Sugar Act, which the colonists felt threatened them economically and was a violation of their rights. Although most colonists still considered themselves loyal subjects of the king, they grew increasingly dissatisfied with the way they were taxed and governed. Complete answers should include the following points: England and France both had expanding empires in North America in the 1750s. New France covered the Mississippi Valley, while England controlled the colonies. The Ohio River Valley became a major area of contention when the French built Fort Duquesne near the site of modern Pittsburgh-an area that had been granted by Virginia to a group of English planters. A militia group led by George Washington was sent to evict the French in 1754. Despite early French victories, England defeated France in the French and Indian War. The Treaty of Paris (1763) granted all land east of the Mississippi to England and gave most of France's remaining territory to Spain. Native Americans, many of whom had fought with the French during the war, found the English harder to bargain with than the French had been. Complete answers should include the following points: By the early 1700s, the South had developed an agricultural economy, while the North had a diversified economy that emphasized commerce. Southern plantations produced cash crops such as tobacco and rice. Because plantations were self-sufficient and planters could use rivers to ship goods directly, few cities developed and most people lived in rural areas. In New England and the middle colonies, farmers grew several kinds of crops, and industries such as iron-making and shipping developed. The importance of trade led to the growth of large port cities, where many people lived. Because agriculture predominated in the South and plantations were more profitable with cheap labor, enslaved Africans became the backbone of the Southern economy. Slavery was not central to the North's economy. Complete answers should include the following points: The large farms of the South, which produced a single cash crop, required large numbers of field laborers. By using the cheapest labor, plantation owners could maximize their profits. Enslaved Native Americans met this need initially, but they could easily escape and avoid recapture in the wild but familiar surroundings. Indentured servants from Europe, who accepted limited servitude for a period, were the next low-cost source of labor. However, their numbers dropped in the late 1600s as fewer were willing to accept the harsh work demanded of them. Slaves from Africa had a higher initial cost, but once acquired they worked for life, and thus were cheaper in the long run. The demand for more field laborers as plantations expanded, along with the belief among most whites that dark-skinned peoples were inferior, fueled the triangular slave trade, which provided an efficient method for bringing slaves to North America.
5 .
6 .
7 .
Chapter 3 Essays and Short Answer 8 . Complete answers should include the following points: After the French and Indian War, Britain's Proclamation of 1763 angered colonists because it banned settlement west of the Appalachians. Although the ban did not halt expansion, it convinced many colonists that the British government did not care about their needs. New laws brought on by Britain's indebtedness after the war, such as the Sugar Act of 1764, which cracked down on colonial smuggling, reinforced this opinion. Even before this law, the colonial governor of Massachusetts had angered Boston merchants by authorizing searches of ships and merchants' buildings. Great Britain also stationed troops in the colonies after the war, to control Native Americans and former French subjects. The colonists resented the presence of these troops, which they felt might be used against them and which added to Britain's indebtedness. Complete answers should include the following points: The Navigation Acts, which were enacted in 1651, were designed to ensure that colonial trade enriched England, but the acts also benefited the colonies. For example, requiring the use of English or colonial ships spurred the colonial shipbuilding industry. Some colonial merchants, however, especially in Massachusetts, violated the acts by smuggling. In response to this disobedience, Charles II made Massachusetts a royal colony, and his successor, James II, combined the Northern colonies into the Dominion of New England and outlawed local assemblies. These actions bred resentment, but after the Glorious Revolution in England, Massachusetts regained its charter, and England turned its attention away from the colonies as it waged war with France. Under England's new policy of salutary, or beneficial, neglect, Parliament did not supervise the colonies closely or strictly enforce its regulations as long as they remained loyal and productive. This economic freedom, combined with the fact that colonial assemblies had considerable power over royally appointed governors because the assemblies held the power of the purse, gave the colonies a taste for self-government.
9 .
