CHAPTER 9 FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

9.1 SOLUTIONS, SLOPE FIELDS AND EULER'S METHOD

1. y w x b y slope of 0 for the line y cx.
For x, y 0, y w x b y slope 0 in Quadrant I.
For x, y  0, y w x b y slope  0 in Quadrant III.
For kyk kxk, y 0, x  0, y w x b y slope 0 in
Quadrant II above y cx.
For kyk  kxk, y 0, x  0, y w x b y slope  0 in
Quadrant II below y cx.
For kyk  kxk, x 0, y  0, y w x b y slope 0 in
Quadrant IV above y cx.
For kyk kxk, x 0, y  0, y w x b y slope  0 in
Quadrant IV below y cx.
All of the conditions are seen in slope field (d).
2. y w y b 1 slope is constant for a given value of y, slope
is 0 for y c1, slope is positive for y 1 and negative for
y  c1. These characteristics are evident in slope field (c).

3. y w c x slope 1 on y cx and c1 on y x.
y
y w c x slope 0 on the y-axis, excluding a0, 0b,
y
and is undefined on the x-axis. Slopes are positive for
x 0, y  0 and x  0, y 0 (Quadrants II and IV),
otherwise negative. Field (a) is consistent with these
conditions.

4. y w y2 c x2 slope is 0 for y x and for y cx.

For kyk kxk slope is positive and for kyk  kxk slope is
negative. Field (b) has these characteristics.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

538

Chapter 9 First-Order Differential Equations

5.

6.

7. y c1 b '1 at c yatbbdt
x

8. y '1 1 dt
t
x

dy
dx

dy
dx

x c yaxb; ya1b c1 b '1 at c yatbbdt c1;

1

1
x ; ya1b '1 1 dt 0;
t
1

9. y 2 c '0 a1 b yatbbsin t dt
x

dy
dx

dy
dx

dy
dx

x c y, ya1b c1

1
x , ya1b 0

ca1 b yaxbbsin x; ya0b 2 c '0 a1 b yatbbsin t dt 2;

0

dy
dx

ca1 b ybsin x,

ya0b 2
10. y 1 b '0 yatb dt
x

yaxb; ya0b 1 b '0 yatb dt 1;

0

dx c1 b 1 c

dx 0.3 b 1 c

"
b x y 1 P(x)

"
x

"
x

"
' x 1 dx x x#

y(3.5)

3.5
#

c1
# (.5)

4
3.5

4.25
7

0.3
3 (.5)

, Q(x) 1

dy
dx

y, ya0b 1

c0.25,

c0.25
(.5)
2.5

dx c0.25 b 1 c

dy
dx

y
x

y$ y # b 1 c

"

y
x

"

y# y " b 1 c

y
x

11. y" y! b 1 c

dy
dx

0.3,

0.75;

"
' P(x) dx ' x dx ln kxk ln x, x 0 v(x) eln x x

b C ; x 2, y c1 c1 1 b

C
2

C c4 y

x
#

4
x

0.6071

12. y" y! b x! (1 c y! ) dx 0 b 1(1 c 0)(.2) .2,

y# y" b x" (1 c y" ) dx .2 b 1.2(1 c .2)(.2) .392,
y$ y# b x# (1 c y# ) dx .392 b 1.4(1 c .392)(.2) .5622;
x
#

x dx c ln k1 c yk

b C; x 1, y 0 c ln 1

"
#

"
b C C c # ln k1 c yk c x b
#
#

dy
1 cy

"
#

y 1 c ea1cx b2 y(1.6) .5416

#

13. y" y! b (2x! y! b 2y! ) dx 3 b [2(0)(3) b 2(3)](.2) 4.2,

y# y" b (2x" y" b 2y" ) dx 4.2 b [2(.2)(4.2) b 2(4.2)](.2) 6.216,
y$ y# b (2x# y# b 2y# ) dx 6.216 b [2(.4)(6.216) b 2(6.216)](.2) 9.6969;
dy
dx

