FORNU
OUATE SCHOOt
93940
by
JAMES DANIEL ERTNER
B.S., Wheaton College (Illinois)
1968
Submitted to the Department of Ocean Engineering on May 9, 1975, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ocean Engineer and the degree of Master of Science in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering.
ABSTRACT
Post-tensioned reinforced concrete is a material which integrates the advantages of concrete, steel, reinforced concrete, and prestressed concrete. Unlike ferro-cement (which has been limited to small boats), post-tensioned reinforced concrete has the potential for being applied to the construction of larger ships, such as liquified natural gas tankers. An investigation of its engineering properties, permissible stresses under loading, design considerations (cracking, corrosion, concrete cover thickness, etc.), and its flexural behavior, all lead to the application of post-tensioned reinforced concrete to a tanker midship section. The key parameters in the design of such a midship section (excluding the principal ship dimensions) are: concrete cover thickness, diameter of ordinary reinforcing rods, total area of ordinary reinforcing steel, diameter of post-tensioning tendons, total area of post-tensioning steel, strength of the respective steels and the concrete, and modular ratio. The three parameters with the greatest impact on section properties (i.e., moment of inertia and section modulus) are modular ratio, overall steel area, and concrete area. -The effect on moment of inertia (determined with the aid of a computer program) of varying these parameters is presented graphically. One particularly significant conclusion is that, for a constant moment of inertia, the weight of a midship section can be reduced by increasing the modular ratio while decreasing the steel area and/or the concrete area; furthermore, the steel stress increases considerably, whereas the concrete tensile stress (the critical stress in post-tensioned reinforced concrete structures) is virtually unaffected.
Thesis Supervisor: J. Harvey Evans Title: Professor of Naval Architecture
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ways being enthusiastically willing to discuss its progress, for freely offering professional advice, and for
want to
And
thesis.
whose sponsorship my three-year course of study at M.I.T. would not have been possible.
. .
TABLE OP CONTENTS
Page
Title Page
-j
Abstract
2
<*
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
List of Tables List of Figures
3 10
1
Nomenclature
CHAPTER
A.
I:
INTRODUCTION
15
Historical Perspective
1.
^
1
1
Ferro-cement
2.
Reinforced Concrete
B.
13
22 22
25
Preliminary Arguments
Engineering Properties
1
Steel
25
2. C.
Concrete
28
35
35
Permissible Stresses
1
Steel
2.
Concrete
3$
D.
Material Selection
1
Theoretical Aspects
40
41
Steel
2.
Concrete
43
Page
E,
Material Selection
1
Economic Aspects
55
55
61
Steel
2.
Concrete
F.
64
69
69
Cracking of Concrete
1
Fracture Mechanics
70 73
2.
3.
75
4.
77
94
101
B.
C
D. E.
Spacing of Rods
Cost Considerations
105
109
112
112
113
2.
Applications
Use of Codes in Reinforced Concrete Bending
3.
B.
2.
134
. .
Page
C.
135
138
2.
3.
140
144
Applications
CHAPTER
A.
V:
147
148
149
2.
151
B.
153
154
2.
156
161 161
C.
2. 3.
163
164
I
4. 5.
70
184 186
193
197 197
D.
E.
Stress Diagram
Recommendations
APPENDICES
A.
Conversion Table
Page
B.
198
C.
200
202
D. E.
204
207
211
F.
G-.
H.
I.
214 219
J.
222
K.
227
L.
230
232
REFERENCES
LIST OP TABLES
Table
1
Page
Types and Strengths of Portland Cement
47 50
2.
Strength of Aggregates
3.
Aggregate-Cement Ratio (By Weight) Required to Give Four Degrees of Workability with Different Gradings for Rounded 3/4 inch Aggregate
Size and Weight of Ordinary Reinforcing Bars
53
4. 5.
56 60
6.
63
7.
82
2
8.
Allowable Tensile Stresses for Class Post-Tensioned Members Allowable Tensile Stresses for Class Post-Tensioned Members
86
3
9.
88
88
10.
11.
136
152
12.
Calculation of Neutral Axis Location and Moment of Inertia for Example in Figure 12
Possible Combinations of the Five Key Parameters
Computer Results of the Thirty- two Combinations of Five Key Parameters (for n = 7)
13.
166
168
14.
Table
15.
Page
191
F1
210
213
G1
10
LIST OP FIGURES
Figure
1
Page
26
2.
27
29
3.
4.
30
5.
39
6.
45
1 1
7.
8.
123
9.
125
131
10.
Determination of Stresses (a) Plain Concrete Beam (b) Prestressed Concrete Beam
Post-Tensioned Reinforced Concrete Beam
11.
142
12.
Post-Tensioned Reinforced Concrete Beam with Both Tension and Compression Reinforcement Post-Tensioned Reinforced Concrete Rectangular Midship Section
Moment of Inertia vs. Modular Ratio (for constant concrete area)
150 157
173 175
13.
14.
15.
16.
176
11
Figure
17.
Page
Moment of Inertia vs. Concrete Area (for constant steel area) Moment of Inertia vs. Steel Area (for constant concrete area) Moment of Inertia vs. Steel Area (for constant modular ratio)
Effect on Moment of Inertia of Increasing Modular Ratio and Decreasing Concrete Area
Effect on Moment of Inertia of Increasing Modular Ratio and Decreasing Steel Area Effect on Moment of Inertia of Increasing Concrete Area and Decreasing Steel Area
Stress Diagram for a Post-Tensioned Reinforced Concrete Tanker Midship Section
177
18.
178
179
181
19.
20.
21.
182
22.
183
192
23.
12
NOMENCLATURE
A A
cross-sectional area
area of concrete
A^ ec^
- A A~ + nA o s &
CT
Ag
A_._
ps
As
A'
a
b
Qr
breadth
total compressive force in concrete
C
c
distance from neutral axis to extreme fiber; depth of notch; half the initial crack length
c m<>,
mm
D
d
d'
Ec
Eg
e
Young
f
fc
bending stresses
concrete stress at service loads
specified compressive strength of concrete
'
13
fpk
f
f f
fQ f f
'
overall depth of reinforced concrete beam; net depth of "beam with notch = d - c
agg
h
I
j
K k
M
n
P
p
bending moment
modular ratio
applied load
E s/^ c
A s /bd
/bd
pcf
psi
'
14
q
P-n^^/fA
R
r
S
ratio of distances from the neutral axis to the tension face and to the reinforcement centroid
i/c;
surface energy
U u
Poisson's ratio
unit weight of concrete
W
w max
x
z
jd
f
**"
density;
applied stress
critical stress for failure
n
(J>
15
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION
The application of concrete to ship construction
Further,
Historical Perspective
1 .
Ferro-cement .
Until 1967, at
16
built his largest ferro-cement vessel; with a displacement of 165 tons, the hull was nearly 1-1/2 inches thick
and reinforcement consisted of three layers of 1/4 inch
unfortunately, it was
7),
In
Reinforced Concrete
17
order of
to
more.
loads are carried by the bars, the concrete being used to carry compression loads.
The first large reinforced concrete ocean-going ship
v/as
the "Faith";
constructed
to 4-1/2 inches.
The U.S.
use
inches.
one of these
18
The concrete in
(maximum size
=1/2
from
B.
to 6-1/2 inches
(12).
Ferro-cement
suffice it to
Reinforced concrete
*^
wave, experiences
19
material.
stressed by hydraulic jacks and anchored after the concrete has developed a specified strength (generally
after about 14 to 28 days).
As a final operation, the
20
This
resistance is high.
19,
20,
The
adaptation of prestressed concrete to ships is a recent phenomenon and is sparsely represented in the literature
(22,
23, 24).
rein-
reinforced
a_s
will thus
21
forced concrete".
