CHEMISTRY FOLIO

CHAPTER 9

Name : Azhad Arif bin Alias Class: 4R (2013) Topic : Manufactured Substances in Industry Subject Teacher : Madam Yip Yin Leng

TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Introduction Objectives Various Substances Consume in Industries i) Sulphuric Acid ii) Ammmonia iii) Alloy iv) Synthetic Polymers v) Glass and Ceramics vi) Composite Materials Conclusion Referrences Page No. 3 4

INTRODUCTION
Chemistry had played a huge role in mankind for their contribution in easing our life. Days after days, going across generations, scientists or particularly known as chemist has done reasearches that provides humans on methods to handle chemicals for them to invent new things. Chapter 9 of Form 4 syllabus introduces the students with manufacturedsubstances in industry. This is important for the students to appreciate the knowledge of chemistry that is still new for themselves. Personally, I think that this chapter is aninteresting chapter as it revealed the way of scientist produces the material around me. Italso gives me new knowledge of the uses of chemical substances that I usually found in the laboratories.

SULPHURIC ACID
What is sulphuric acid and what is its properties?

Sulphuric acid is a strong mineral acid. Its molecular formula is H2SO4 and it is soluble in water. This substance is highly corrosive and also dense. A concentrated sulphuric acid is viscous colourless liquid

What is the use of Sulphuric Acid? 1. Sulphuric acid is used to produce chemical fertilizer such as ammonium sulphate and potassium sulphate, which are highly soluble in water and can be easily absorbed by plant. 2. Car batteries contain sulphuric acid which is used as the electrolyte. 3. Sulphuric acid also used in the making of artificial silk-like fibres and rayon. 4. Chemical like paints, dyes and drug use sulphuric acid as one of

How does the chemical changes undergo in the manufacture of Sulphuric Acid? PROCESS 1 : Sulphuric Acid is manufactured through Contact Process. There are three procedures in this process. They are, :1. Combustion of Sulphur or Sulphide ores in the air produce sulphur dioxide SO2 S (s) + O2 (g) SO2 (g) 2. Sulphur Dioxide is dried and purified

PROCESS 2 : Production of Sulphur Trioxide From Sulphur Dioxide The purified sulphur dioxide SO2 and excess air is passed over vanadium (V) oxide V2O5 at controlled optimum condition to produce sulphur trioxide SO3 2 SO2 + O2 The Optimum Condition which is :i) ii) iii) 450 o C - 500 o 2 3 atmospheres Vanadium (V) oxide 2 SO3

Under controlled optimum conditions 98% conversion is possible. Sulphur dioxide and oxygen that have not reacted are allowed to flow back again over the catalyst in the converter.

PROCESS 3 : Conversion of trioxide to sulphuric acid Sulphur trioxide SO3 is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid H2SO4 to form oleum H2S2O7 which is then diluted with water to form sulphuric acid H2SO4 SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7 + H2O H2S2O7 H2SO4

The two reactions in process 3 are equivalent to adding sulphur trioxide directly into water. The addition of sulphur trioxide is not practised because both substances reacts vigorously when they react against each other ; alot of heat is given off. As a result, a large cloud of sulphuric acid fumes is produced, which is corrosive and servere pollution to the air

Does Sulphuric acid causes severe pollution? Yes it does

i)

Sulphuric dioxide is one of the by-product. It is a colourless but poisonous gas with a

very pungent smell

ii) iii)

Sulphur dioxide which releases into the air causes pollution Sulphur dioxide reacts with water to form sulphurous acid H2SO3 . In the atmosphere sulphur dioxide dissolve in water droplets to form sulphurous acid. SO2 + H2O H2SO3

iv)

Oxidation of sulphur acid by oxygen produces sulphuric acid H2SO4 which falls to the earth as acid rain. Sulphur trioxide is also easily oxidisedin the air to form sulpur trioxide. Sulphur trioxide dissolve in rain water to produce sulphuric acid SO3 + H2O H2SO4

AMMONIA AND ITS SALTS

Ammonia that is produced commercially has many uses. It is used widely in :i) ii) iii) iv) In the manufacture of chemical fertilizers such as ammonia sulphate, ammonia nitric, ammonia phosphate and urea To manufacture nitric acid and explosive To make synthetic fibre and nylon As a degreasing agent in aqueous form to remove greasy stains in the kitchen

The Properties of ammonia gas The properties of ammonia gas are as follows :i) ii) iii) iv) It is colourless and has a pungent smell It is very soluble in water and forms a weak alkali solution It is less dense than water It is easily liquefied when being cooled down