2y(x b 1)

dy
y

2(x b 1) dx ln kyk (x b 1)# b C; x 0, y 3 ln 3 1 b C C ln 3 c 1

ln y (x b 1)# b ln 3 c 1 y exb1 bln 3c1 eln 3 ex b2x 3exxb2 y(.6) 14.2765

#

14. y" y! b y# (1 b 2x! ) dx 1 b 1# [1 b 2(c1)](.5) .5,

!
y# y" b y# (1 b 2x" ) dx .5 b (.5)# [1 b 2(c.5)](.5) .5,
"
y$ y# b y# (1 b 2x# ) dx .5 b (.5)# [1 b 2(0)](.5) .625;
#

"
(1 b 2x) dx c y x b x# b C; x c1, y 1 c1 c1 b (c1)# b C C c1
"
1cxcx

y(.5)

"
1 c .5 c (.5)

dy
y

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

"
y

1 c x c x#

Section 9.1 Solutins, Slope Fields and Euler's Method

539

15. y" y! b 2x! ex dx 2 b 2(0)(.1) 2,

y# y" b 2x" ex dx 2 b 2(.1) e1 (.1) 2.0202,
y$ y# b 2x# ex dx 2.0202 b 2(.2) e2 (.1) 2.0618,
dy 2xex dx y ex b C; y(0) 2 2 1 b C C 1 y ex b 1 y(.3) e3 b 1 2.0942
!
#

"
#
#
#

16. y" y! b ay! ex b dx 2 b a2 e0 b (.5) 3,

y2 y1 b ay1 ex1 b dx 3 b a3 e0.5 b (.5) 5.47308,
y3 y2 b ay2 ex2 b dx 5.47308 b a5.47308 e1.0 b (.5) 12.9118,
!

dy
dx

y ex

y 2ee
17. y"
y#
y$
y%
y&
dy
y

ex dx lnlyl ex b C; x 0, y 2 ln 2 1 b C C ln 2 c 1 lnlyl ex b ln 2 c 1

dy
y

c"

ya1.5b 2ee

1.5

c"

65.0292

1 b 1(.2) 1.2,
1.2 b (1.2)(.2) 1.44,
1.44 b (1.44)(.2) 1.728,
1.728 b (1.728)(.2) 2.0736,
2.0736 b (2.0736)(.2) 2.48832;
dx ln y x b C" y Cex ; y(0) 1 1 Ce! C 1 y ex y(1) e 2.7183

18. y" 2 b 2 (.2) 2.4,

1
y# 2.4 b 2.4 (.2) 2.8,
1.2
y$ 2.8 b 2.8 (.2) 3.2,
1.4
y% 3.2 b 3.2 (.2) 3.6,
1.6
y& 3.6 b 3.6 (.2) 4;
1.8
dy
y

dx
x

ln y ln x b C y kx; y(1) 2 2 k y 2x y(2) 4

19. y" c1 b (c1) (.5) c.5,

1
#

c
y# c.5 b (.5) (.5) c.39794,
1.5
#

y$ c.39794 b (c.39794) (.5) c.34195,

2
#

y% c.34195 b (c.34195) (.5) c.30497,

2.5
#

y& c.27812, y' c.25745, y( c.24088, y) c.2272;

dy
"
dx

y x c y 2 x b C; y(1) c1 1 2 b C C c1 y

"
1 c # x

y(5)

"
1 c # 5

20. y" 1 b a0 sin 1b " 1,

3
"
y# 1 b " sin 1 3 1.09350,
3
"
y$ 1.09350 b 2 sin 1.09350 3 1.29089,
3
"
y% 1.29089 b 3 sin 1.29089 3 1.61125,
3
"
y& 1.61125 b 4 sin 1.61125 3 2.05533,
3

"
y' 2.05533 b 5 sin 2.05533 3 2.54694;
3

y w x sin y csc y dy x dx clnlcsc y b cot yl 1 x2 b C csc y b cot y ec 2 x bC Cec 2 x