10. Complete answers should include the following points: Enslaved Africans lived in bondage for a lifetime. Considered to be property, they were worked hard and often treated cruelly by their owners. In the South, slaves had no legal standing as persons; in the North they had the right to sue and to appeal in the courts, but no laws protected them from harsh treatment, and they could not carry weapons. In addition, racial prejudice affected free blacks as well as slaves. Women had a much higher social status than enslaved Africans, but they were second-class citizens with almost no legal rights. They could not vote or preach and could not own property or run their own businesses after they married. In everything, they were expected to be obedient to their husbands. When women received an education, it was very basic. Most women lived on farms, where their days were filled with labor. Students may say that slaves would have resented their inferior status more than women did because slaves lived under much harsher conditions and more severe restrictions on their freedom and had been forced into slavery against t h e i rw i l l .
Chapter 3 Essays and Short Answer Standards Summary: All Standards In Test AL 10.1C AL 10.2 Explaining how the institution of slavery developed in the colonies Compare the various early English settlements and colonies on the basis of geography, economics, culture, government, and Native American relations. Identifying tensions that developed between the colonists and their local governments and between the colonists and Great Britain use appropriate resources, data sources, and geographic tools such as aerial photographs, satellite images, geographic information systems (GIS), map projections, and cartography to generate, manipulate, and interpret information such as atlases, data bases, grid systems, charts, graphs, and maps; describe and compare how people create places that reflect culture, human needs, government policy, and current values and ideals as they design and build specialized buildings, neighborhoods, shopping centers, urban centers, industrial parks, and the like; examine, interpret, and analyze physical and cultural patterns and their interactions, such as land use, settlement patterns, cultural transmission of customs and ideas, and ecosystem changes; describe and assess ways that historical events have been influenced by, and have influenced, physical and human geographic factors in local regional, national, and global settings; identify and describe significant historical periods and patterns of change within and across cultures, such as the development of ancient cultures and civilizations, the rise of nations-states, and social, economic, and political revolutions; interpret patterns of behavior reflecting values and attitudes that contribute or pose obstacles to cross-cultural understanding; explain how the scarcity of productive resources (human, capital, technological, and natural) requires the development of economic systems to make decisions about how goods and services are to be produced and distributed; analyze the role that supply and demand, prices, incentives, and profits play in determining what is produced and distributed in a competitive market system; examine persistent issues involving the rights, roles, and status of the individual in relation to the general welfare;
AL 10.2A NCSS IIIc
NCSS IIIf
NCSS IIIg
NCSS IIIh
NCSS IIc
NCSS If NCSS VIIa
NCSS VIIb
NCSS VIa
Chapter 3 Essays and Short Answer NCSS VIi NCSS Xc evaluate the extent to which governments achieve their stated ideals and policies at home and abroad; locate, access, analyze, organize, synthesize, evaluate, and apply information about selected public issues-identifying, describing, and evaluating multiple points of view;
Answer the following question(s) on the back of this paper or on a separate sheet of paper. (10 points each) 1 . Explain the causes and the results of the French and Indian War. Think About: - why England and France were rivals in North America - the territories that were lost and gained by each side - how the outcome of the war affected Native Americans
6 . Compare and contrast the status of women and Africans in the colonies in the early 1700s. What restrictions did each group have to live with? How do you think members of each group felt about their inferior status in society? Think About: - legal rights - daily activities - regional differences
Chapter 3 Essays and Short Answer 7 . In what ways did the colonies "come of age" between 1650 and 1750? How did British policies during this period contribute to the colonists' ability and desire to govern themselves? Think About: - the Navigation Acts - the Dominion of New England - salutary neglect colonial governors and their relations with the colonists
8 . How did the French and Indian War lead to problems between the colonies and Great Britain? Why did many colonists develop ill feelings toward Great Britain even though they had fought side by side with British troops? Think About: - the Proclamation of 1763 - new trade regulations - the presence of British troops in the colonies
9 . Explain how the English colonies were affected by any two of the following: the passage of the Navigation Acts, the establishment of the Dominion of New England, the Glorious Revolution, or the period of salutary neglect.
