Materials and ,Structures / Mat6riaux et Constructions, Vol.

36, November 2003, pp 636-640

2nd International RILEM Workshop on Life Prediction and Aging Management of Concrete Structures
Paris, France, 5-6 May 2003 Reported by Dan J. Naus
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

International Scientific Committee: C. Andrade, Spain; H. Ashar, USA; Z. Bittnar, Czech Republic; M. Cian~poli, Italy; R. Danisch, Germany; B. Etlingwood, USA; M. Geiker, Denmark; L. Granger, France; H.L. Graves, II[, USA; M. Johnston, UK; D.J. Naus, USA; P. Shaw, Sweden; M. Stewart, Australia; P.J.E. Sullivan, UK; and E. Vesikari, Finland.

1. F O R E W O R D
Civil infrastructure fhcilities, such as bridges, tunnels, transportation, dmn and navigation facilities, nuclear power plants, and buildings include concrete structures whose performance and fimction are necessary for the safety and protection of operating personnel and the general public. Aging of these structures may adversely impact their ability to withstand future operating conditions, extreme enviromnental challenges or accidents, and increase risk to public health and safety if not controlled. Methodologies for service life prediction of concrete structures and to manage the effects of aging are currently under development in many fields of civil engineering. Recent improvements have been made with respect to design and redesign methods, surveillance, inspection/testing, and maintenance techniques to ensure continued safe, functional, and economical operation of concrete structures. The state-of-the-art has progressed to the point that specific guidelines and technical c~teria to manage aging in existing and new concrete construction can be prepared.

regulators, and others concerned with effective management of aging of concrete structures. One of the primary objectives of the workshop was to advance the goal of safb, functional, and economical operation of civil infrastructure thcilities by providing an international forum tbr highlighting recent advances in the technology tmdertying aging management and service life prediction of concrete structures. Technical presentations and workshop proceedings were intended to update participants on current research, present novel ideas and strategies for management of aging of infrastructure-related facilities, and provide an opportunity for exchanging practical experiences on implementation of aging management policies. Topics for which workshop papers had been solicited included: 1. Durability of concrete structures 2. Modeling techniques fior service life prediction 3. Material selection and design considerations for durability 4. Assessment methods and instrumentation systems 5. Maintenance and repair approaches for service life extension 6. Probabilistic approaches to performance estimation 7. Aging management 8. Risk-informed decision-making 9. Case histories, performance assessments of degraded structures, arid economics of successfi~ aging management. Papers presented in the current workshop are available as "Life Prediction and Aging Management of Concrete Structures (RILEM PRO 29, ISBN: 2-912143-36-5)." This and other related international workshop mad conference proceedings are available from P,ILEM Publications s.a.r.l., 157 rue des Blains, F-92220, Bagmeux, France (http://vv~w.rilem.net). 3. W O R K S H O P SUMMARY

2. B A C K G R O U N D
The International RILEM Workshop on Life Prediction and Aging Management of Concrete Structures was held in Paris, France on 5-6 May 2003. The aim of the workshop was to build on information contained in a related state-of= the-art report that had been prepared by R1LEM TC MLN160, "Methodology tbr Life Prediction of Concrete Structures in Nuclear Power Plants," and materials presented at a previous international conference and workshop on the same topic held in Bratislava, Slovakia, on 6-8 July 1999, and Cannes, France, on 16-17 October 2000, respectively. Papers related to the above axe available as: "Considerations for Use in Managing the Aging of Nuclear Power Plant Concrete Structures (RILEM Report 19, ISBN: 2-912143-07-1)," "Life Prediction and Aging Management of Concrete Structures (Proceedings 8, EXPERTCENTRUM, Bratislava, Slovakia)," and "Life Prediction and Aging Management of Concrete Structures (RILEM Report PRO 16, ISBN: 2-912143-19-5)." The workshop was organized to be of interest to designers and engineers, plant managers, researchers,

The workshop was hosted by RILEIVt and attended by about 50 delegates from 16cotmtries. After Mr. Bt~asin (RILEM) and Dr. Naus welcomed the conference attendees, Mr. Brusin presented an overview of RILEM. Technical presentations at the workshop were organized into three major sessions: (l)Modeling/Numerical Simulation/Service Life