2
1 2

1 b cos y
sin y

1 2

2
2
2
y
y
1
1
Cec 2 x cot 2 Cec 2 x ; ya0b 1 cot 2 Ce0 C cot 2 cot 2 ec 2 x
1

2
y 2 cotc1 cot 1 ec 2 x , ya2b 2 cotc1 cot 1 ec2 2.65591
2
2
1

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

c.2880

540

Chapter 9 First-Order Differential Equations

21. y c1 c x b a1 b x0 b y0 bex c x0 yax0 b c1 c x0 b a1 b x0 b y0 bex0 c x0 c1 c x0 b a1 b x0 b y0 ba1b y0

dy
dx

c1 b a1 b x0 b y0 bex c x0 y c1 c x b a1 b x0 b y0 bex c x0

dy
dx

cx

dy
dx

xby

22. y w faxb, yax0 b y0 y 'x fatbdt b C, yax0 b 'x fatbdt b C C C y0 y 'x fatbdt b y0
x

x0

23-34. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
ode := diff( y(x), x ) = y(x);
icA := [0, 1];
icB := [0, 2];
icC := [0,-1];
DEplot( ode, y(x), x=0..2, [icA,icB,icC], arrows=slim, linecolor=blue, title="#23 (Section 9.1)" );
Mathematica:
To plot vector fields, you must begin by loading a graphics package.
<<Graphics`PlotField`
To control lengths and appearance of vectors, select the Help browser, type PlotVectorField and select Go.
Clear[x, y, f]
yprime = y (2 c y);
pv = PlotVectorField[{1, yprime}, {x, c5, 5}, {y, c4, 6}, Axes True, AxesLabel {x, y}];
To draw solution curves with Mathematica, you must first solve the differential equation. This will be done with
the DSolve command. The y[x] and x at the end of the command specify the dependent and independent variables.
The command will not work unless the y in the differential equation is referenced as y[x].
equation = y'[x] == y[x] (2 c y[x]) ;
initcond = y[a] == b;
sols = DSolve[{equation, initcond}, y[x], x]
vals = {{0, 1/2}, {0, 3/2}, {0, 2}, {0, 3}}
f[{a_, b_}] = sols[[1, 1, 2]];
solnset = Map[f, vals]
ps = Plot[Evaluate[solnset, {x, c5, 5}];
Show[pv, ps, PlotRange {c4, 6}];
The code for problems such as 31 & 32 is similar for the direction field, but the analytical solutions involve
complicated inverse functions, so the numerical solver NDSolve is used. Note that a domain interval is
specified.
equation = y'[x] == Cos[2x c y[x]] ;
initcond = y[0] == 2;
sol = NDSolve[{equation, initcond}, y[x], {x, 0, 5}]
ps = Plot[Evaluate[y[x]/.sol, {x, 0, 5}];
N[y[x] /. sol/.x 2]
Show[pv, ps, PlotRange {0, 5}];
Solutions for 34 can be found one at a time and plots named and shown together. No direction fields here.
For 34, the direction field code is similar, but the solution is found implicitly using integrations. The plot
requires loading another special graphics package.
<<Graphics`ImplicitPlot`
Clear[x,y]
solution[c_] = Integrate[2 (y c 1), y] == Integrate[3x2 b 4x b 2, x] b c
values = {c6, c4, c2, 0, 2, 4, 6};
solns = Map[solution, values];
ps = ImplicitPlot[solns, {x, c3, 3}, {y, c3, 3}]
Show[pv, ps]

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 9.1 Solutins, Slope Fields and Euler's Method

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

35.

dy
dx

2xex , ya0b 2 ynb1 yn b 2xn exn dx yn b 2xn exn a0.1b yn b 0.2xn exn
2

On a TI-84 calculator home screen, type the following commands:

2 STO > y: 0 STO > x: y (enter)
y b 0.2*x*e^(x^2) STO > y: x b 0.1 STO > x: y (enter, 10 times)
The last value displayed gives yEuler a1b 3.45835
2
2
2
The exact solution: dy 2xex dx y ex b C; ya0b 2 e0 b C C 1 y 1 b ex
yexact a1b 1 b e 3.71828
36.