10. Describe the main differences between the economies of the northern and southern colonies in the early 1700s. Think About: - what was produced - where people lived - the role of enslaved Africans
Chapter 3 Essays and Short Answer Answer Sheet 1 . Complete answers should include the following points: England and France both had expanding empires in North America in the 1750s. New France covered the Mississippi Valley, while England controlled the colonies. The Ohio River Valley became a major area of contention when the French built Fort Duquesne near the site of modern Pittsburgh-an area that had been granted by Virginia to a group of English planters. A militia group led by George Washington was sent to evict the French in 1754. Despite early French victories, England defeated France in the French and Indian War. The Treaty of Paris (1763) granted all land east of the Mississippi to England and gave most of France's remaining territory to Spain. Native Americans, many of whom had fought with the French during the war, found the English harder to bargain with than the French had been. Complete answers should include the following points: While the status of people in all three groups was extremely low, that of slaves was the lowest of all. Lower-class white women were expected to be subservient to men; indentured servants were expected to be subservient to their bosses; and slaves were expected to be subservient to all white people. The daily lives of people in all three groups involved toil and drudgery. Lower-class white women kept house, cooked, and farmed. Indentured servants and slaves normally worked all day in the fields. The work of lower-class white women probably varied more, and is likely to have offered more freedom and personal satisfaction than field work did. Although lower-class white women and indentured servants struggled for survival on a daily basis, most were probably better fed than slaves and suffered less physical abuse. Complete answers should include the following points: Colonists lost much of their respect for the British army, realizing that it was not invincible. After the war, colonists were angered and felt threatened by Britain's installation of a standing army on their frontier. The Proclamation of 1763 convinced the colonists that the British government was not concerned with their needs. Britain's economic woes led to the use of writs of assistance and passage of the Sugar Act, which the colonists felt threatened them economically and was a violation of their rights. Although most colonists still considered themselves loyal subjects of the king, they grew increasingly dissatisfied with the way they were taxed and governed.
2 .
3 .
Chapter 3 Essays and Short Answer 4 . Complete answers should include the following points: The large farms of the South, which produced a single cash crop, required large numbers of field laborers. By using the cheapest labor, plantation owners could maximize their profits. Enslaved Native Americans met this need initially, but they could easily escape and avoid recapture in the wild but familiar surroundings. Indentured servants from Europe, who accepted limited servitude for a period, were the next low-cost source of labor. However, their numbers dropped in the late 1600s as fewer were willing to accept the harsh work demanded of them. Slaves from Africa had a higher initial cost, but once acquired they worked for life, and thus were cheaper in the long run. The demand for more field laborers as plantations expanded, along with the belief among most whites that dark-skinned peoples were inferior, fueled the triangular slave trade, which provided an efficient method for bringing slaves to North America. Students might include points similar to the following: a. Unlike the Southern colonies, the Northern colonies produced several cash crops per farm instead of a single one. b. Unlike the Southern colonies, the Northern colonies developed a diverse commercial economy with many thriving industries. c. A powerful merchant class developed in the Northern colonies but not in the Southern colonies. d. The Northern colonies had more cities, which resulted in a wider variety of occupations and social problems. e. The Northern colonies had more ethnic, religious, and national groups represented among its population. Complete answers should include the following points: Enslaved Africans lived in bondage for a lifetime. Considered to be property, they were worked hard and often treated cruelly by their owners. In the South, slaves had no legal standing as persons; in the North they had the right to sue and to appeal in the courts, but no laws protected them from harsh treatment, and they could not carry weapons. In addition, racial prejudice affected free blacks as well as slaves. Women had a much higher social status than enslaved Africans, but they were second-class citizens with almost no legal rights. They could not vote or preach and could not own property or run their own businesses after they married. In everything, they were expected to be obedient to their husbands. When women received an education, it was very basic. Most women lived on farms, where their days were filled with labor. Students may say that slaves would have resented their inferior status more than women did because slaves lived under much harsher conditions and more severe restrictions on their freedom and had been forced into slavery against t h e i rw i l l .