Therefore:
=
Reinforcing Rods
+
Post-Tensioned Tendons
The purpose of this thesis is thus to investigate
the feasibility of applying post-tensioned reinforced
22
CHAPTER II
development was apparently undesirable because conventionally reinforced thick concrete hulls are heavier than
Furthermore, even if
However, numerous
neglected.
A.
Preliminary Arguments
Some of these advantages of prestressed concrete
23
include:
Prestressed
if a ship
Another
advantage of prestressed concrete is that thermal conductivity is only one-sixth that of steel hulls, thereby
24
Prestressed
Furthermore, prestressing
V/ith this
normally results.
Any weight disadvantage would be further allayed if
post-tensioned reinforced concrete were used in the
construction of ships designed to carry a typically light
cargo, e.g., a liquified natural gas (LNG) tanker.
Not
The
Thus,
25
Engineering Properties
Before the load-carrying behavior of post-tensioned
1.
Steel .
Figures
and
several steels,
26
OVU
WlRF-s
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VL
O
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FIGURE
1
STRAI/V
27
300
WIRE
a.
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en
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UNIT
STRAIN
2
FIGURE
28
(a)
Concrete.
approximately 29 x 10
On
shown in Figure
apply to concrete.
Figure
stress-strain diagram.
29
RAPID LOADING
STRAIN
FIGURE
30
TANGENT
C_^1
SECANT MODULUS
STRAIN
e,
FIGURE
31
nearly identical.
elasticity (E
).
Thus,
E s /E c
(1)
reinforcement
"by
(f_)
The proof is as
=
c
(2) x '
(b)
Then,
and
c c c
fs = e s Eg
(3)
32
c
s
c'
s'
and
Thus,
f s= f
cV B c
nf c
(4)
well known:
33(f) 0,5 W 1
=
6
(5)
'
Jensen's Equation: E
v*
(6 x 10 f !)/(f
C
1
2000)
Parson
Equation: E
c =
2,000(f
6
0,7
'
Lyse's Equation: E n
where W
*
1.8 x 10
460f
33(W 3 f')
(5a)
33
loading at
This
Factors
using concrete with a high water-cement ratio, and exposing the concrete to drying conditions.
(b)
The shrinkage
ing water.
stresses.
34
They
This
Losses in post-
tensioned members fall into three groups: losses occurring during the process of tensioning (due to friction
v/ithin the duct), the loss occurring at the stage of
The
Por post-
35
Permissible Stresses
),
or about
Theoretically,
v/here
of HY-80 is around
100,000 psi.
In practice, however,
The British
36
stresses to 0.80f
Concrete.
Concrete
or
37
After aging
before losses,
Similarly, Gerwick (23) also recommends a maximum permissible compressive stress of 0.45f.
Interestingly
(12).
design calculations.
compressive strength.
38
7 to
1 1
percent (27).
even though
V/ar II,
relating permissible concrete tensile stress to compressive stress (f^ m f'/20 + 100). r c
In the current version,
7.5(f)
c
(9)
6.0(f)
c
(10)
Figure
aforementioned relationships.
Permissible tensile
39
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o
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W
5:
CL
h
vD
w
EH 5
8
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CL
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CO
525
o
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W
fcH
3-
4-
H
Hi pq
CO
M CO
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M S
-4
h
CL
oc:
ill
40
Material Selection
Theoretical Aspects
Some mate-
aspects
A preliminary
selection
41
original choice.
1
Steel .
strength (f
fatigue strength, corrosion resistance, ease of fabrication, weldability, durability, maintainability, general
42
may be desirous.
43
Concrete .
Obviously, consideration
characteristics of concrete.
The
44
"be
The
wetness desired,
(3) Tables are
Referring to step (1), factors which affect compressive strength are water-cement ratio, cement type,
Figure
(31)
45
13,000
^
5:
ORDlN/JRy
/
PoftTL/UVD
Cm/VT
0,000-
-- rap jo
HflRDEfyjWs ceroc-Nr
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fooo
u
aooo
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r
0.3
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D/1Y5
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0.5
o.b
on
o.%
o.f
/.o
/./
FIGURE
46
ages.
Table
their approximate relative strengths, with normal portland cement used as the basis for comparison (33).
The
surface texture (a
(e) grading;
47
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48
related.
reinforcement.
aggregate as possible.
49
general range in unit weight of common natural aggregates (27), while Table 2(b) summarizes the basic
Thus,
step (2).
cement content.
50
TABLE
Material
sand
gravel:
3/4 inch
99 to 107
1-1/2 inch
104 to 112
95 to 103
100 to 108
(b)
Aggregate type
lightweight
sand and gravel or crushed stone
8,000-10,000
12,000-15,000
150
heavy aggregates
200-300
9,000-11,000
51
and
low end of the workability range may cause a more noticeable drop in workability than at the higher end of the range.
) ;
in
52
water-cement ratio,
v/ill
laboratory tests.
As an
As
to 4
the aggregate
cement ratio and the aggregate-cement ratio, there is little difficulty in determining the proportions of
cement, water, and aggregate
concrete.
53
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54
All concretes
workability.
If lightweight aggregate is to
"be
used in
Creep
likely to be perhaps twice the magnitude of that of comparable normal concrete (32).
It is, thus, doubtful
55
1-1/2 to
inches.
Material Selection
Economic Aspects
In other words,
"off-the-
shelf")?
speaking?
Steel .
56
TAELE 4
SIZE
Bar number
3
Diameter_ (in)
3/8
1/2
Area (in
0.110
0,196
Weig ht (lb/ft)
0.376 0.668
1.043
1.502
4
5
5/8
0.307
0.442
0.601
6 7
3/4
7/8
1
8
9
0.785
1.000
1-1/3
1-1/4 1-3/8
1-3/4
10
11
1.2656
1.5625
4.300
5.310
14 18
2.405
8.180
13.520
2-1/4
3.976
57
It is trivial, yet significant,
58
per cwt for number 5, $2 per cwt for number 4, and $2,70
respectively.
This is
prestressing steels.
The price differential for the different available
59
significant.
Grade 40, costs $18.83 per cwt, or only 1.9 percent less
than Grade 60.
reinforcing steel,
Bars vary
18 mm
in),
Tendons
5
Table
summarizes
60
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61
grouting; labor cost per pound goes down as the size and
(i.e.,
Table 5.)
2
Concrete .
The
and III
62
selected for post-tensioned work due to its high-earlystrength. The average 1974 cost of Portland cement in
average costs of sand, gravel (3/4" and 1-1/2"), and crushed stone (3/4" and 1-1/2").
It is seen that the
aggregates is inconsequential.
Another
v/ay to
strength.
Baltimore.
The
The
'
63
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VO
o o
0)
o\
00
ccr\
C\J
CT>
to
*h
#*
cd Pi
CU
*&
to
to
to
*&
&>
<#
>
CU
PI
o
Pi
pi
^5
CO
C\J
o n
H
Pi
p
CU
H
CU
eg
CU
.d
I
>
Pi
CtJ
P;
cd Pi
t0
ro
CO pi
to
Pi
CO
64
Although
satisfactory.
In fact,
65
The modulus of
a serious
Another factor of
Durability is generally
state-of-the-art.
66
Then
67
W/62.4
C/d
rt c
S/d
s
A/d
27
cubic yard)
Since W/C = 0.45, W = 0.45C; since the aggregatecement ratio (S + A)/C - 5.0, and S = 40 percent of
(S
+
A),
then S
(0.4)(5.0)C
=
2.0C;
=
since A
60 percent
of (S + A),
then A
(0.6)(5.0)C
3.0C.
