KS4 Chemistry

The Periodic Table

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Contents

The Periodic Table

Elements and atomic number

Arranging elements
Patterns of behaviour Electronic structure Teacher resources

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What are all substances made of?

There are millions of different substances in the world but what are they all made of? Elements the building blocks of all substances. There are about 100 different elements in a variety of forms.

From sodium, a reactive metal

to gold, an unreactive metal. From chlorine, a poisonous gas

to oxygen, a life-giving gas.

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Properties of elements
What is a property of an element? A property is any characteristic of an element.

For example, here are some properties of sodium:

metallic highly reactive solid but melts easily feels light (low density)

It would be really useful to be able to predict properties of elements instead of having to remember them!
Are there any patterns in the properties of elements?
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Properties and atomic number

Scientists discovered that the properties of elements seemed to depend on atomic number. What is the atomic number of an element? Atoms contain three types of particles:

particle
proton neutron electron

charge relative mass

+1 0 -1 1 1 0.0005

Where are these particles found in an atom?

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What is atomic number?

What are the particles in this helium atom?

electron

neutron

helium nucleus

proton
Atomic number = the number of protons in an atom
What is the atomic number of helium?

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Atomic number and electrons

Atoms of elements contain equal numbers of protons and electrons. How does this affect the charge of such atoms?

Atoms of elements have no charge, they are neutral.

What is the charge on a fluorine atom?

19

F
9

9 protons charge = +9 9 electrons charge = - 9 10 neutrons charge = 0 total charge = 0

How are the number of electrons and atomic number related in a neutral atom? They are the same.
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Contents

The Periodic Table

Elements and atomic number

Arranging elements
Patterns of behaviour Electronic structure Teacher resources

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Atomic number and patterns

When scientists arranged elements in order of increasing atomic number they found patterns in their properties. reactive gases

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K

unreactive gases

reactive metals

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Positions of similar elements

Compare the positions of similar elements. reactive gases reactive metals

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

How many elements are there from one reactive gas to the next? 8
How many elements are there from one reactive metal to the next? 8

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Arranging elements
Divide the elements at set intervals, arrange them according to their properties and what patterns do you see?
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H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Arranging these strips in rows H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

K
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Arranging elements
When elements are arranged according to their properties what patterns do you see and what element is missing?
hydrogen is a special case H He

Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K

reactive metals

reactive gases

unreactive gases

Similar elements go into the same columns. Hydrogen is an exception. This reactive gas is best positioned above the reactive metals.
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The periodic table

Arranging all the elements by atomic number and properties led to the creation of

the periodic table

H Li Be He B C N O F Ne Al Si P S Cl Ar Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt ? ? ?

Na Mg K Ca Sc Rb Sr Y Cs Ba La Fr Ra Ac

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Columns of elements
What are columns of elements called? Groups
1 2 H Li Be transition elements Group number 3 4 5 6 7 0 He B C N O F Ne Al Si P S Cl Ar Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt ? ? ?

Na Mg K Ca Sc Rb Sr Y Cs Ba La Fr Ra Ac

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Rows of elements
What are rows of elements called? Period number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 H Li Be

Periods

He B C N O F Ne

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt ? ? ?

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Name the position

What is the Group and Period of this element? Mg Cl C K 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 H B C N O F Li Be Na Mg Al Si P S Cl K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt ? ? ? Group 1 2 Period 2 3 4 4 7 3 4 5 6 7 0

He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn

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Missing elements!
In this periodic table the symbols are replaced by atomic numbers. Some of the numbers are missing where?
Two more periods of elements fit here but are only shown on some periodic tables. These are called the lanthanides and actinides. F 9 Cl 17 Br 35 I 53 At 85

1 H

B 3 Be 4 5 C 6 N 7 O 8 Li Na Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 11 Mg 12 13 K Ca Ti 23 V 24 Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu 19 20 Sc 21 22 25 26 27 28 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Rb Sr 39 Y 40 Zr Nb Tc Ru In Sn Te 37 38 41 Mo 42 43 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 49 50 Sb 51 52 Cs La 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 W Re Ir 78 Pt Au Tl Pb Bi Po 55 Ba 56 57 75 Os 76 77 79 Hg 80 81 82 83 84 Fr Ra Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 ? 111 ? 112 ? 87 88 Ac 89 104

He 2 Ne 10 Ar 18 Kr 36 Xe 54 Rn 86

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Contents

The Periodic Table

Elements and atomic number

Arranging elements
Patterns of behaviour Electronic structure Teacher resources

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Patterns 1: Metals and non-metals

Where are different types of elements grouped together on the periodic table? metals
non-metals metalloids

on the left and centre

mostly on the right in between metals and non-metals

Metalloids arent type of rock music fan! Metalloids actually have some properties similar to metals and other properties similar to no-metals. Can you name a metalloid element?
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Metals, non-metals and metalloids

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Metal, non-metal or metalloid?