dy
dx

2
2
2y2 ax c 1b, ya2b c 1 ynb1 yn b 2yn axn c 1bdx yn b 0.2 yn axn c 1b
2

On a TI-84 calculator home screen, type the following commands:

c0.5 STO > y: 2 STO > x: y (enter)
y b 0.2*y2 ax c 1b STO > y: x b 0.1 STO > x: y (enter, 10 times)
The last value displayed gives yEuler a2b c0.19285
2y2 ax c 1b

dy
dx

ya2b c 1
2

ca2b2 b 2a2b b C C C c2

ya3b

1
c 1 2

1
c a3 b 2 b 2 a 3 b c 2

dy
y2

a2x c 2bdx c 1 x2 c 2x b C
y

The exact solution:

1
y

1
y

cx2 b 2x b C

cx2 b 2x c 2 y

1
cx2 b 2x c 2

c0.2

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

541

542
37.

Chapter 9 First-Order Differential Equations

dy
dx

x
y ,y

0 ya0b " ynb1 yn b

xn
yn dx

yn b

xn
yn a0.1b

yn b 0."

xn
yn

On a TI-84 calculator home screen, type the following commands:

1 STO > y: 0 STO > x: y (enter)
y b 0.1*(x /y) STO > y: x b 0.1 STO > x: y (enter, 10 times)
The last value displayed gives yEuler a1b 1.5000
The exact solution: dy

38.

dy
dx

y2
2

2 x3/2 b
3

1
2

x
y dx

y dy x dx

y2
2

0
2
3 x3/2 b C; aya2 bb

12
2

1
2

2 a0b3/2 b C C
3

1
2

y 4 x3/2 b 1 yexact a"b 4 a1b3/2 b 1 1.5275

3
3

2
2
2
1 b y2 , ya0b 0 ynb1 yn b a1 b yn bdx yn b a1 b yn ba0.1b yn b 0.1a1 b yn b

On a TI-84 calculator home screen, type the following commands:

0 STO > y: 0 STO > x: y (enter)
y b 0.1*(1 b y2 ) STO > y: x b 0.1 STO > x: y (enter, 10 times)
The last value displayed gives yEuler a1b 1.3964
The exact solution: dy a1 b y2 bdx

dy
1 b y2

dx tanc1 y x b C; tanc1 ya0b tanc1 0 0 0 b C C 0

tanc1 y x y tan x yexact a"b tan 1 1.5574

39.

Example CAS commands:

Maple:
ode := diff( y(x), x ) = x + y(x);ic := y(0)=-7/10;
x0 := -4;x1 := 4;y0 := -4; y1 := 4;
b := 1;
P1 := DEplot( ode, y(x), x=x0..x1, y=y0..y1, arrows=thin, title="#39(a) (Section 9.1)" ):
P1;
Ygen := unapply( rhs(dsolve( ode, y(x) )), x,_C1 );
# (b)
P2 := seq( plot( Ygen(x,c), x=x0..x1, y=y0..y1, color=blue ), c=-2..2 ):
# (c)
display( [P1,P2], title="#39(c) (Section 9.1)" );
CC := solve( Ygen(0,C)=rhs(ic), C );
# (d)
Ypart := Ygen(x,CC);
P3 := plot( Ypart, x=0..b, title="#39(d) (Section 9.1)" ):
P3;
euler4 := dsolve( {ode,ic}, numeric, method=classical[foreuler], stepsize=(x1-x0)/4 ): # (e)
P4 := odeplot( euler4, [x,y(x)], x=0..b, numpoints=4, color=blue ):
display( [P3,P4], title="#39(e) (Section 9.1)" );
euler8 := dsolve( {ode,ic}, numeric, method=classical[foreuler], stepsize=(x1-x0)/8 ): # (f)
P5 := odeplot( euler8, [x,y(x)], x=0..b, numpoints=8, color=green ):
euler16 := dsolve( {ode,ic}, numeric, method=classical[foreuler], stepsize=(x1-x0)/16 ):
P6 := odeplot( euler16, [x,y(x)], x=0..b, numpoints=16, color=pink ):
euler32 := dsolve( {ode,ic}, numeric, method=classical[foreuler], stepsize=(x1-x0)/32 ):
P7 := odeplot( euler32, [x,y(x)], x=0..b, numpoints=32, color=cyan ):
display( [P3,P4,P5,P6,P7], title="#39(f) (Section 9.1)" );
<< N|h
| `percent error` >,
# (g)
< 4 | (x1-x0)/ 4 | evalf[5]( abs(1-eval(y(x),euler4(b))/eval(Ypart,x=b))*100 ) >,
< 8 | (x1-x0)/ 8 | evalf[5]( abs(1-eval(y(x),euler8(b))/eval(Ypart,x=b))*100 ) >,
< 16 | (x1-x0)/16 | evalf[5]( abs(1-eval(y(x),euler16(b))/eval(Ypart,x=b))*100 ) >,
< 32 | (x1-x0)/32 | evalf[5]( abs(1-eval(y(x),euler32(b))/eval(Ypart,x=b))*100 ) > >;