1359-5997/03 9 RILEM

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Prediction; (2) Monitoring/Testing/Assessment, and (3) Strategies/Life Cycle Analysis/Repair/Applications. A final session addressed a review and finalization of the workshop. In total, 34 papers were presented during the two-day workshop. Seven papers, mainly addressing modelling of corrosion of concrete reintbrcing steel, service life estimations, or structural assessments, were presented during the first session of the workshop. Compntational models, based on laboratory test results, were presented by Dr. T. Shimomura (Japan) that can be used to describe the mechanical behavior of concrete structures that have deteriorated due to corrosion of the reinforcing steel. The models and experimental results were used to investigate the variation of the residual cross sectional area of corroded reinforcing steel bars; the position, and the nonunifonnity of concrete surface crack width and corrosion; and the effect of corrosion on reinforcing bar cross sectional area and tension stiffness of the concrete. Dr. D. Bjegovic (Croatia) summarized new models tbr concrete service life prediction that are available in the )brm of empirical formulas, physical models, or models based on elementary scientific laws, fbr determination of concrete durability (e.g., ClinConc, CLODIF, Duracrete, CIKS, and Life-365). These models were based on verification of parameters relevant to durability that can be measured either in situ or in the laboratory. A project involving removal of 100 cores from 9 bridges in the Nether/ands that were up to 62-years old for the purpose of deriving coefficients of diffusion for the bridges was described by Mr, G. Gaal (Netherlands). Chloride profiles derived from the cores were used to establish diffusion coefficients which were presented in terms of age and whether Portland cement or blast-furnace slag cement had been utilized in the concrete mixes. Dr. Y. Petryna (Germany) proposed a global damage approach for estimating the remaining structural capacity of civil engineering structures based on dynamic response measurements or calculations. The resulting damage indicator, ranging from zero in the undamaged state to unity in the case of t5ilure, can be applied to structural lifetime management in decision-making systems or inspection planning. A simulation tool based on thermodynamics and electrochemistry was outlined by Dr. T. Ishida (Japan) tbr use in evaluation of structural behavior under coupled environmental actions in which the system, generation, and transfer of heat, moisture, gas, and ions in the micro-pore structure are addressed. The tool has been used to conduct simulation studies and examples were presented to note that the method can roughly predict ingress of ions, carbonation, and corrosion phenomena for diftbrent materials, curing, and environmental conditions. The "THI" physical model for estimating the coupled transport of heat, moisture, and chloride ions in concrete was reported by Dr. I. Petre-Lazar (France). The model, which can be applied to concrete structures exposed to varying temperatures, moisture, and chloride conditions, was illustrated through its application to assessment of chloride ingress into concrete cubes under two conditions, 60% and 100% relative humidity, that were suddenly immersed into seawater. A service life approach that combines finiteelement modelling of chloride transport and a reliabilitybased analytical model for onset of damage and its accumulation for service life prediction of reinforced concrete structures exposed to chloride environments was described by Dr. B. Mm'tin-Perez (Canada). A reinforced concrete bridge deck exposed to chlorides from de-icing salts was investigated in which uncertainties associated with parameters that govern the build-up of corrosioninduced damage are modelled as random variables, and the probabilistic distributions of the chloride penetration front and corrosion initiation time are generated by Monte Carlo simulation. Session two consisted of eleven papers that primarily addressed non-destructive evaluation, measurement of corrosion parameters, and assessments ofreimforced concrete structures. Measurement of electrochemical, mechanical, and environmental corrosion parameters (e.g., corrosion potential and rate, moisture, and oxygen availability) tbr service life assessment of concrete containers used tbr housing drums of conditioned low- and intermediate-level radioactive wastes at El Cabril in Spain was described by Dr. C. Andrade (Spain). The data obtained are used as input for a 3-D model of chloride diffusion to predict the service life of the reinfbrcing steel assuming that the contaminating source is from the steel drums contained in the concrete containers. Dr. S. Naar (France) outlined the status of development of an improved electrical resistivity measurement technique addressing boundary and steel reinforcement ellbcts tbr use in non-destructive evaluation of concrete structures. Utilizing a reintbrced concrete beam in four-point bending, electromagnetic liaeasurements were used to characterize the reinforcement, and electrical resistivity measurements were used to assess dmnage in the form of cracks. The influence of cover delamination on the assessment of the corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete through the half-cell potential mapping method was described by Dr. A. Ouglova (France). Through a finiteelement approach, it was showaa that the absolute values of the corrosion potential in concrete are affected by cracks and cover delmninations so this parameter may not be a good indicator of corrosion, but the potential ,gradient is a good indicator to locate corroding steel reinforcement in a structure. A finite-element study, using special "rest" elements to represent the interti~ce be.~veen steel and concrete was provided by Professor F. Buyle-Bodin (France) that simulates the flexural behavior of corroded reinfi)rced concrete elements. The analytical model, validated against available results from beams exhibiting general and localized corrosion, was used to investigate the effect of varying the size of the corrosion zone and the corrosion degree in the beam mid-span region on deflections and the serviceability limit state loads. A pertbrmance-based service lif~ tbrmulation tbr corrosion-affected :reinforced concrete marine structures was identified by Dr. C. Q. Li (UnJted Kingdom) that models periods of the service life of a structure (e.g., corrosion initiation, corrosion-induced concrete cracking, mud crack-width evolution). Timedependent reliability is employed to determine the probabilit)" of attaimnent of each period of service life so that structural response is closely related to design parameters, and decisions can be made periodically with regard to the repair or strengthening of a structure. Development of echo methods (e.g., impulse radar, ultrasonic echo, and impactecho) for non-desmactive testing in civil engineering for localization and measurement of the concrete cover of steel