C,
0.450/62.4
C/196.6
2.0C/105
3,00/99
= 27
Hence, C = 438 lb/yd^, and the weights of the ingredients per cubic yard of concrete are:
Cement
=
=
438 lb
197 lb
Water
(0.45)(438)
= =
=
Sand = (2.0)(438)
3/4 inch aggregate = (3.0)(438)
876 lb
1,314 lb
Total
2,825 lb
68
2,825/27
105 lb/ft 5 .
69
CHAPTER III
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Implicit in the establishment of permissible
stresses is the consideration of what may be dubbed the
greater cover of concrete might generally tend to preclude tensile cracks from reaching the reinforcing bars
(but, unfortunately, would also augment the size and
Cracking of Concrete
European specifications place considerable emphasis
American practice
Each of
70
failure (21).
A brief
Fracture Mechanics .
Whenever the
71
in an unstable manner.
Griffith calcu-
stress)
U =7rc 2<r 2 /E
(11)
(12)
Applying
Irwin
(14)
(15)
corresponding value of K is K c
intensity factor.
He observed
73
fracture:
CT =
(SE/2c) 0,5
(16)
(2SE/n-c)
(13)
geneous composite.
(a)
material.
h(1 ~ u 2
hr c(1
c/d
3 /(Ed
(17)
74
where
d
=
a~
Theoretical calculations
Kaplan (48)
18
where
M-.
h(c/dj
10.08(c/d
2
)
1.225(c/d
0.1917
(18a)
75
and G
respectively.
Concrete
ment, however, opposes these displacements, and forces are exerted on the concrete by the reinforcement.
These
It has been
76
is concerned with primary cracks that form at random
The
when the spacing between adjacent cracks is large; however, crack growth will be arrested within the concrete
77
4.
It is now appro-
The
cryogenic
78
Except in
applied moment.
However, tension
Initiation of dis-
due to nonuniform volume changes resulting from shrinkage of the cement paste, build-up of corrosion products
79
Shrinkage cracking of
Atmospheric steam
80
some degree in all reinforced concrete flexural members
High-strength
concrete).
For
increased brittleness and smaller ultimate strain; furthermore, unless proper care is exercised, shrinkage and creep
are increased.
because of a code limitation on allowable stress (19). On the other hand, in prestressed concrete, materials
of high strength are necessary for good performance.
81
tension stresses occur under working-load conditions: the very high tension stress from the tendons induces compression into the concrete, so that applied tension effects
do no more than relieve the compressive prestress.
The
Herein lies a significant difference "between reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, and post-tensioned
reinforced concrete.
of net tension is allowed, thereby increasing the amount of loading that can be experienced; alternatively, the
7.5(f)
The
)
82
required is:
A s = M/(a*d)
(19)
where M = design moment (ft-kips), a* is a constant determined from Table 7, d = depth to the reinforcement, and
A
g
TABLE
CONSTANTS FOR USE IN DETERMINATION OF REQUIRED AREA OF NONrRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT (Equation 19)
a_
.44
to 500
0.98
over 500
83
cement concrete (50).
Nevertheless, substantial
This
84
that must
"be
examined.
the maximum permissible crack width before corrosion of the reinforcement becomes a problem.
gators have studied this relation (61). The American Concrete Institute (13) limits crack
Satisfactory service
85
Class
No tensile stresses.
cracking.
Class 3: Tensile stresses, but surface width
of cracks not exceeding 0,1 mm
Whether these limits are indeed suitable for posttensioned reinforced concrete can be questioned.
Two
it
This is
The
p
86
CO CO CD CD
r-i
O J>
to
v>
O -^
P
<u
r-\
,Q CO
5
> O
H -H
CO
p{ CD
CM
-^
CM
!2!
tO
<M
ur\ ir\
CO
EH
CM
CM
pcj
O
co
CO 04
A P
<D
H
CO CO
in
CO O
"5-
O
CO
o tO
CO
o
CO CM
<J\
Pi
to
VO
WJ.CJ
o-
cos
CO EH CO
P co
CD
fc
O E
CM CM
00
PI eh
CO EH
i25
W CO MW
I
O M
t2!
& -P ^ o
Cj
S E
Szj
sj-
to KN
"3-
*d-
Lf\
Nh KO
EH EH CO
WP4
hH*
O
o
H
CO
pq cm
o
LTV
^ CO O CO
hq<*5 1-1 Hi
U M CD CD P o u ap U CO
cti
P CO^ HP
to
-<tf-
o o
CO
LTv
o
ir\
CM
o o cCO
C-
CM
^J
e E
fe
O o to
O o
"*-
O o in
o o VO
P
CD
CD
CD
-r)
U O a O
0}
o to
o
d-
o
ITv
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fc
Ci>
87
stress in this table may
"be
appears (26).
may be
may be augmented
88
TABLE
Concrete Grade
mm
Wiila t
0,?.
mm
Si
551
N/mm 2
30 40
3.2
4.1
psi
N/mm
3.8 5.0
5.8
464
595
725
841
over 50
4.8
696
Depth of Member
mm
in 7.87
15.75
Depth Factor
under
200
400 600
1.1
1.0
23.62 31.50
39.35
0.9 0.8
0.7
800
over 1000
89
severe loading (e.g., ships acting in a seaway), it may
"be
reinforcement.
It has "been recently recommended (64) that the three
This is due to
Actually, Class
struc-
experienced, in Class
structures.
Tables
applicable.
90
acceptable magnitudes.
surface.
wmax
4 e s a cr
(20)
91
wmax
where R
0.715Rf (A)
g
'
25
6 x 1CT
(21)
and
reinforcement stress,
Equations (20) and (21
)
"max
where c
.
-7 6 ( Ac rai)' 33Rf
" x 10 6
s
<
22 >
A simplified ver-
"max
= ' a cr e m/ (1
Cr
"
)/(d
X,)
(23)
probability is only about 0.01 that the calculated maximum will be exceeded.
where y
wW o V max
4a
92
The former
Suppose a cross-
ft-
5oo
5'7? rnrn
SO lOOnro
I
~r
- -
o
Q
-0
_^
*k
93
y = d Q - x = 350
c
ram;
cr
= 50^2* -
12.5 = 58.2
ram;
min
6A =
2 (300)(150) - 6t(25) /4
2
.
2 42,055 mm
or
A = 7,009 mm
e
Letting f g
m =
(since concrete
eauation
(20)
w max
0.3mm
0.3mm
0.26mm
0,197mm
0.31mm
Recent investi-
94
the number of bars and the cover thickness.
possible.
It is in this perspective that post-tensioned rein-
B.
minimizing) crack formation in concrete is to prevent corrosion of the underlying steel rods.
(Of course,
95
dissimilar fashion.
applications.
Accrued
monetary benefits also occur: lower maintenance and lifecycle costs result from the virtual absence of corrosion.
96
World War
climates.
forcement.
97
Air-entraining
In Western Norway,
43 )
cracking (69).
98
The insoluble
conse-
99
permeability).
precautionary measure.
100
Stress corrosion
Hydorgen embrittlement
also appears to be rare.
Alu-
This matter
used.
encasement consists of filling the pocket with epoxy concrete flush with the ends, performance should be excellent,
101
corrosion (43).
In an attempt to establish serviceability criteria
to the design and construction of prestressed concrete
watertight ducts;
(3)
maximum water-
with pockets
strict limitations on
Cover of Concrete
The section on corrosion is a natural transition
102
No USCG regulations
103
Thicker covers
specifi-
As stated though,
However, Gerwick
has recently altered his figures (23) such that the mini-
"
104
cific coverage is given for "corrosive atmospheres or severe exposure conditions" (i.e., seawater) other than
that the amount of concrete protection "shall be suitably
increased.
The British Standards Institution (26) is a little
tensioning tendons will generally be governed by considerations of durability and fire resistance. For post-
Specifically,
to 4
105
1-1/2 inches (27).
This amount is
cm (1.57 inches),
Similarly,
identical to Gerwick's
reasonable.