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 9.2 First-Order Linear Differential Equations

39-42. Example CAS commands:
Mathematica: (assigned functions, step sizes, and values for initial conditions may vary)
Problems 39 - 42 involve use of code from Problems 23 - 34 together with the above code for Euler's method.
9.2 FIRST-ORDER LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1. x

dy
dx

b y ex

dy
dx

"
b x y

ex
x

, P(x)

"
x

ex
x

, Q(x)

' P(x) dx ' " dx ln kxk ln x, x 0 v(x) e' Px dx eln x x

x
" '
y v(x) v(x) Q(x) dx " ' x e dx " aex b Cb e b C , x 0
x
x
x
x
x

b 2ex y 1

b 2y ecx , P(x) 2, Q(x) ecx

dy
dx

' P(x) dx ' 2 dx 2x v(x) e' Px dx e2x

y e" ' e2x e x dx e" ' ex dx e" aex b Cb e
c

sin x
x

,x0

2x

dy
dx

3
b x y

b Ce

3
x

, Q(x)

, P(x)

sin x
x
$

3. xyw b 3y

2x

2x

2x

sin x
x
$

dy
dx

2. ex

' 3 dx 3 ln kxk ln x$ , x 0 v(x) eln x x$

x
"
"
"
cos
y x ' x$ sin x dx x ' sin x dx x (c cos x b C) Ccx x , x 0
x
$

1
#

dy
dx

4. yw b (tan x) y cos# x, c 1  x 
#

b (tan x) y cos# x, P(x) tan x, Q(x) cos# x

sin
' tan x dx ' cos x dx c ln kcos xk ln (cos x)c" , c 1  x  1 v(x) eln cos x (cos x)c"
x
#
#
y (cos"x) ' (cos x)c" cos# x dx (cos x)' cos x dx (cos x)(sin x b C) sin x cos x b C cos x
"c

"c

b 2y 1 c " , x 0
x

dy
dx

"
x

b 2 y
x

"
x

dy
dx

, P(x)

2
x

, Q(x)

"
x

"
x

5. x

' 2 dx 2 ln kxk ln x# , x 0 v(x) eln x x#

x
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
C
y x ' x# x c x dx x ' (x c 1) dx x x c x b C # c x b x , x 0
#
#

dy
dx

"
b 1bx y

x
1b x

6. (1 b x) yw b y x

, P(x)

"
1bx

, Q(x)

x
1bx

"
' 1 b x dx ln (1 b x), since x 0 v(x) eln 1 x 1
x
"
"
"
2
2x
C
y 1 b x ' (1 b x) 1 b x dx 1 b x ' x dx 1 b x 3 x$# b C 3(1 b x) b 1 b x

#$

"
dx ex 2 # x b C

2x

2x

b dx

"
e2x

' 2x dx e

xex 2 b Cex 2

' P(x) dx ' 2 dx 2x v(x) e2x

2x

P(x) 2, Q(x) 2xe

' e2x a2xe

"
#

ax# b Cb x# e

2x

"
#

b Ce

"
"
c x y 2 ln x P(x) c x , Q(x) 2 ln x ' P(x) dx c'

v(x) e

ln x

"
x

x 2

2x

2x

"
# ex 2 dx ex 2 '

dy
dx

"
e2x

x 2

b 2y 2xe

y
9.