5 .
6 .
Chapter 3 Essays and Short Answer 7 . Complete answers should include the following points: The Navigation Acts, which were enacted in 1651, were designed to ensure that colonial trade enriched England, but the acts also benefited the colonies. For example, requiring the use of English or colonial ships spurred the colonial shipbuilding industry. Some colonial merchants, however, especially in Massachusetts, violated the acts by smuggling. In response to this disobedience, Charles II made Massachusetts a royal colony, and his successor, James II, combined the Northern colonies into the Dominion of New England and outlawed local assemblies. These actions bred resentment, but after the Glorious Revolution in England, Massachusetts regained its charter, and England turned its attention away from the colonies as it waged war with France. Under England's new policy of salutary, or beneficial, neglect, Parliament did not supervise the colonies closely or strictly enforce its regulations as long as they remained loyal and productive. This economic freedom, combined with the fact that colonial assemblies had considerable power over royally appointed governors because the assemblies held the power of the purse, gave the colonies a taste for self-government. Complete answers should include the following points: After the French and Indian War, Britain's Proclamation of 1763 angered colonists because it banned settlement west of the Appalachians. Although the ban did not halt expansion, it convinced many colonists that the British government did not care about their needs. New laws brought on by Britain's indebtedness after the war, such as the Sugar Act of 1764, which cracked down on colonial smuggling, reinforced this opinion. Even before this law, the colonial governor of Massachusetts had angered Boston merchants by authorizing searches of ships and merchants' buildings. Great Britain also stationed troops in the colonies after the war, to control Native Americans and former French subjects. The colonists resented the presence of these troops, which they felt might be used against them and which added to Britain's indebtedness. Complete answers should include any two of the following points: Passage of the Navigation Acts-This spurred a boom in the ship-building industry. led England to support the development of numerous colonial industries, and restricted freedom of trade. Establishment of the Dominion of New England-Massachusetts became a royal colony; local assemblies were disbanded; northern colonies were consolidated and placed under a single ruler with a hard-line attitude toward colonial disobedience of English policies and laws; Navigation Acts were strictly enforced and smugglers prosecuted vigorously. The Glorious Revolution-the Dominion of New England was disbanded and the colonies' original charters were restored; greater religious freedom was established in Massachusetts. The period of salutary neglect-The enforcement of the Navigation Acts and other English colonial laws was relaxed, giving the colonists more economic and political freedom; the seeds of self-government were planted in the colonies.
8 .
9 .
Chapter 3 Essays and Short Answer 10. Complete answers should include the following points: By the early 1700s, the South had developed an agricultural economy, while the North had a diversified economy that emphasized commerce. Southern plantations produced cash crops such as tobacco and rice. Because plantations were self-sufficient and planters could use rivers to ship goods directly, few cities developed and most people lived in rural areas. In New England and the middle colonies, farmers grew several kinds of crops, and industries such as iron-making and shipping developed. The importance of trade led to the growth of large port cities, where many people lived. Because agriculture predominated in the South and plantations were more profitable with cheap labor, enslaved Africans became the backbone of the Southern economy. Slavery was not central to the North's economy.
AL 10.2A NCSS IIIc
NCSS IIIf
NCSS IIIg
NCSS IIIh
NCSS IIc
NCSS If NCSS VIIa
NCSS VIIb
NCSS VIa
Answer the following question(s) on the back of this paper or on a separate sheet of paper. (10 points each) 1 . Explain the causes and the results of the French and Indian War. Think About: - why England and France were rivals in North America - the territories that were lost and gained by each side - how the outcome of the war affected Native Americans
5 . In what ways did the colonies "come of age" between 1650 and 1750? How did British policies during this period contribute to the colonists' ability and desire to govern themselves? Think About: - the Navigation Acts - the Dominion of New England - salutary neglect colonial governors and their relations with the colonists
Chapter 3 Essays and Short Answer 6 . How did the French and Indian War lead to problems between the colonies and Great Britain? Why did many colonists develop ill feelings toward Great Britain even though they had fought side by side with British troops? Think About: - the Proclamation of 1763 - new trade regulations - the presence of British troops in the colonies
8 . Compare and contrast the status of women and Africans in the colonies in the early 1700s. What restrictions did each group have to live with? How do you think members of each group felt about their inferior status in society? Think About: - legal rights - daily activities - regional differences
9 . Describe the main differences between the economies of the northern and southern colonies in the early 1700s. Think About: - what was produced - where people lived - the role of enslaved Africans
10. Explain how the English colonies were affected by any two of the following: the passage of the Navigation Acts, the establishment of the Dominion of New England, the Glorious Revolution, or the period of salutary neglect.