D<
Spacing of Rods
As indicated in the section on cracking, reinforcing
106
very small
An adequate
inch.
inch.
mm,
where Yl~ coarse aggregate. a gg is the maximum size of the For two or more rows, the vertical distance between bars
should be not less than 2/3h
.
107
cm;
(b)
reinforcement.
the
Bar size and reinforcement percentage, factors considered significant in Europe, give rise to the terms
An under-
tensile face.
For
108
in kg/cm 2
),
maximum diameter
kp/f (10
s
p)
(25)
percent.
A. s
reinforcing bars.
should not be used in an attempt to reduce the opening of cracks because of the risks of corrosion (low cover pro-
tection)
109
Cost Considerations
The economic and durable properties required of
marine structural materials are (8): low cost, easy to fabricate and handle, easy to repair, low maintenance
Unfortunately, the
110
capacity (22
tankers to concrete tankers with only one-half the capacity of its steel counterpart.
On
Including all
111
112
CHAPTER IV
ically approximated
beam.
in a gross sense
as a simple
(26)
The
113
axis), the maximum tensile stress equals the maximum
compressive stress.
1 .
Certain general assumptions must be made prior to analysis of reinforced concrete beam bending (72):
(a) The
However, for
(e) As
1U
i.e., beams having reinforcement only on the tension side
because the neutral axis does not pass through the centroid of the section.
distribution.
given by:
T = f sA s
(28)
115
<
<+-'
v/i
>/)
CO CO
-p CO
a o
H
525
P
S U o
<H
cti
O
w to o M
Ph
S <3 W w w EH w o O O
n
&
-~s
a;
P w o O ^ M W
PC! P>4
{=>
125
i
\\
_Q
EH
P!
o
H -p
o
CD CO CO CO
D
_
o
aj
O u
.v.
\\
1
~0
>
1
'
"n
116
(29)
(30)
where
depth.
(3D
TUd)
It must
f A (jd)
g
(32)
Thus
H
Tv/o
(f /2)(bkjd 2
'
f A (jd)
s
(33)
equation.
(2M/f bkj)- 5
c
(34)
(35)
k and j,
The neutral
(kd)/d
c /(?
f / n )* s
Therefore,
(37)
k = 1/(1 + f s /nf c )
118
is equal to
jd = d -
(kd)/3.
Hence,
3
- k/3
(38)
forcement is assumed.
tensile stress in steel
beam (b), and bending moment (M), then the following can
be determined in the sequence below:
(a) k from equa(c)
tion (37);
(b)
depth (d) of
beam from equation (34); and (d) steel area (A ) from s either equation (35) or (36).
2.
Applications
An interesting exercise is to
increases, the
Values
to 15.
119
reinforcement (f
beam depth.
),
increases as well.
In brief,
concrete area increases, and the weight of the beam likewise increases.
A general conclusion to be drawn from this is that
in order to minimize weight
(a prime consideration in
It is obvious, however,
that
120
0.45f c
C
(b) maximum
f.
U
6.75(f)
S
a ^d
0.8f
It is further
hence, a limit is
It is,
Appendix G considers the additional effect of varying the reinforcement area and distribution.
For a
5-
121
neutral axis.
(b)
0.0035).
(c)
Stress
f
,
times the
steel strain.
sponding to f
moment.
be f,,/E
29 x 10 6 psi:
kd
0.003d/(0.003
f /E s y
+
87,000d/(87,000
(39)
vice f
follows:
0.85f shall c
be assumed
distance a
strain.
The fraction
strengths,
f,
(13).
(f
CO
123
M-
>>
<
11
\n
CD CO CO CD
CO
p
o u o
H^
>
H
$
CD
a
o
O o
CO
CD CO CO CD
q-
-P CO
w
pq pq EH
00
o o o
w o o
525
M
111
M-~
ii
CO
H
aJ
M w
in
q;
^
-p
co
aj
<J EH
_ _VL
124
that the fraction
=
B..
3(0.05)
0.70.
4,000 psi, the depth of the equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution decreases.
y y
(40)
pbdf
and
G =
= =
0.85f!ab
0.85f lB 1 kdb
(
0.85f B 1 bd(87,000)/(87,000
,
(41)
(42)
Commentary (74) derives a similar expression for a rectangular beam with both tension and compression reinforcement;
this situation is a closer approximation to what is expe-
Figure
presents the
pertinent notation.
anced conditions,
Ls:
(f)
s
f'
=
=
E((kd
d)/kd)(0.003)
(43)
V)
vn
H-
M
~D
.rt
125
<
X
II
-Q
ii
K'
U
-
< O
to
<
53
P S p o P o P 53 M P P
53
o 1H
(75
co
P p
V
h* +
o o P 53
cr>
P p
Q_
5=>
53
C5
H
Ph
O M CO
53
+
<-*>
5U
f
II
II
O P P M
3=
h
P P
r< vn
<
+
53 <J EH
O P P
-y.l
126
87,000
87,000
(1 (1
dVkd)
(d'(87,000
+
.
)/87,000d))
(43a)
where
fs
(44)
where p
((j>)
included.
(P
For bending
0.90 is to be
used.
should be multiplied by a
(p
It is rather
jd = d - a/2 = d -
B^d/2
(45)
127
reduction factor:
= 4>Tz
(46)
respectively.
Two interesting comparisons with the foregoing devel-
l/U s / f c
'
Ec
>
47
>
40,000 psi.
3.32 x 10
The signif-
128
M
M
0.87 f A s z
y
(48)
0.15f^bd 2
(49)
defined in Figure 9:
M
E*
0.15fbd 2
0.72f A(d
'
(50)
However,
In
129
the case of grouted post-tensioned beams,
the strength of
that calculations
loading
(51)
moment,
and
I
130
(25):
beams
stressed concrete.
-M /s
d
d
iys
-
(w L 2 /8)/(bh 2 /6)
l
= -
The maximum
or 3.
If an eccentric load
In
131
UV LOAD
I
I
IOOO LB/FT
I
i
J.
4,
b-
h = 3<>"
2-5
MiD -SPAM
4-
-I96
>2S
83/
UV
y
L.O/ID - c?<?o
L0/FT
1
J-
b~io
\\-30
-1
-I9(?
-GIB
\\\D-SPi\ti
+ 82./ STRESSES
-J 96
+ S3-I
fUUU LOAD
Without
L'V LOtfD
FIGURE 10
DETERMINATION OF STRESSES
132
the greatest eccentricity possible.
to the center of the
Allowing
inches
F/A
+
Fe/S - M /S
d
M /S
(52)
F/300
-
13F/1500 - 294,000/1500
938,000/1500
=
Solving yields F
68,500 psi.
F/A
Fe/S
M /S
d
(53)
-170 psi
of loading (Glass
Setting
yields:
and
e =
8.1
inches
Between the stage of transfer and the working condition, there occur various losses of prestress.
These
calculations.
133
post-tensioned structures.
to
An illustrative example is
rows of
concrete cover.
Taking into account prestressing losses, the prestressing force can be determined as follows:
F = (steel area)(steel stress)
=
(10)(0.144)(250,000(0.7)
216,000 lb
25,000)
0.7f
=
pu*
Since A = (26)
and S
=
( 1
2)
312 in 2
e
,
13 - 3 =
10 in,
(12)(26)
2 /6*
1352 in 5
following:
f
F/A
Fe/S
wL 2 /8S = -425
216,000/312
2
(216,000)(10)/1352
w(36) (12)/(8)(1352)
or, w =
,888 lb/ft.
(150 lb/ft 3 ),
=
325 lb/ft.
134
is:
w
2.