'e

ex 2 ' P(x) dx c " x v(x) e

#

dy
dx

x 2

"
#

8.

"
e

ex 2 P(x) c " , Q(x)

#

"
#

c"y
#

dy
dx

7.

"
x

dx c ln x, x 0

"
y x' x (2 ln x) dx x c(ln x)# b Cd x (ln x)# b Cx

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

543

, x 0 P(x)

' x# cos x dx x" ' cos x dx x"

x

"
(t b 1)

t
(t c 1)

ds
dt

C
(t c 1)

2
b tb1 s 3 b

"
(t b 1)

P(t)

2
tb1

, Q(t) 3 b (t b 1)c$

, t c1

' P()) d) ' cot ) d) ln ksin )k v()) eln sin

"
"
"
r sin ) ' (sin ))(sec )) d) sin ) ' tan ) d) sin ) aln ksec )k b Cb

b (cot )) r sec ) P()) cot ), Q()) sec )

1
#

sin ) because 0  ) 

C
(t b 1)

c(t b 1)$ b ln kt b 1k b Cd (t b 1) b (t b 1)c# ln (t b 1) b

"
(t b 1)

dr
d)

13.

b 2s 3(t b 1) b

ds
dt

2
' P(t) dt ' t b 1 dt 2 ln kt b 1k ln (t b 1)# v(t) eln tb1 (t b 1)#
"
"
s (t b 1) ' (t b 1)# c3 b (t b 1)c$ d dt (t b 1) ' c3(t b 1)# b (t b 1)c" d dt

t
3(t c 1)

12. (t b 1)

t3 c t b C

"
(t c 1)

"
(tc1)

v(t) eln tc1 (t c 1)% s

sin x b C
x

4
' P(t) dt ' tc1 dt 4 ln kt c 1k ln (t c 1)%
b"
' (t c 1)% (ttc 1) dt (t c"1) ' at# c 1b dt
tb1
(t c 1)

, Q(t)
%

4
tc1

(sin x b C)

P(t)

dx 2 ln kxk ln x# , x 0

2
x

tb1
(t c 1)

4
b tc1 s

' P(x) dx '

cos x
x

ds
dt

11.

, Q(x)
#

"
x

v(x) eln x x# y

2
x

cos x
x

2
b x y

dy
dx

10.

Chapter 9 First-Order Differential Equations

#

544

(csc )) aln ksec )k b Cb

b r sin# )

dr
d)

r
tan )

sin )
tan )

dr
d)

b (cot )) r sin ) cos ) P()) cot ), Q()) sin ) cos )

' P()) d) ' cot ) d) ln ksin )k ln (sin )) since 0  )  1 v()) eln sin ) sin )
#
" '
" '
"
C
#
sin ) sin ) b C sin ) b sin )
r sin ) (sin )) (sin ) cos )) d) sin ) sin ) cos ) d)
3
3
#

dr
d)

14. tan )

b 2y 3 P(t) 2, Q(t) 3 ' P(t) dt ' 2 dt 2t v(t) e2t y

e" 3 e2t b C ; y(0) 1 3 b C 1 C c " y 3 c " e 2t
2t
#
#
#
#
#

15.