Is this element a metal, non-metal or metalloid? francium (Fr) scandium krypton (Kr) (Sc) cobalt silicon (Si) (Co) H Li Be metalloid metal metal non-metal He B C N O F Ne Ti Zr

Na Mg K Ca Sc Rb Sr Y Cs Ba La Fr Ra Ac

Hf Rf

Al Si P S V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po Db Sg Bh Hs Mt ? ? ?

Cl Br I At

Ar Kr Xe Rn

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Patterns 2: Physical state

Where are elements of different states grouped together on the periodic table?

solids
liquids gases

on the left, in the centre and to the right

only two elements are liquid mostly on the far right

Only two elements are liquids at room temperature.

Can you name these two elements?

mercury bromine

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Physical state

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Solid, liquid or gas?

Is this element a solid, liquid or gas at room temperature? krypton(Ba) niobium barium nitrogen bromine (Kr) (Nb) (Br) (N) H Li Be Na Mg liquid solid gas He B C N O F Ne Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca Sc Rb Sr Y Cs Ba La Fr Ra Ac

Ti Zr Hf Rf

V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Db Sg Bh Hs Mt ? ? ?

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Patterns 3: Reactivity of metals

What happens the reactivity of metals along a period?

What happens the reactivity of metals down a group?

Which is the most reactive metal? H more reactive

Li Be Na Mg Al K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt ? ? ?
more reactive
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Which metal is more reactive?

From the positions of these metals in the periodic table, which metal in each pair is the more reactive? calcium copper (Ca) (Cu) oror magnesium barium (Ba) potassium calcium (Ca) (K) or or iron lithium (Fe (Li) )(Mg) H Li Be Na Mg Al K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt ? ? ?

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Patterns 4: Reactivity of non-metals

What are the rules for the reactivity of the non-metals? 1. Group 0 is the most unreactive group of elements. 2. For the remaining non-metals, reactivity increases to the right of a period and up a group. more reactive more reactive He B C N O F Ne Si P S Cl Ar As Se Br Kr Te I Xe At Rn u n r e a c t i v e

Which is the most reactive non-metal?

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Which non-metal is more reactive?

From the positions of these non-metals in the periodic table, which non-metal in the pair is the more reactive? fluorine oxygen neon (Ne) (F) (O)or or or chlorine silicon iodine (I) (Si) (Cl) carbon (C) or oxygen (O) He B C N O F Ne Si P S Cl Ar As Se Br Kr Te I Xe At Rn

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Contents

The Periodic Table

Elements and atomic number

Arranging elements
Patterns of behaviour Electronic structure Teacher resources

Boardworks Ltd 2004

Patterns and atomic number

The periodic table shows that patterns in the properties of elements are linked to atomic number. What links atomic number and the properties of elements?
H Li Be electrons He B C N O F Ne

Na Mg K Ca Sc Rb Sr Y Cs Ba La Fr Ra Ac

Al Si P S Cl Ar Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt ? ? ?

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Patterns and electrons

The properties of elements are hugely influenced by the number and arrangement of electrons in the atom. What links atomic number and the number of electrons? 1 4 7 9 10

H
1

He
2

Li
3

Be
4

B
5

atomic number = number of protons atomic number = number of electrons in elements atoms

As atomic number increases by one, the number of electrons also increases by one.
So the elements in the periodic table are also arranged in order of the number of electrons.
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Patterns and electrons

Electrons are arranged in shells around an atoms nucleus. How is layout of the periodic table related to the number and arrangement of electrons in these shells?

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H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

The point at which a new period starts is the point at which electrons begin to fill a new shell. How many electrons can the first three electron shells hold?

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Rules for electron arrangements

Electrons are arranged in shells around an atoms nucleus.