(48),
(50).
strength formula:
Hu
where M
= bd
fq(1 - 0.59q)
(54)
Mu =< >(A
!
ps ps
d(1
(55)
reinforcement in the where A is area of prestressed ^ ps is calculated stress in prestressing tension zone, f ps steel at design load, and q* = p f /f', where
'
/bd.
ps
ps
Wu
where f
,
135
d -
0.5x)
(57)
Table
11
presents
values of f
Notice
If prestressing
136
TABLE
11
(f-DU A T)s
*"
)/(f ^bd)
(
Ratio of depth of neutral axis to that of the centroid of the tendons in the tension zone, x/d
0.025
0.05
1.0
1
0.054 0.109
0.217
.0
0.10
0.15
1.0 1.0
0.326
0.414
0.20
0.25
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.488
0.30
0.40
0.558
0.653
0.75
137
This
following conditions:
(1) Tensile stresses are permitted under working
loads.
(2)
last twenty years (76, 77, 78, 79, 80), but most of it
However, as better
direction exists."
138
1
ultimate strength i^ mi )
calculate
0.5f
,
f^.-..
ps
easily computed.
Vps /f c
Mf
(58)
139
sV bdf
A s f y/ bdf
^9)
where
fj.
v max
0.3
reinforced members.
(q*
M u =(|>(0.25f^bd 2
AfJ(d
d'))
1
(60)
is less than
Mu
=4>Up S
U1
-
- -
59q,)
f
+ A s f d(1 y
0.59q
))
(61)
However, they
140
Mg
1.4M
1.7M
1.4M
(62a)
Ms
where M^, M^
,
1.3(M d
5M
(^
l)/3)
(62b)
is the
impact coefficient.
opposed to 1.2).
.OM^ is also
.-=
1.4M,
1.7M.
1.4M. + M
f
+21
(63)
2.
One prob-
141
Figure 11(b)
=
=
= =
- A, d
A - A - A, (or v d' s g
A + (n
g
I
1)A
ps'
or, A
(n -
1)(A
ps
A
s
and
=
I
I
ps
and
I-.
S,
tn
and
S,
=
e
distance to centroid of A
142
^
<c
1^1
\J1
<c
~u
<
EH
<U
<
CO
PS !3
C23
o o o
Jz;
o PS o
PH
J25
M W o M
w EH
I
o>
Oj
OJ
EH CO
Ph
cti
H3
e
= =
e
t)<5
e
p e
n
e
= =
Net Values
A
e
"
A d g "
-
(64)
e A )/A d d n
= *
= =
(eA
g
+
(65)
e
*
S
tn
hn
A
e
I
V V
I
A g( e
)2 d
(66)
( fi
(d " e ) n
e
7)
<
68 >
Effective Values
e
= A
e e
g = (eA
g
= = = +
(n - 1)A
+
ps
(64a)
(n - 1)e
e e
)
A )/A ps ps e
2
(65a)
1
A (e g
e
(n -
)A
(e
ps
ps
(66a)
<
S S
te
V< d
e>
be
<
),
= N
p'
/A
{U v
M )/S x
p
tn
M^/S^
1
te
(69)
H4
and the stress at the bottom of the beam is:
f
<
M p)/ S
be
(70)
3.
Applications
In anticipation of designing
M /( f
j
(> 6 )
by equation (49):
O.^f^bd 2
(49)
appears in Appendix H:
A^ ps
F/f
ps
(71)
max f )A/2
x>
(71a)
145
A ps f
ps /bdf c
A s f /bdf'
(72)
= q max
1
0.3
0.35 or
Hence,
and, as Appendix H
Appendix
and A
ps
.
simultaneously.
centers of
stressed tendons (A
increases.
ps
in creases
146
the The
147
CHAPTER V
The
applying prestressed concrete to ships is in the construction of liquified natural gas (LNG) carriers (87, 88,
89).
It has
148
(I) or
section modulus (S
structure.
procedure
v/ill
Recall
Ec
33(W 5 f 0'
(
3.88 x 10 6 psi.
is taken as 29 x 10
-=
psi (13),
29/3.88
7.47.
149
1 .
Sup-
with the lower side coinciding with the outer skin of the
ship; hence, notice that the concrete cover is greater on
water forces.
lie at mid-plane.
To calculate the section modulus, the location of
the neutral axis and the moment of inertia about the neu-
It is necessary to first
Figure 12(b)
The standard method of calculation (91) will be employed, with the following modifications:
A
h
=
=
bh
depth of sub-section
A s = steel area A
= =
A s + nA s
(73)
150
o
-I
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%
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a
it
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a.
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151
bh 3 /l2
=^ (A eq d n 2
V
(d/2
+
(74)
d
inches above
=Z(A eq d n )/2A eq
(75)
results.
of the beam,
S
is,
=
15,094/10.05
1,502 in 3
and,
15,094/9.95
1,517 in 3
2.
Section
In essence,
152
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153
this extensive subdivision accounts for the curvature of
the hull cross-section.
154
(a)
concrete cover
(b)
(d)
diameter,
and breadth.
By
letting these parameters vary, the effect on a tanker midship section modulus can be determined with recourse
to the
Utilizing the
inches.
logically be
inch to
inches.
Table
155
pinpointing the range of this parameter, since posttensioning steel bars are commercially available in onlyfour sizes:
(1.3 in).
(d)
to
18 mm (0.71
in),
24 mm,
27 mm, and 33 mm
Tendon area.
adhered to.
(e)
Table
summaries the
As indicated in Appendix B,
15.
In actual ship
156
key-
concrete cover
The computer
modified (see
ways:
which obviates the necessity of subdividing the crosssection into an excessive number of slices; .Figure 13 is
such a midship section for a post-tensioned reinforced
II
^
i
157
V)
vis
VJ
Q
5 *
rn
vj
*frpi*5 M r o ^
^
u
O M EH O W co
PM
rt
c*
V}
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M w CO P H
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cr!
EH
W o O O
525
f9 H
o 5 M
P>4
O
PI
o M CO
525
W EH
I
EH CO
O
KN
158
The program of reference
(92) determined the section
and 596 m
159
considered).
(U90
cm)
(b)
(c)
1704 in 2 (1.1 m 2
(e)
);
2014 in 2
1.3 m 2
(0.9 m 2 );
1084 in 2 (0.7 m 2
self-explanatory.
than an
160
by decreasing same in the top slice (i.e., by merely
respectively, in * J
'
Appendix H.
as
);
depth
23.5 m
=
breadth
M
44.0 m
'
max
700,000 tonne-meter.
=
=
M/(f Jd) s
(700,000)/(0.8)(4,219)(0.83)(23.5)
10,635 cm
2
0.83).
Substituting
0.35 into
ps
= =
(qbdf VH
- A' f
s
)/f
y
ps
(
((0.35)(691,000)(500)
161
2 Or, A^ a = 9,365 cm pa
where f
0.7f
8,124 kg/cm 2
(Note:
'
In a solid beam,
2bt
2(d
2t)t
(76)
where
shells.
20.5 inches (0.52 m), the gross area of the tanker midship
section is:
A
=
g
=
2(44.0)(0.52)
69.1 m
2
2(23.5 - 1.04)(0.52)
2
691 ,000 cm ).
10,635
9,365
20,000 cm 2
or,
2.0 m 2
in
Consequently,
rion are:
tv/o
and
-,
2
ra
;
'
A
A
ps ps
= =
0.9 m 2
p 0.7 m 2
? A s = 1.3 m 2
C.
A preliminary
162
but
depth
23.5 m
= 44.0 m
=
breadth
rod area
0.55 m
= =
tendon area
rod diameter
0.45 m
0.0095 m
=
tendon diameter
cover
=
0.024 m
and 3)
will be the
163
Case Number
1
Concrete area (m 2 )
38.37
38.37
39.02
3942.2
12.09
)
3941.2
12.09
4005.7
12.08
345.37
345.27
326.11
350.76
331.61
326.20
2
presents an inter-
esting conclusion.
