-Everything still holds in the complex domain

-Eg L } {sin t e







-Now, not all ) (t f have a Laplace transform. The integral, intuitively, needs to have the
integrand, ) (t f e
st
, go to zero sufficiently fast. From the examples, we seemed to
need the overall function to decay faster than
kt
e

, k>0, in order for the integral to exist

eg/
n st
t e

,
at st
e e

can all be made to decay sufficiently fast but

2
t st
e e

wont converge for

any choice of s

-Now, ) (t f doesnt need to be continuous (eg. turning on a switch, pulse/square wave
generator)

-Lets assume ) (t f is piecewise continuous. In other words, it is continuous on any
finite interval. If it is discontinuous, it will have finite right and left hand limits (ie can
only have finite jumps)









-Theorem. A function ) (t f is piecewise continuous on every finite interval for 0 > t
and
at
Me t f s | ) ( | for some a (can be positive!). Then the Laplace transform exists for
a s re > } {

-When it exists, the Laplace transform is unique except at the discontinuities

-These are sufficient conditions

-eg. L }
1
{
t
eg. L } {
2
t
e

eg. What is the Laplace transform of
1 0 , ) ( < s = t t t f
1 , 0 > = t

Soln/
















-Inverse Laplace
-can apply L
-1
}
+

=
i
i
st
ds e s F
i
s F
o
o
t
) (
2
1
)} ( {

(This is an integration in the complex plane. The o depends on the region of
convergence

-We can, if F(s) is rational, use tables and partial fraction expansions

eg/
2 3
2
7
7 3
) (
s s
s s
s F

+
=













B. Application to ODEs

-We need to figure out what happens when we differentiate a function

-Theorem- suppose ) (t f is continuous for 0 > t and satisfies the conditions to have a
Laplace transform. As well, suppose ) (t
dt
df
is piecewise continuous on every finite
interval in 0 > t . Then, there exists an o such that L )} ( { t
dt
df
exists for o > } Re{s and

L s t
dt
df
= )} ( { L ) 0 ( )} ( { f t f

where ) 0 ( f is the initial value.

Proof/















-What do the conditions mean?

-Apply this twice to get

L s t
dt
f d
= )} ( {
2
2
L ) 0 ( )} ( { f t
dt
df
'




-Similarly, L = )} ( { t
dt
f d
n
n


-eg/ L = } {cos t e







-We can now solve ODEs with initial values using algebraic techniques

-Eg/ 1 ) 0 ( , = = x x x









Eg/ 1 ) 0 ( , 0 ) 0 ( , 1 = = = y y y









Eg/ 1 ) 0 ( , 0 ) 0 ( , 1 9 = = = + y y y y















C. Shifting theorems and the Heaviside Function

- s-Shifting
-Theorem: If ) (t f has a transform ) (s F (where o > s ), then
) (t f e
at
has the transform ) ( a s F (where o > a s )

ie L ) ( )} ( { a s F t f e
at
=

-Equivalently, L
-1
)} ( { a s F ) (t f e
at
=

Pf/







-This now allows us to use PFE of all possible types of rational functions in s using our
previous table

If , ) (
n at
t e t f = then

If , cos ) ( t e t f
at
e = then

If , sin ) ( t e t f
at
e = then

Eg/
) 40 4 (
1
) (
2 2
+ +
=
s s s
s F















Or solve using complex domain



















Eg./ 4 ) 0 ( , 2 ) 0 ( , 0 5 2 = = = + + y y y y y















Eg/ 0 ) 0 ( , 1 ) 0 ( , 2 = = + = + y y t e y y y
t










Eg/ 0 ) 0 ( , 1 ) 0 ( , 1 13 6 = = = + + y y y y y

















Extra problem:

Look at
16
1
4
+ s


Solution:
) )( )( 2 )( 2 (
1
16
1
135 135 45 45 4 j j j j
e s e s e s e s s


=
+
})
2
2
2
2
{ 2 })(
2
2
2
2
{ 2 })(
2
2
2
2
{ 2 })(
2
2
2
2
{ 2 (
1
j s j s j s j s + +
=
}) 2 } 2 })({ 2 } 2 })({ 2 } 2 })({ 2 } 2 ({
1
j s j s j s j s + + + +
=

) 2 } 2 )({ 2 } 2 ({
1
2 2
+ + +
=
s s


This can be checked by multiplying the two terms in the denominator

Thus, these are these are terms involving quadratics which will lead to terms such as

), 2 cos( ), 2 sin( ), 2 cos( ), 2 sin(
2 2 2 2
t e t e t e t e
t t t t



-Terms to use in general

























-Now look at time-shifting

Thm- Suppose L ) ( )} ( { s F t f = . Then the function

a t a t f
a t
t f
>
<
=
), (
, 0
{ ) (
~


has the Laplace Transform ) (s F e
as













-Heaviside Step Function ) ( a t u


a t
a t
a t u
>
<
=
, 1
, 0
{ ) (

- ) (t u is the step function. Thus, ) ( a t u is a delayed step

A delayed function is ) ( ) ( ) (
~
a t u a t f t f =

-Theorem (restated)

L ) ( )} ( ) ( { s F e a t u a t f
as
=
L
1
) ( ) ( )} ( { a t u a t f s F e
as
=

Pf/











-Show that L
s
e
a t u
as
= )} ( {






Note: ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( a t u a t f a t u t f =


Eg/ Find L } / {
3 3 1
s e
s
and sketch












Eg/Find the transform of


t
t t
t
2 sin
2 0
0 2
) (
>
< s
< s
=
t t
t
t
t f













Eg/
1
4 2
2
) (
2
2
2
2
2
+
+ =

s
e
s
s
e
s
e
s
s F
s s s t








Eg. 0 ) 0 ( , 1 ) 0 ( ), 3 ( 2 4 4 = = + = + y y t u t y y y


















































Eg/ L } ) 1 ( { t t u








-Handling periodic signals

-Theorem- if f is periodic with period T and piece-wise continuous over this period, then

L dt e t f
e
t f
st
T
sT

= ) (
1
1
)} ( {
0

The integral is the Laplace transform over one interval
Pf/
















Eg/ Pulse generator



















Eg/ Sawtooth generator



















-Other properties:

Integration of f(t)

Theorem: If f(t) is piecewise-continuous and satisfies
t
Me t f

s | ) ( |
, then

L
s
d f
t
1
} ) ( {
0
=
}
t t L )} ( { t f

Pf/

Let
}
=
t
d f t g
0
) ( ) ( t t


Now, one can show that

t
Me
t g s | ) ( |
which means there is a Laplace transform

L )} ( { t f =L )} ( { t g' =sL )} ( { t g -g(0)

The last term is zero

QED