The rules for the maximum number of electrons shells in the first three shells are:

first shell maximum = 2 electrons

second shell maximum = 8 electrons third shell maximum = 8 electrons

This electron arrangement is written as:

2,8,8
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Electrons in Period 1
Elements in Period 1 only have electrons in the first shell.
Why are there only two elements in Period 1? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

1 H
1

He
2

The first shell can only hold a maximum of two electrons, so Period 1 only includes the elements hydrogen and helium. What is special about the outer shell of He?
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Electrons in Period 2
Elements in Period 2 all have a complete first shell.
What happens to electrons in the second shell in Period 2? 1 2 Li 2,1 Be 2,2 B 2,3 C N 2,5 O 2,6 F Ne 2,8 2

2,4

2,7

The second shell is completed one electron at a time going across Period 2 from left to right.
What is special about the outer shell of Ne?
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Electrons in Period 3
Elements in Period 3 have complete first and second shells. What happens to electrons in the third shell in Period 3? 1 3 2 3 4

Na
2,8,1

Mg
2,8,2

Al 2,8,3

Si

P
2,8,5

S
2,8,6

Cl
2,8,7

Ar
2,8,8

2,8,4

The third shell is completed one electron at a time going across Period 3 from left to right.
What is special about the outer shell of Ar?
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Patterns of electron arrangements

Consider the electron arrangements of the first 20 elements in the periodic table. 1 1 2 3
1 2,1 2,8,1 2,2 2,8,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8,7

0
2 2,8 2,8,8

2,8,3

2,8,4

2,8,5

2,8,6

4 2,8,8,1 2,8,8,2
What is the pattern for the number of outer shell electrons in each group?

Why do elements in the same group have similar chemical reactivity?

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Electrons in Group 1
1 Group 1 elements have one electron in the outermost shell.
Li 2,1 Why does reactivity increase going down the group? Going down Group 1 the outer electron becomes further from the nucleus and so is more easily lost in chemical reactions.

Na 2,8,1

The Group 1 metals are called the alkali metals.

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Electrons in Group 2
2
Group 2 elements have two electrons in the outermost shell. Be 2,2 In chemical reactions metals tend to lose their outer electrons to form positive ions. What is the charge on the ions of Group 2 elements?

Mg 2,8,2

These elements lose the two outer electrons and form ions with a 2+ charge.

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Electrons in Group 3
3
Group 3 elements have three electrons in the outermost shell. B 2,3 Metals lose their outer electrons to form positive ions.

Al 2,8,3

What is the charge on the ions of Group 3 elements?

These elements lose the three outer electrons and form ions with a 3+ charge.

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Electrons in Group 4
4
Group 4 elements have four electrons in the outermost shell. C 2,4

The elements at the top of Group 4 are non-metals.

These elements dont like to lose their electrons and prefer to share them with other atoms. What type of bonding is this? The elements at the top of Group 4 bond covalently.

Si 2,8,4

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Electrons in Group 5
5
Group 5 elements have five electrons in the outermost shell. N 2,5 How many electrons do the elements shown need for a full outer shell? The Group 5 elements shown need three more electrons to achieve a full outer shell.

P 2,8,5

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Electrons in Group 6
6 Group 6 elements have six electrons in the outermost shell.
O 2,6

Atoms form negative ions by gaining extra electrons. What type of ions will these Group 6 elements form?
These Group 6 atoms can gain two extra electrons to complete their outer shell and form negative ions with a 2- charge.

S 2,8,6

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Electrons in Group 7
7
Group 7 elements have seven electrons in the outermost shell. F 2,7

These atoms need one extra electrons for a complete outer shell and form 1- ions. Why does reactivity increase going up Group 7?
The incoming electrons are pulled more strongly into shells that are closer to the nucleus.

Cl 2,8,7

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Electrons in Group 0
0
1 Group 0 (or 8) elements all have a complete set of electrons in the outermost shell. Why are these elements so unreactive? 2 Ne 2,8 The Group 0 atoms do not need to lose or gain any electrons to complete their outer shells which means they are unreactive. The Group 0 elements are called the noble (or inert) gases.

He 2

Ar 2,8,8

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What is the electron arrangement?

What is the electron arrangement in this elements atoms?

Mg Cl C K
1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 H

4 2 8, 7 1 2, 8,
3 4 5 6 7 0 He

Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt ? ? ?

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Different types of elements

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Periodic table quiz

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Contents

The Periodic Table

Elements and atomic number

Arranging elements
Patterns of behaviour Electronic structure Teacher resources

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Periodic table

H
Li Be

He B C N O F Ne

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt ? ? ?

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Periodic table

He
Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti Zr Hf Rf V Nb Ta Db Cr Mo W Sg Mn Tc Re Bh Fe Ru Os Hs Co Rh Ir Mt Ni Pd Pt ? Cu Ag Au ? Zn Cd Hg ? B Al Ga In Tl C Si Ge Sn Pb N P As Sb Bi O S Se Te Po F Cl Br I At Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn

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