16.

dy
dt

"
t

' 3e2t dt

"
e2t

dy
dt

y c " cos ) b
)

c 2xy

v(x) ecx y

"

ex
(x b 1)

' ecx

P(x) c2x,
x

(x e 1) dx
b

1
b C c xeb 1 b Cex ; y(0) 5 c 0 b 1 b C 5 c" b C 5
#

"c

C 6 y 6ex c

dy
dx

#c

dx ex (x b 1)
c1

' P(x) dx ' c2x dx cx#

ex
(x b 1)

b
c 2 x(xb 11) y
x

dy
dx

"
' (x b 1)

v()) e

c 2 y )# sec ) b 18 c 2 )#
1
#

#c

ex
(x b 1)

ex
xb1

ex

c 2 ax# b xb y

18
1

Q(x)

dy
dx

' P()) d) c2 ln k)k

' a)c# b a)# sec ) tan )b d) )# ' sec ) tan ) d) )# (sec ) b C) )# sec ) b C)# ;

y 1 2 2 1 (2) b C 1 C
3
9
9
19. (x b 1)

k) k

"
)

12
5t

' sin ) d) " (c cos ) b C)

)

c 2 y )# sec ) tan ) P()) c 2 , Q()) )# sec ) tan )

)
)

)c# y

ex
xb1

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

2 ln

1
#

"
)
1
2)

t
5

&

; y 1 1 C
#

1 C c 12 y
5

' P()) d) ln k)k v()) eln

sin )
)

' k)k sin ) d) " ' ) sin ) d) for ) 0

)
)
)
C
)

C
4

' at# b at# b dt

k k

, Q())

8
5

k k

"
)

P())

"
k) k

sin )
)

"
t

b " y
)

c " cos ) b
)
dy
d)

, Q(t) t# ' P(t) dt 2 ln ktk v(t) eln t t# y

' t% dt t" t5 b C t5 b tC ; y(2) 1

18.

2
t

dy
d)

t# P(t)

17.

2y
t

Section 9.2 First-Order Linear Differential Equations

' ex 2 x dx

u 0 P(t)

k
cm u

du
dt

Then u

u! C u! u u! eckmt

k
k
c m dt ln u c m t b C u ecakmbtbC u eckmt eC . Let eC C1

du
u

C1 and ua0b u0

C1 C1 . So u u0 eckmt

1
ek

m 0

"
C
' cos x dx cos x (sin x b C) tan x b cos x

V
L

"
eRt L

(b) i(0) 0
(c) i

V
R

di
dt

R
L

L
R

ln 2 sec

I e amp

cR/L2LR

P(t)

c ln 2 t

CecRtL ; i(0) I I C

, Q(t)

' eRt L V dt e "

L

Rt L

V
L

V
R
V
R

a1 c e 3 b 0.9502

V
R
V
R

a1 c e b 0.8647

'

P(t) dt '

L
< R eRt L V b C
L

V
R

R
L

amp, or about 86% of the steady state value

dt

b Ce

b C 0 C c V i V c V e Rt L
R
R
R
0 di b R i 0 b R V V i
dt
L
L
R
L

V
R

amp, or about 95% of the steady state value

Rt
L

v(t) eRt L

R Lt

V
R

is a solution of Eq. (11); i Ce

29. y w c y cy2 ; we have n 2, so let u y1c2 yc1 . Then y uc1 and

du
dx

dy
c1yc2 dx

dy
dx

cy2 du
dx

cuc2 du c uc1 cuc2 du b u 1. With e' dx ex as the integrating factor, we have

dx
dx
d
C
1
ex du b u dx aex ub ex . Integrating, we get ex u ex b C u 1 b ex 1 y 1 b C
dx
y
ex

30. y w c y xy2 ; we have n 2, so let u yc1 . Then y uc1 and

Substituting:cuc2 du c uc1 xuc2
dx
ex du b u
dx

d
x
dx ae ub

du
dx

' dx

b u cx. Using e

cx ex ex u ex a1 c xb b C u

du
dx

R Lt

R
L

a1 c e

"
#

Rt L

di
dt

1 c ecRtL c " cecRtL

#

a1 c ecR/L3LR b

V
R
V
R

(b) t

3L
R
2L
R

cRtLLR

"
#

ln 2 sec

c Rt ln
L

27. (a) t

iIe

"
#

(c) t

L
R

a1 c ecRtL b

di c R dt ln i c Rt b C" i eC e
L
L

i IecRtL amp
I ecRtL ecRtL

"
#I

L
R

V
R

"
i

i0

t t

V
R

R
L

"
#

V
R

"
#

L
c R ln

"
#

and we want i

di
dt

"
#

V
R
Rt
L

(b) is correct

"

ln

(b)

u(t) ekt m

dx x aln kxk b Cb x ln kxk b Cx (b) is correct

25. Steady State

26. (a)