Chapter 3 Essays and Short Answer Answer Sheet 1 . Complete answers should include the following points: England and France both had expanding empires in North America in the 1750s. New France covered the Mississippi Valley, while England controlled the colonies. The Ohio River Valley became a major area of contention when the French built Fort Duquesne near the site of modern Pittsburgh-an area that had been granted by Virginia to a group of English planters. A militia group led by George Washington was sent to evict the French in 1754. Despite early French victories, England defeated France in the French and Indian War. The Treaty of Paris (1763) granted all land east of the Mississippi to England and gave most of France's remaining territory to Spain. Native Americans, many of whom had fought with the French during the war, found the English harder to bargain with than the French had been. Students might include points similar to the following: a. Unlike the Southern colonies, the Northern colonies produced several cash crops per farm instead of a single one. b. Unlike the Southern colonies, the Northern colonies developed a diverse commercial economy with many thriving industries. c. A powerful merchant class developed in the Northern colonies but not in the Southern colonies. d. The Northern colonies had more cities, which resulted in a wider variety of occupations and social problems. e. The Northern colonies had more ethnic, religious, and national groups represented among its population. Complete answers should include the following points: Colonists lost much of their respect for the British army, realizing that it was not invincible. After the war, colonists were angered and felt threatened by Britain's installation of a standing army on their frontier. The Proclamation of 1763 convinced the colonists that the British government was not concerned with their needs. Britain's economic woes led to the use of writs of assistance and passage of the Sugar Act, which the colonists felt threatened them economically and was a violation of their rights. Although most colonists still considered themselves loyal subjects of the king, they grew increasingly dissatisfied with the way they were taxed and governed.
2 .
3 .
Chapter 3 Essays and Short Answer 4 . Complete answers should include the following points: The large farms of the South, which produced a single cash crop, required large numbers of field laborers. By using the cheapest labor, plantation owners could maximize their profits. Enslaved Native Americans met this need initially, but they could easily escape and avoid recapture in the wild but familiar surroundings. Indentured servants from Europe, who accepted limited servitude for a period, were the next low-cost source of labor. However, their numbers dropped in the late 1600s as fewer were willing to accept the harsh work demanded of them. Slaves from Africa had a higher initial cost, but once acquired they worked for life, and thus were cheaper in the long run. The demand for more field laborers as plantations expanded, along with the belief among most whites that dark-skinned peoples were inferior, fueled the triangular slave trade, which provided an efficient method for bringing slaves to North America. Complete answers should include the following points: The Navigation Acts, which were enacted in 1651, were designed to ensure that colonial trade enriched England, but the acts also benefited the colonies. For example, requiring the use of English or colonial ships spurred the colonial shipbuilding industry. Some colonial merchants, however, especially in Massachusetts, violated the acts by smuggling. In response to this disobedience, Charles II made Massachusetts a royal colony, and his successor, James II, combined the Northern colonies into the Dominion of New England and outlawed local assemblies. These actions bred resentment, but after the Glorious Revolution in England, Massachusetts regained its charter, and England turned its attention away from the colonies as it waged war with France. Under England's new policy of salutary, or beneficial, neglect, Parliament did not supervise the colonies closely or strictly enforce its regulations as long as they remained loyal and productive. This economic freedom, combined with the fact that colonial assemblies had considerable power over royally appointed governors because the assemblies held the power of the purse, gave the colonies a taste for self-government. Complete answers should include the following points: After the French and Indian War, Britain's Proclamation of 1763 angered colonists because it banned settlement west of the Appalachians. Although the ban did not halt expansion, it convinced many colonists that the British government did not care about their needs. New laws brought on by Britain's indebtedness after the war, such as the Sugar Act of 1764, which cracked down on colonial smuggling, reinforced this opinion. Even before this law, the colonial governor of Massachusetts had angered Boston merchants by authorizing searches of ships and merchants' buildings. Great Britain also stationed troops in the colonies after the war, to control Native Americans and former French subjects. The colonists resented the presence of these troops, which they felt might be used against them and which added to Britain's indebtedness.