The chemical properties are :a) Ammonia dissolve in water to form a wwweak alkali NH3 + H2 NH4 + OH-

b) The presence of hydroxide ion causes the aqueous solution to become alkaline. Thus, this causes : i) Turns red litmus paper to blue ii) Reacts with acid to formonly salt and water in titration method or neutralization process NH3 + HCl NH4Cl 2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)H2SO4 iii) Reacts with solution of metallic cations to produce precipitates/ Fe2 + 2OHThe uses of Ammonia in Industries Ammonia is manufactured on a large scale in industry through the haber process. In this case, ammonia is formed from direct combustion of nitrogen and hydrogen gas in the volume with a ratio of 1 : 3 Fe(OH)2

The nitrogen gas obtained from the fractional distillation of liquefied solution. The hydrogen gas is obtained from the cracking of petroleum or from the calysed reaction of natural gas CH4 with steam. CH4 + H2O CO + 3 H2

The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen gases is passed over an iron catalyst under optimum condition as below to form ammonia gas i) ii) iii) Temperature (400oC 500oC )\ Pressure : 200 500 atmospheres Catalyst used : Iron fillings N2 + 2 H2 2 NH3

Under these controlled optimum condition, only 15% gas mixture turn into ammonia gas. The nitrogen and hydrogen that have not reacted are then flowed back over the catalyst again in the reaction chamber The ammonia product is then cooled at a low temperature so that it condenses into a liquid in a cooler chamber.

AMMONIUM FERTILIZERS Nitrogen Is required in a large amount by plant to make proteinswhich are necesassary for growth and cell repair. Most plant are unable to gell enough nitrogen supply directly from the air although this gas is abundant in the air. Plants can only absorb soluble nitrogen compounds from soil through their roots The nitrogen compounds are usually soluble nitric salt, ammonia and ammonia salt which manufacture to become chemical fertilizers. Reaction of ammonia with acids produce ammonia fertilizers NH3 + HNO3 NH3 + H3PO4 2NH3 + H2SO4 NH4NO3 (NH4)3PO4 (NH4)2SO4

ALLOYS
Properties of alloy and their arrangement of particles The atom of pure atom is arranged closely packed together. This causes these kids of metal to have a high density. The forces of attraction between atom (metallic bond). So, more heat is needed to evercome the forces of attraction between the atoms so that the atoms can be further apart during melting process Heat energy can be easily transferred through one atom and another through vibration. From this theory, it makes metal a good conductor of heat. The free moving electrons on the outermost metal structure makes it able to conduct electricity. Therefore, metals are a good conductor of electricity. Since the shape of metal atoms are the same, it is arranged orderly in a regular layered pattern. When a force is applied to the metal, layer of atom slide easily over one another. This makes pure metal soft, ductile and malleable What simply is alloy? Pure metals are usually soft metals. They are vulnerable to corrosion. Furthermore, they can tarnish easily. In order to improve the physical characteristics of these pure metals, another substance is added to form another alloy. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (something non-metal) in a specific proportion. As an example :i) Bronze - 90% copper - 10% tin Steel - 99% iron - 1% carbon

ii)

The main purposes of forming an alloy is as the following a. Increase the strength

1. Pure iron is soft and malleable. When a small amount of carbon is added to iron, the substance becomes steel. The more carbon is added, the stronger the steel becomes. 2. Pure aluminium is very light but not that strong. With a small amount of carbon and magnesium are added to aluminium, a light, durable and strong alloy called duralumin is formed.

b. Improving the resistance of corrosion 1. Iron rust easily but stainless steel that contains 80.6% of iron, 0.4% carbon , 18 % of chromium and 1% of nickel does not rush. These properties makes stainless steal suitable for making surgical instrument and cutlery. 2. Pure copper tarnish easily. When zinc (30%) is added, the yellow alloy or as well known as brass develops a higher resistance to corrosion c. Enhancing the appearance 1. Pewter, an alloy of tin (97%) , antimony and copper is not only hard but has more beautiful white silvery appearance 2. When copper is mixed from nickel to form cupronickel, an alloy that has an attractive silvery, bright appearance is formed which is suitable to make coins.

SYNTHETIC POLYMER
What are polymer? -Molecule that consist of a large number of small identical or similar units joined together repeatedly are called polymer. -The smaller molecules that make up the repeating unit in polymer are called monomer. --The process of joining together a large number of monomers to form a long chain polymer is called polymerisation. -Polymer can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic). Natural polymer are found in plant and in animals for example of natural polymers are starch cellulose, protein and rubber.