Case
nevertheless has a
the steel is
From the
equation defining moment of inertia, it is readily apparent that by merely increasing either the depth or breadth
164
Case
1
Depth (m)
23.5
Breadth (m)
44.0
49.4
23.5
0.48 0.48
v/as
28.9
44.0
69.1
p
.
The
ratio = 7, are:
case
1
(m^)
3942.
2 3
4053.
5733.
Utilizing the
Values of
section.
165
is to assign symbols to
D,
0.0317 m
0.024 m
m
2
0.0444 m
0.033 m
0.35 m 2
2
2
= = =
=0.45
= =
0.0095 m
0.55
2
rn
D
2
0.019 m
0.65
m'
Notice that values for tendon and rod areas are for half
the midship section.
Hence, Cases
and 5,
etc.
and 11,
and 12,
166
TABLE 13
Combination
A-i B-j C>i D-|
iji-i
Case
17
Combination
A-i
BpCpD-i Ep
2 3
A B
2
1
lWl
2 2 2
2
18 19
A B 22 B E 1 2 2
A B C D E
2 2 2 2
A B C D E
1
2 2
2
2
2
2
4
5
20
21
ABODE
2
1
A B C D E
6 7
A B C D E
8
9
111
22
23
24
25
12
2 2
11
2
1
2 2
A B C D E
1 1
A B C D E
1
2
2
10
11
A B,C.D E.
2
ABODE 11112
A B C D E
2
1
112
1 1
26 27 28
A B C D E
2
A B 12 D E 1 2 1 A B C D E
2
1
1
12
2
1
13
14
15 16
Vl C
2
1
1
D E
2 2
1
29
2
A B C D E
1
2 2 2
2
A B C D E
2
2 2
30
2
A B C D E
2
1 1
2
1
A B C D E
2
31
A B C D E
1
2 2
A B C D E
2 2
1
32
2
A B G D E
2
1
1
A = cover
C = total
167
forward: the diameter of reinforcing rods and tendons is not an important parameter when compared with the total
steel area.
It
has been stated previously that many small rods vice fewer
However,
remains constant.
various Codes'
(ACI, British,
concrete equivalent
168
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169
computer program.
transverse steel in tension, considering the space it occupies as a void with no bonding strength.
By deducting
certain factors from both the sum of the areas and the sum
of the moments, the neutral axis location will fluctuate
as portrayed above.
percent greater.
170
Recalling the
(n = E_/E)
S
C
is also an
important variable.
With a
parameter.
0.8 m
2
,
0.9 m
2
,
1.0 m
2
,
1.1
and 1.2 m
7, 9,
and
13.
11, and
171
tation of the ensuing graphs, gross concrete area will be plotted in lieu of concrete cover thickness.
This is
(m)
(1
(rn
0.0254
0.0317
0.0381
33.90
34.55
35.20
35.85
36.50
A
fa
and
are for
172
).
(which
representing A
2
36.5 m
inches).
moment
(for
constant n and A
),
In other words, by
third parameter.
Two other observations are apparent from Figure 14.
as n increases;
Conse(1) for
173
H-800
3(o.
5 m"
A
1+6 OO
33,7
ma
u.
V
z
MX
H-2.00
o
Lj-OCO
380O
"
13
MODULAR RATIO
FIGURE 14
MOMENT OF INERTIA vs. MODULAR RATIO (for constant concrete area)
174
Figures
15
drawn by maintaining one parameter constant, while increasing the second but decreasing the third.
Figures 20
17
through 19 are
constant.
Figure
21
The
relationship is non-linear
175
y.Qoo
1'Z} m.
o.S m*
IfbOC
\Z
Ui
Woo
Z
U.
{/-Zoo
uj
o
IfOOO
3SOO
"
RATIO
13
MODULAR
FIGURE 15
176
^oo
nty<>co
13
^
5
V
HI
y-tfioo
Hr 9
tf-zoo
V
~z.
Uj
%
o
IfOQO
cr = b n -
380O
?3.9
3fr55
35.^
35.2S
( n?
)
36.5
CONCRETB AREA
FIGURE 16
177
8oo
A^
/\
I.
nV
a
O.
Art
n =3
y-boo
n'M
y-yoo
#3^
tfooo
3800
33.?
3//;
55
35.2
/4RHA
35.85
(fW*,)
36.5
CONCRETE
FIGURE 17
178
8oo
Ac
3f.53
m
n
= 3
H-koo
n -
//
n-9
U]
^7
qooo
n =5
3Soo
0.8
o.q
t.o
/ /
/^
FIGURE 18
MOMENT OF INERTIA vs. STEEL AREA (for constant concrete area)
179
n=
<3
0.8
0.9
i.o
/./
i.2
STEEL ARA
FIGURE 19
()n
180
For n
5,
however, for n
11
with increasing modular ratio, despite the fact that concrete area decreased in the former and steel area decreased
in the latter.
A quick perusal of Appendix K v/ill
21
tends to
ship of decreasing A
in Figure 20.
This, of course,
181
H-Soo
As
tj-boo
= 0.9
<
h
Lf-l+OO
O h o
H-Zoo
2
tj-ooo
33oo
33.9
3G.S
CONCRETE AREA
FIGURE 20
(rr\*)
EFFECT ON MOMENT OF INERTIA OF INCREASING MODULAR RATIO AND DECREASING CONCRETE AREA
182
H-Soo
Ac
q-boo
3^A.
65 m ?
UJ
z
^2<?<?
o
y-ooo
3900
0.8
STEBL
FIGURE
21
z ARE/\ (ra )
EFFECT ON MOMENT OF INERTIA OF INCREASING MODULAR RATIO AND DECREASING STEEL AREA
183
tf800r
n-
13
h
z
n= 9
XL
~Z
3800
a8
/-a.
5THL ARBA (m z)
FIGURE 22
EFFECT ON MOMENT OF INERTIA OF INCREASING CONCRETE AREA AND DECREASING STEEL AREA
184
5.
An advantage
is
ms
(76)
wy
A trivial
Unfor-
Appendix L
185
It can be seen from Figure 19 that in order to main-
9;
0.8 m
33.9 m
4350 m
1.2 m
and/or a
36.5 m
if concrete area is
For example,
(corresponding to
0.15 m
2
,
0.1 m
=
2
,
0.084 m
11,
2
,
and 0.065 m
5,
7,
9,
as
186
increases by 0.15 m
o
;
whereas for n
.
11,
5,
the weight
A note of caution,
uration (depth
Stress Diagram
The preceding section concluded with the statement
187
that both a high modular ratio and a low concrete area are
= 1.0 m 2
I
34.55 m
or,
concrete cover
75,225 kg/m.
If
11,
A
A
0.8 m
33.9 m
than
.0 inch,
=
from A
34.55 to 33.9 m
is,
0.64 m
p
.
Equation (76)
ms
the n = 7 case.