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Naus reintbrcement and tendon ducts; thickness and geometry determinations of structures; localization of honeycombing and compaction faults; inspection of tendon ducts, especially grouting defects and compaction fhults around them; and localization of delaminations of multilayered structures, was presented and several specific applications were described by Dr. M. Krause (Germany). For the special situation where a building element is accessible from one side only, it was noted that the most successful approach is to use scanning measurement techniques and reconstruction calculations that can produce an image of the investigated volume. Dr. G. Moriconi (Italy) characterized a continuous monitoring system for preventative and planned maintenance of reinforced concrete structures that provides signals, revealed by means of reference electrodes, that are sent to a peripheral device for remote reading where they are analyzed, stored, and then retransmitted to a monitoring station for final processing, Electrode placement is governed by structure geometry and enviroumental conditions, and preliminary results demonstrate that the monitoring system can detect the early presence of conditions promoting corrosion induction making early intervention possible to reduce maintenance costs. A methodology (RESTOR) for non-destructive diagnosis of corroded reinforced concrete structures utilizing visual observations to evaluate the corrosion state of the concrete cover was described by Dr. T. Vidal (France) that is aimed at re-evaluation of the mechanical behavior in service and the load-bearing cfipacity of structures. Distribution of corrosion along the structure is inserted into a mechanical model of corroded reinforced concrete behavior that permits prediction of the residual mechanical behavior in terms of global displacements and strains at the service and failure stages (currently limited to 2-D concrete structures but a 3-D version is under development). Dr. C. Bemstone (Sweden) presented a web-based digital imaging technique utilizing charge-coupled device (CCD) technology in combination with image analysis methods developed to measure displacements and strains in mechanical test pieces that have been assembled for remote crack monitoring of dams. The condition monitoring system (Conwide System IlI) has been applied to a cantilever buttress dam and is based on data collection through a logger connected to sensors that monitor the power-generation process, a graphical user interthce, and a database for long-term data storage. A method was described by Proi~ssor J. Kasperkiewicz (Poland) for evaluation of the current state of hardened concrete based on structural analysis of small samples of material taken from selected elements of the construction, supplemented by visual observations, with data processing performed through application of artificial intelligence (AI) such as artificial neural networks or machine learning. Although AI is promising and has been applied in planning the maintenance of structures or scheduling an optimum maintenance strategy, it has had limited application because it requires conclusions to be developed by automatic reasoning, based on submitted collections of examples (i.e., AI requires the preliminary action of preparation of an experimental database containing well defined or measurable properties of hardened concrete for training the AI system). A new procedure for microbiological testing of concrete simulating biogenic sulfuric acid corrosion in sewage systems was presented by Dr. N. De Belie (Belgium) that has been used to investigate the eftbct of the production method (w/c affect), cement type, and aggregate type on the resistance of commercially produced sewer pipes or inspection pits. Application of the method, a modification of the Pomeroy model for concrete degradation through addition of water absorption as an important parameter, next to alkalinity, indicated that the aggregate type influenced concrete degradation to the largest extent and Portland cement concrete performed better than slag cement concretes. Sixteen papers were presented during the third session of the workshop that primarily addressed pertbrmance-related design methods, mairaenance and repair, and applications. A probabilistic service life estimation method for use in maintenance planning for existing concrete s~actures subjected to carbonation-induced corrosion of steel reinfb:rcement was presented by Dr. T. Teruzzi (Switzerland). Using the distribution functions of concrete cover and carbonation depth obtained from nondestructive testing and laboratory studies, the method provides a fhcility manager with service lives (time at which probability of failure reaches a maximum allowable value), for different fhilure conditions (e.g, plots of probability of fhilure as a function of time tbr different values of concrete cover). Dr. J. Rodriguez (Spain) outlined strategies fbr management of rehabilitation of concrete structures that are being addressed within the European research project REHABCON. The end product of this on-going project will be a users manual that will describe strategies for the rehabilitation of concrete structures (e.g., performance requirements, test methods and standards), and descriptions of alternative repair and upgrading systems, while integrating tecb~aical, economical, and environmental evaluations into a management system. Considerations towards development of performance-related design methods for concretes to withstand environmental actions in terms of limiting values for concrete composition and established concrete properties were overviewed by Dr. Nevs (Portugal) and Annex F of European Standard EN 206-1 was identified as containing limiting values for concrete composition. The in situ performance and durability-related properties for eight concrete mixtures fulfilling exposure categories in the Standard for corrosion were evaluated and results indicated that oxygen permeability, capillary absorption, chloride difliasion by migration, and accelerated carbonation tests can be used in performance-related design methods. European Pre-standard DD ENV 1504 for concrete repair with respect to specification of basic repair material properties was sunnnarized by Dr. F. O'Flaherty (United Kingdom) and properties considered important for efficient long-term pertbrmance identified (i.e., elastic modulus, shrinkage, and creep). Using findings from repairs to actual highway structures, guidelines were presented for properties that will lead to satisfactory repair material performance (e.g., elastic modulus, free shrinkage, and tensile creep). The development of a risk-based methodology for implementing structural concrete patch repairs, especially with respect to need for propping during the repair procedure, was discussed by Dr. T. D. G. Canisius (United Kingdom). Current projects related to development of such a methodology for patch repairs were introduced (e.g., Foundation for Built Environment study and REHABCON). Dr. T. van Beck (Netherlands) presented a lifetime extending maintenance model that can be used to prepare optimal repair strategies