Two type of polymerisation in producing synthetic polymer are additional polymerisat ion. Double bonds between two carbon atoms usually undergo addition polymerisation

SYNTHETIC POLYMER IN DAILY LIFE

1. Synthetic polymers have many advantages over other type of materials a. They are cheap, light-weight and translucent. b. They are easily coloured, easily moulded and shaped c. They are non-corrosive, waterproof and good insulator d. They are durable and long lasting because they are resistant to decay, rusting and chemical attacks 2. There are disadvantage using synthetic polymer a. Most of the synthetic polymer are flammable. When a synthetic polymer material catches fire, poisonous fumes are produce causing air pollution. b. Synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable. When there are discharge, they cause litter problem and pollute the environment. c. Plastic container that are left aside in an open area collect rainwater which becomes the breeding ground for mosquitoes. d. There are limitation in recycle have to be separated out as the addition of nonrecyclable polymers in the mixture affect the properties of the recycled polymers.

GLASS AND CERAMICS

Glass is one of the most useful but inexpensive materials in the world. Many productsare made from glass because of its specials properties. Glass is :a. b. c. d. e. Transparent, hard but brittle. A heat and electric insulator. Resistant to corrosion. Chemical not reaction and therefore resistant to chemical attack. Easy to maintain.

Ceramics Traditional silicate ceramics are made by heating aluminium or silicate clay such as kaolin to a very high temperature. Ceramics have many special properties that make them one of the most useful materials in our everyday life. That: a. b. c. d. e. f. Are hard, strong but brittle Have high melting point and remain stable at high temperature Are heat and electric instrument Are resistant to corrosion and wear Are chemically not reactive Do not readily deform under stress

Ceramic plays an important role in our daily life. They are uses as a.Construction materials i. Ceramic are strong and hard, uses to make roof tiles, bricks cement, sinks, and toilet bowls. ii.They are also used to make refractory bricks because high resistant to heat.

b. Decorative items i.To make pottery, china plates, and porcelain vases since they do not tarnish easily and are durable. ii.They are used to make bathroom fixture such as floor and wall tiles.

c. Electrical insulator i.Ceramic are used to make electrical insulator in electrical items such as toasters, Fridges and electrical plug.

Porcelain vases made from ceramic

COMPOSITE MATERIALS
WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS A composite materials (or composite) is a structure of materials that is formed by two or more different substances such as metal, glass, ceramic and polymer. Some common composite materials are: a. b. c. d. e. Reinforces concrete Superconductor Fibre optic Fibre glass Photochromic glass

SUPERCONDUCTOR Metal such as copper and aluminium are good conductor of electricity, but 20% of theelectric energy is lost in the form of heat during transmission. Super conductor are materials that have no resistance to the flow of electricity at a particular temperature. Hence, 100% electricity transmission is possible. One of the most dramatic properties of a superconductor is its ability to levitate amagnet. Superconductor are used to build magnetically levitate high-speed train (atabout 552 km/h). Superconductor are used to make chips for smaller and faster supercomputer.Superconductor also play an important role in high speed data processing in internet communication.

FIBRE OPTIC Fibre optic is a composite material that in used to transmit signals for light wave. Fibre optic is used in:a. Telecommunicate where the telephone substation are liked by fibre optic cables. b. Domestic cable television network c. Closed circuit television security system. Fibre optic also used in medical fields. It is used in a number of instrument whichenable the investigation for internal body part without having to perform surgery.

FIBRE GLASS -Fibre glass is glass in the form of fine threads. Molten gas is dropped onto a refractoryrating disc when the glass flies off the disc glass to form fibre. -Fibre glass is strong than steel, do not burnt, stretch or rot, resistant to fire and water butis brittle. -When fibre glass added to a plastic, a new composite material fibre glass reinforces plastic is formed. -Fibre glass reinforces plastic has more superior properties than glass and plastic. It is : Extremely strong Light weigh Resistant to fire and water Can be molded, shaped and twisted

PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS -Photochromic lenses are lenses that darken on exposure to specific types of light, most commonly ultraviolet radiation. Once the light source is removed (for example by walking indoors), the lenses will gradually return to their clear state. Photochromic lenses may be made of glass, polycarbonate, or another plastic -When 0.01 to 0.1% of silver chloride (a type of photochromic substances) and a small amount of copper (II) chloride are added to molten silicon dioxide, photochromic glass is formed. -The photochromic glass has a special properties. It darken when exposed to strong sunlight or ultraviolet chromic glass is suitable for making sunglasses.

Optic fibre cable Natural polymer something. entah

-

Photochromic glass

http://www.scribd.com/doc/63050611/Chemistry-Form-4-Chapterhttp://www.scribd.com/doc/24980579/Chemistry-Folio

comparison of alloy etc: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_difference_between_pure_metals_and_alloys