5 .
6 .
Chapter 3 Essays and Short Answer 7 . Complete answers should include the following points: While the status of people in all three groups was extremely low, that of slaves was the lowest of all. Lower-class white women were expected to be subservient to men; indentured servants were expected to be subservient to their bosses; and slaves were expected to be subservient to all white people. The daily lives of people in all three groups involved toil and drudgery. Lower-class white women kept house, cooked, and farmed. Indentured servants and slaves normally worked all day in the fields. The work of lower-class white women probably varied more, and is likely to have offered more freedom and personal satisfaction than field work did. Although lower-class white women and indentured servants struggled for survival on a daily basis, most were probably better fed than slaves and suffered less physical abuse. Complete answers should include the following points: Enslaved Africans lived in bondage for a lifetime. Considered to be property, they were worked hard and often treated cruelly by their owners. In the South, slaves had no legal standing as persons; in the North they had the right to sue and to appeal in the courts, but no laws protected them from harsh treatment, and they could not carry weapons. In addition, racial prejudice affected free blacks as well as slaves. Women had a much higher social status than enslaved Africans, but they were second-class citizens with almost no legal rights. They could not vote or preach and could not own property or run their own businesses after they married. In everything, they were expected to be obedient to their husbands. When women received an education, it was very basic. Most women lived on farms, where their days were filled with labor. Students may say that slaves would have resented their inferior status more than women did because slaves lived under much harsher conditions and more severe restrictions on their freedom and had been forced into slavery against t h e i rw i l l . Complete answers should include the following points: By the early 1700s, the South had developed an agricultural economy, while the North had a diversified economy that emphasized commerce. Southern plantations produced cash crops such as tobacco and rice. Because plantations were self-sufficient and planters could use rivers to ship goods directly, few cities developed and most people lived in rural areas. In New England and the middle colonies, farmers grew several kinds of crops, and industries such as iron-making and shipping developed. The importance of trade led to the growth of large port cities, where many people lived. Because agriculture predominated in the South and plantations were more profitable with cheap labor, enslaved Africans became the backbone of the Southern economy. Slavery was not central to the North's economy.
8 .
9 .
Chapter 3 Essays and Short Answer 10. Complete answers should include any two of the following points: Passage of the Navigation Acts-This spurred a boom in the ship-building industry. led England to support the development of numerous colonial industries, and restricted freedom of trade. Establishment of the Dominion of New England-Massachusetts became a royal colony; local assemblies were disbanded; northern colonies were consolidated and placed under a single ruler with a hard-line attitude toward colonial disobedience of English policies and laws; Navigation Acts were strictly enforced and smugglers prosecuted vigorously. The Glorious Revolution-the Dominion of New England was disbanded and the colonies' original charters were restored; greater religious freedom was established in Massachusetts. The period of salutary neglect-The enforcement of the Navigation Acts and other English colonial laws was relaxed, giving the colonists more economic and political freedom; the seeds of self-government were planted in the colonies.
AL 10.2A NCSS IIIc
NCSS IIIf
NCSS IIIg
NCSS IIIh
NCSS IIc
NCSS If NCSS VIIa
NCSS VIIb
NCSS VIa

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