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Materials and Structures / Matrriaux et Constructions, Vol. 36, November 2003

over the litbtime of a structure. Observations and data obtained in the field were used to validate the model whose primary input parameters are related to deterioration, litbtime-extension, and cost. Dr. P. Tik'alsky (United States) characterized environmental conditions, highway maintenance practices, design practices, specifications, and eonsti~aetion techniques in the northeastern U.S. that have produced conditions that accelerate the deterioration of highway bridges and structures. Changes in the form of use of performance-based concrete designs and specifications (e.g., requirements tbr pertbrmance-based concrete mixtures and detailed quality control measures to batch, place, and cuxe long-life smactvxal elements) that are being implemented by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation to increase the lifetime of hig~hway-related structures and decrease the life-cycle costs were identified. It was noted by Dr. M. Jolin (Canada) that conventional analytical rating methods for assessing concrete bridges in some cases may not be capable of accurately representing the structural behavior of existing bridges, resulting in bridges being classified as structurally deficient even though they don't show major signs of distress. Three approaches utilized by the Province of Quebec tbr identification of deficient bridges are described (i.e., long-term monitoring under service conditions, diagnostic field testing involving static and dynamic conditions, and analytical modeling) and a case study presented. Dr. M. Ghosn (United States) outlined a recently developed approach for strengthening deteriorated concrete bridge beams through attachment of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) sheets to the tension side of the beams using epoxy-based adhesives. In addition, a reliability model for studying the long-term performance of the FRPrepaired beams to adverse environnaental conditions has been developed based on laboratory results that account for uncertainties associated with predicting the load-carrying capacity of the reinforced beams over their lifetime. A statistical approach for use in managing the visual inspection and in situ testing of a 120-span 5-kin-long viaduct in Italy was described by Dr. E. lh'overbio (Italy). In the assessment, visual inspections were utilized to develop a damage index, which was used in conjunction with diagnostic techniques (e.g., potential mapping, carbonation and chloride profiles, and concrete compressive strength results) to identi~ areas where rehabilitation was required. Monitoring of the 200 m high cooling tower at the Niederaussem lignite coal power station and studies to evaluate the durability of the cover concrete were described by Dr. H. D. Krpper (Germany). Monitoring investigations involved determination of dead load, settlement, wind, temperature, material properties, steel reinforcement corrosion, and cracking, with results supplemented by laboratory evaluations of companion concrete blocks subjected to somewhat harsher conditions than experienced at the cooling tower. Dr. M. Ferreira (Portugal) outlined a probability-based approach to service li~ analysis of Norwegian concrete harbor structures that involved field investigations (e.g., chloride penetration, surface potential, cover measurements, and chloride diffusivity) of three relatively new structures, Statistical parameters that define the probability density cuxves for the variables of the model developed were used to develop probabilities of failure for key elements in the structures in the form of curves presenting time to depassivation versus time of cxposurc, tbr a pen'iod up to 50 years. The importance of post-tensioning systems to the leak tightness and structural integrity of Swedish nuclear power plant containments was described by Dr. P. Anderson (Sweden) as well as measuring "techniques used for determination of tendon forces. The influence of friction between the tendon and its conduit, both when the tendon is tensioned and when its ~brce is determined, was pointed out and it was noted that under unfavorable conditions the force losses in a tendon may not be detected by measurements at the tendon anchorage. Dr. J-L. Valfort (France) characterized a system, consisting primarily of embedded detbrmation gages and pendula, for monitoring the inner prestressed concrete containment vessel of the French double-wall containments to determine whether the delayed behavior of the inner wall is in accordance with its basic design assumptions. A reliability-based approach, including updating to incorporate available strain data, is utilized to account for uncertainties and provide a realistic variability range for the predicted long-term delayed strain behavior of the inner concrete wall. A methodology aimed at assessment of the composite liner that is to be used to improve the leak tightness of the pres~essed concrete inner containment of the French 1300/1450 MW(e) nuclear power units was reported by Dr. Heinfling (France) that utilizes a reliability evaluation of containment vessel repai~ through coupling of finite-element and probabilistic analyses. The methodology predicts long term creep and shrinkage in the concrete wall and involves finite-element analysis of one-quarter of the vessel with stmc~"al reliability analysis used to compute the probability of failure of a mechanical system with respect to a prescribed failure criterion by accounting fbr uncertainties arising in the model description or the environment (loading). An example of how wedicfive models of the deterioration of reinforced concrete pipes and the consequences of failure can be used to develop risk-based replacemen~ strategies for underground reinforced concrete pipe networks was detailed by Dr. Capra (France). Markov and semi-Markov models are used to model pipe deterioration with strategies for replacement of the pipes dependent on risks associated with failure of a water distribution network and costs associated with replacing the pipes, including removal of existing pipes, cost of new pipes, and cost of service interruption if there is a temporary closure. 4. C O N C L U S I O N S AND