J
188
It is
78,300 tonnes.
and
Equivalent Area
2A
c
Concrete
Tendons
Rods
- 2A o 2A c
s
2A
0.45(2A o 0.55(2A S )
n(0. 45
(2Aj o
n(0.55)(2A s )
eq
(2A
2A
n (-55)(2A
(77)
where A n and A
19.
stress formula:
f = P/A + M/S
(51)
S is
189
are calculated
stress is:
f
c
7830/A
(78)
where A L
nf
ps
7830/(0. 45)(2A g )
(80)
Assuming a total bending moment of 700,000 tonnesmeter, the additional stresses (in kg/cm
)
due to bending
The
cb
= i
70,000/S
(81
sb
(n)(70,000)/S
(82)
190
that by increasing
191
TABLE 15
EFFECT ON TOTAL STRESS OF VARYING MODULAR RATIO
Modular ratio
As
(m
2
)
1.0
0.64
33.9
A c (m 2
I
(
34.55
m 4)
3940.0
3940.0
W ms (kg/m)
75,225,0
)
71,805.0
tendons
rods
+8,700.0
-732.9
-104.7
+13,594.0
-1,159.4
-105.4
concrete
Bending stress (sagging):
steel (deck) steel (keel)
-784
+819
-1,243
+1,276
-113
+ 116
concrete (deck)
-112
+11 7
):
concrete (keel)
Total stress (kg/cm
+7,916
+12,351
+9,519
+14,870
-2,402
+117
-1,517
+86
concrete (deck)
-216.7
+12.3
solid line
-218.4
+10.6
concrete (keel)
Figure 23
Note:
dotted line
tension
+,
and compression = -
192
II II
o o & wo M
Pi
01
PO W W i^CO O M Ph CO M
Wco Hp
I
EH
c\j
CO Pi
o 01
M
Pi EH
+
r
1 1
w s <3 Pi O C5 ^ <* O MO
CO CO pq 01 EH CO
EH
"i 1
1
-h
C
vu
vn
1 t
h
Uj
h
CO
*
2
in
.A
C
<*>
u.
ft
a:
z
ill
O o
<
t
,0
\n <V
u a.
193
E.
Recom m endations
The application of post-tensioned reinforced concrete
As in all new
discussed below.
1
.
As was demonstrated,
simultaneously.
The next step would, thus, be to determine the optimum
(i.e., minimum weight) midship section configuration, given
194
minimization of weight.
However, as mentioned in
There
undoubtedly lead to prohibitive costs, whereas a leastcost design would result in excessive weight.
Indeed,
195
a compromise between
Tables
thickness.
shear stresses
Preliminary work
196
197
APPENDIX A
CONVERSION TABLE
Due to the impending metrication program in the
The following
METRIC
Length:
1
U.S.
RECIPROCAL
cm
0.394 in
3.28 ft
2.54
,.
Mass, force:
1
0.305
0.0353 oz
2.205 lb
2205 lb
28.35
kg
t
0.454 0.00045
Density:
1
kg/m 3
0.0624 lb/ft 3
16.02
Pressure, stress:
1
kg/cm 2
N/mm 2
14.22 lb/in 2
2 145 lb/in
0.0703
0.0069
Concrete mixes:
100 kg/m 3
168.6 lb/yd 3
0.0059
198
APPENDIX B
EFFECT ON BEAM DEPTH OF VARYING MODULAR RATIO
b = 20"
f
s =
16,000 psi *
'
concrete stress
600 psi
bending moment
Now, by varying n from 15 to
6
= 2 x 10
in-lb
in decrements of 3, deter-
and A
(34),
d,
and A s
respectively.
1 .
For n = 15 k = 1/(1
= +
+
f s /nf c
1/(1
16,000/(15)(600))
= =
= = =
1/2.777
0.36
1
k/3
0.36/3
0.88
(2M/f c bko) 0,5
d = = =
(4,000,000/(600)(20)(0.36)(0,88))
32.44 in
M /(f s Jd)
2, 000,
0,5
As
2 4.38 in
199
Similarly, for n
k = 0.31
j
12
0.8967
d = 34.63 in
A
3.
4.025 in 2
For n = 9
k = 0.252
3
0.916
d = 38.0 in
A s = 3.59 in 2
4.
For n =
k = 0.184
3
0.94
in
d = 43.9
A s - 3.03 in 2
(in)
A s (in 2
Moment Arm
)
jd (in)
32.44 34.63
38.0
43.9
4.38
4.025
28.55
31.05
34.81
10.74
9.58
3.59 3.03
41.27
8.08
200
APPENDIX
EFFECT ON BEAM DEPTH OF VARYING STEEL STRESS
The same values for b, f
and M are adopted as in
Appendix B, and n
(f s ),
15.
equations (37),
j,
(38),
to calculate k,
d,
and A
respectively.
The proce-
tabulated below:
For n
fg (PS!)
k
J
15
d (in)
A s (in 2
jd
(in) kd (in)
11
16,000
0.36
0.31
0.88
32.44
34.63
4.38
3.22
1
28.55
31.05
.68
20,000
30,000 40,000 50,000
0.90
0.92
10.74
9.11
0.23
39.63
43.9
.82
.21
36.58
41.27
45.55
0.184
0.153
0.94
0.95
8.08
7.32
48.0
6
0.88
For n =
f
8
(psi)
(in)
(in 2
jd
(in) kd (in)
16,000
0.184 0.153
0.107 0.08
0.07
0.94
0.95
43.9
3.03
41.27 45.55
54.8
8.08
7.32
20,000
30,000
48.0
56.85
2.19
1
0.964
0.973 0.977
.22
40,000
50,000
65.44
69.8
0.785
0.59
63.67
68.2
201
An additional significant
15 and n = 6.
is the critical
factor in reinforced concrete structures, and by increasing the steel stress (e.g., by increasing n) the concrete
'
202
APPENDIX D
EFFECT ON BEAM WEIGHT OF VARYING DEPTH
A simple analysis can be conducted by first estab-
Letting
V,
A,
and
stand
formula results:
W = Wc +
I
V/
ecvc
Ps v s
+
=e c A c L
equal to:
fs A s L
D1
>
w/ l
ec k c
fs A s
(D2)
Since A
+ A
it follows that:
A c = bd - A g
(D4)
203
Equa-
tion (D2) can then be used to solve for the weight per unit length.
C,
the
(in)
A s (in 2
4.38
A (eq. D3;
32.44
34.63
38.0
43.9
648.8
644.42
48.28
51.41
12
9 6
4.025
3.59
3.03
692.6
688.58
756.41
760.0
56.24 64.73
878.0
874.97
11
(psi)
W/L
48.28 51.24
58.25
16,000
32.44
34.63 39.63
43.9 48.0
4.38
3.22
1
648.8
692.6
644.42
20,000
30,000
689.38
.82
.21
792.6
790.78 877.19
959.12
40,000
50,000
878.4
960.0
64.37
0.88
70.27
204
APPENDIX E
ANALYTICAL EXPRESSION FOR MINIMUM WEIGHT OP BEAM
A precise expression for the total beam area would
Referring
b(d + D/2
c)
x(ttD /4)
(E2)
where x
= the
number of rods.
equation (D2):
= =
W/L
fc A c
e sAs
*-
f c (b(d
D/2
+
c) - xtrD /4)
2
^ s (xirD /4)
(B3)
weight.
2 b = 2M/d f kj
(E4)
205
(4M/f Jdx7r) s
'
(E5)
(2M/df kj
2Mc/d 2 f kj
jdx-rr)
'
(M/d 2 f kj)(4M/f
+
- M/fgj'd)
5 /kjd 2<5 f
o (f o jx7r)5
>
results in:
>
(-2M/d 2 f kj
c
4Mc/d 3 f kj
c
jxtt) ^
2
-
5M
'
/kdd 5#5 f (f
x*
M/d 2 f J) s
fa
5
W&
c
f i) 3
(E7)
"by
(-kjd^'^/M)
c/f
kd
1
P (2d s c
/f
4d'
+
fa
5(M/f
s
jx-rr)-
/f
c
kd
1,5
/fj
*V/f s s
v
(E8)
(kWf ^c s
kWf Cs s
=
2P /f
^c
c
d-
(4cWf c
^c
(E9)
Ad 1 5 _ Bd5
(E10)
206
where
A
(
Vec
e8
>
2f
s ec >
/f f
s
,
B = 4c^> /f
(E11
c
and
G =
(M/f jx7r)- 5 /f 5p vc s
is less than
expressed in equation (310) becomes a mathematical impossibility, since the addition of two "minuses" does not
equal a "plus".