RECOMMENDATIONS 4.1 Conclusions

9 Condition assessmems involving visual examinations supplemented by non-intrusive as well as intrusive inspection methods provide the basis to help assure continued reliable and safe operation of reinforced concrete structures as well as providing data for input into service life prediction models 9 Improved service life prediction models for ingress of chlorides causing initiation of steel reinforcement corrosion that incorporate increases in surface chloride content with time and achieved diffusion coefficient have

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Naus been developed, but uncertainties still exist with respect to extrapolations beyond the time for which data are available. 9 Numerical simulation methods are available that can be used as tools to indicate the eflbcts of repair or rehabilitation on service life of reinforced concrete structures subjected to hostile environmems such as chloride exposure, but present results are more qualitative than quantitative. 9 Methodologies for simplified as well as refined assessments of reinforced concrete structures subjected to corrosion have been developed to indicate the general damage level of the structures, and to indicate what effect steel reinforcement corrosion has on the safety or structural margins taking aleatory and epistemic uncertainties into effect. 9 Although the past durability design of concrete structures in large measure has been dealt with indirectly (e.g., cement content, water-cement ratio, and cover), procedures are presently available through programs sponsored by BRITE/EURAM and the European Community tbr service life design based on performance characteristics of the materials involved and focusing on the specific environment, use, and maintenance strategy for the structure, but existing degradation and environmental models need to be improved and extended (e.g., with respect to condition assessment and influence of repairs and protection systems). 9 Approaches are available that combine deterministic nonlinear structural analysis, simulation of aging effects, and probabilistic reliability estimation for assessments of degradation effects on concrete structures and predicting service lives, but they are highly dependent on the quality of the damage model utilized. 9 Recent developments with respect to methods that utilize a global damage approach based on dynamic response measurements or artificial intelligence invoMng artificial neural networks or machine learning show promise for structural lifetime management. 9 The overall performance of concrete structures in facilities related to power generation has been good and considerable research is presemly being mndertaken to provide information for use in monitoring the in-service condition of the struclaJres as well as providing data and methodologies to demonstrate continued satisfactory performmace (i.e., manage aging).

4.2 Recommendations
9 A 3rd RILEM Workshop on Life Prediction and Aging Management of Concrete Structures should be held in Paris, France in two to three years. 9 The various organizations addressing the workshop topic (eg., RILEM, American Concrete Institute, BRITE/EURAM, and European Committee on Concrete) should work more closely together to develop a consensus approach fbr service life estimations of reinforced concrete structures.

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