207
APPENDIX F
EFFECT ON STRESS AND SECTION MODULUS
Steel reinforcement: f b
0.8f
f
c
2.
3.
Concrete in compression:
Concrete in tension:
f.
c
0.45f c
c
6.75(f) 0,5
=
7,000 psi)
Steel reinforcement: f s
32,000 psi
=
2. 3.
Concrete (compression): f
3,150 psi
Concrete (tension):
f.
565 psi
depth
= 52
= 20
inches is arbitrarily-
50 inches).
5
more
208
5tt(0.625) 2 /4 = 1.534 in 2
tration is:
1.
can
f s A s jd
= f
bkjd 2 /2
beam
(f,
= 706 psi)
is excessive,
209
d =
50 to d = 25 in.);
the
d = 25 to
d =
12.5 in.).
The
H
CO
-P
V>
o
rO <H
CO CO Q>
ft
co
^
Cg
cr\
VO
LT\
210
c-
eg
tO
VO
M O P P
CO
ft
M3
T~
C\J C\J
t-
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"=i-
in
00 MD
0^ o H (DP
r
co^-p
to
t>
co
CvJ
^T
LT\ LT\
E O
CO
t=)
h-q
2, d 3 o oco
co
OH
o
cr
LT\
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cr>
eg
P
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to
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C-
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to
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in
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to
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in
=}-
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eg
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ceg
rO
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CO
in
211
APPENDIX G
EFFECT ON STRESS AND SECTION MODULUS
91 VARYING STEEL AREA AND DISTRIBUTION
The fourth example in Appendix F resulted in
will be analyzed:
the existing row;
Appendix
F.
212
The
'
'
P
CO CD
O
VO
213
in
VO
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X
in
H -H
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214
APPENDIX H
required amount of post-tensioning steel area in a beam, recourse can be made to equations (52) and (53).
The
F/A
Fe/S
M /S
(52)
P/A - Pe/S
M /S
d
(53)
2P/A
(H1)
(H1
yields:
(H2)
Since force
(area) (stress)
then P
f pg ps
It,
thus,
2585A/2f pg
(H3)
2.
Mu
0.9(A ps f ps d(1
0.59q
))
(55)
215
where
ps ps'
/bdf,
c*
and f
ps
(1 v
0.5A
,
ps pu
/bdf
), *
equation (54):
Mu
bd2f
-59q)
(54)
given
is
f = 7,000 psi
and
0.15f'bd 2
8.4 x 10 6 in-lb
j
is found to be 0.863.
216
A
s
=
=
M/f jd
s
6 (8.4 x 10 )/(32,000)(0.863)(20)
15.21
in
"be
deter-
sV bdf
(72)
where f
= =
0.7f
0.7(143,000)
75,100 psi
and f
q
f
becomes:
0.4
=
0.027A
=
0.0143A o
in
p
(H4)
15.21
6.76 in
585A/2f
ps
(2585)(20)(20)/(2)(75,100)
6.88 in
2
arrived at independently
217
1.7 percent of each other), and thus tend to support the
considered.
j,
and d, the
M/f^a
6 (18.9 x 10 )/(32,000)(0.864)(30)
2 22.79 in
0.0179A
ps
O.O095A
A_ ps
(2585)(20)(30)/(2)(75,100)
10.33 in 2
herein.
The total steel percentage in both the preceding
+ A
ps
)/bd
(15.21
6.88)/400
(22.79 + 10.33)/600
0.0552
218
the area of ordinary reinforcement (A
)
is decreased,
it
219
APPENDIX
DETERMINATION OP NONPRESTRESSED
AND PRESTRESSED STEEL AREA
(eA g
ps ps
A )/A
s
(11
and
J
"
n ~ e)
e
" A ps (e n "
ps
)2
" A s (e n "
s^
<
I2
>
Equa-
and
f
b =
V V
b
M/S
tn
U3)
An
"
M/S
bn
(I4)
- f
. + M(l/S
=
tn
1/S
bn )
(15)
3150 - (-565)
= 3715
psi
3715/M
(d - e
n )/l n +
/l
(16)
220
value for
A n = A
where
- A
'then
ps
centroids (e
=
respectively).
f
Realizing that A_
bd,
bdVl2
and
= d/2,
unknowns, A
and A
Assuming
20M/3715
12,651
= bd =
.
in 4
2 (20)(20) = 400 in
,
Now
I =
= d/2 =
10 in., A
and
8
e
bd 5 /l2
in.
=
5
13,333 in 4
= 2
e
and
ps
in.,
'
and
5.3A_ PS
28.1A ps
8.3A Q
s
120
=
(17)
(18)
68.9A
718
and
A
pg
=
2 17.5 in
221
Significantly, how-
It
222
logically below:
YR = modular ratio = E /E^ c s
TAUPI
centage factor
RDDIA
TDNDIA
= =
RDARE
TDNARE RDARSM
=
= = = =
TDARSM
COVER
JTENDN
number of tendons
BTM
TH
DBL
223
AREAST STLSM
=
=
area of steel
sum total of steel area
AREA
AREASM
XMOM
TMOM
XINRT
=
=
moment of a slice
total sum of moments
=
SMINRT
GAMMA
TAUPI * STLSM
amount of transverse
DECKSM
BTMSM
224
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227
APPENDIX K
EFFECT ON MOMENT OF INERTIA
By
5,
7,
9,
11,
and
is on the
left-hand
is on the bottom
c
,
by
the corresponding
value for moment of inertia can be simply read off the table.
n =
1
.2
.1
3754
3721
3818
3792 3767 3742
3717
3881
3944
3919
4007
3981
3856
3831
steel
1
.0
.9
3704
3679 3653
3894
3867
3956
3931
area
3805
0.8
3780
3843
3906
33.90
36.50
228
n = 7
1.2
1.1
3965
4028
3985
4091
4154
4111
4216
4173
4131
3922
4048
4005
3962
steel
1.0
3879 3836
3793
3942
4067
area
0.9
3899
4026
3983
4088
4045
0.8
3856
3920
33.90
34.55
35.20
36.50
n
1.2
1.1
4176
4115
4055
4238
4177
4301
4364
4425
4240
4180 4120
4059
4303 4243
4183
4122
4365
4305
4245
steel
1
.0
4117
4057 3996
area
0.9
3994 3933
0.8
4184
33.90
36.50
229
n
1.2
1.1
11
4386 4308
4448
4370
4292
4511
4573 4496
4418
4635
4432
4557
steel
1.0
4230
4151
4355
4277
4480
4401
area
0.9
4214
4340
4262
0.8
4073
4136
4199
4324
33.90
36.50
n = 13
1.2
4597
4658
4562 4467
4371
4721
4783
4844
steel
.1
4500
4405
4625
4688
4593 4497
4401
area
1.0
4530
4434
0.9
4309
0.8
4213
4275
4338
33.90
36.50
230
APPENDIX L
).
With A
representing u total ^
deducting A
),
= 3940 m 4
case
1
n
5 5
s
1
2 (m v
' )
(m 2
ms
(kg/m)
.2
35.85
36.5
79,002 78,849
75,805 75,225
2 3
0.95
7 7
0.8
1.0
35.42 34.55
33.9 34.55
4
5
7
9 9
1.15
74,794 73,574
72,852
0.717
0.817
33.9
231
For
case
1
4350
A
m'
n
9 9
11
11
11
(m 2
(m 2
ms
(kg/m)
1.075
1
36.5
79,563
78,871
.18
35.85 35.85
35.2
34.55
35.2
0.913 0.994
1
77,314
76,481
4
5
.08
75,677
13 13
13
0.813
0.877
75,425
74,492
34.55
33.9
0.942
73,567
232
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Thesi
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Ertner Post-tensioned reinforced concrete as applied to the construction of ships.
E656
thesE656
Post-tensioned reinforced