C
ek 0

"
cos x

"
x

1
ek mt

23. x '

; u(0) u!

kt m

(b)

' ektm 0 dt e C

C y! y y! ekt

k
k
kt
' P(t) dt ' m dt m t m

, Q(t) 0

b a

"
ekt m

k
m

k
m

kt

du
dt

' eckt (0) dt ekt (0 b C) Cekt ; y(0) y!

"
e

22. (a)

28. (a)

7
ex

"
ex

c ky 0 P(t) ck, Q(t) 0 ' P(t) dt ' ck dt ckt v(t) eckt

24.

; y(0) c6 1 b C c6 C c7 y 1 c

C
ex 2
#

dy
dt

ex 2 b C 1 b

21.

"
ex

v(x) ex 2 y

x
#

b xy x P(x) x, Q(x) x ' P(x) dx ' x dx

dy
dx

20.

cyc2 dy
dx

dy
dx

ex
ex b C

cy2 du cuc2 du .
dx
dx

ex as an integrating factor:
e x a1 c x b b C
ex

y u c1

ex
ex c xex b C

31. xy w b y yc2 y w b 1 y 1 yc2 . Let u y1cac2b y3 y u1/3 and yc2 uc2/3 .

x
x
dy
du
2 dy
w
1 du ayc2 b 1 du uc2/3 . Thus we have
dx 3y dx y dx 3
dx
3
dx

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

545

546

Chapter 9 First-Order Differential Equations

1 du uc2/3 b 1 u1/3 1 uc2/3

3
dx
x
x
' 3 dx
x

e3ln x eln x x3 . Thus

y 1 b

du
dx

d
3
dx ax ub

b 3 u 3 1. The integrating factor, vaxb, is

x
x

3 x3 3x2 x3 u x3 b C u 1 b
x

C
x3

y3

C 1/3
x3

1
1
32. x2 y w b 2xy y3 y w b 2 y x2 y3 . Paxb 2 , Qaxb x2 , n 3. Let u y1c3 yc2 .
x
x
1
Substituting gives du b ac2b 2 u c2 x2 du b c4 u c22 . Let the integrating factor, vaxb, be
dx
x
dx
x
x
4

e' a x bdx eln x

xc4 . Thus

2
y 5x bCx4

d
c4
dx ax

ub c2xc6 xc4 u 2 xc5 b C u

5

2
4
5x bCx

yc2

c1/2

9.3 APPLICATIONS
1. Note that the total mass is 66 b 7 73 kg, therefore, v v0 ecakmbt v 9ec3.9t73
(a) satb ' 9ec3.9t73 dt c 2190 ec3.9t73 b C
13
Since sa0b 0 we have C

2190
13

and lim satb lim 2190 1 c ec3.9t73

13
t_

t_

2190
13

168.5

The cyclist will coast about 168.5 meters.

ln
(b) 1 9ec3.9t73 3.9t ln 9 t 733.9 9 41.13 sec
73
It will take about 41.13 seconds.
2. v v0 ecakmbt v 9eca59,00051,000,000bt v 9ec59t51,000
(a) satb ' 9ec59t51,000 dt c 459,0000 ec59t51,000 b C
59
Since sa0b 0 we have C

459,0000
59

and lim satb lim 459,0000 1 c ec59t51,000

59
t_

t_

459,0000
59

7780 m

The ship will coast about 7780 m, or 7.78 km.

59t
(b) 1 9ec59t51,000 51,000 ln 9 t 51,000 ln 9 1899.3 sec
59
It will take about 31.65 minutes.
3. The total distance traveled v0km a2.75ba39.92b 4.91 k 22.36. Therefore, the distance traveled is given by the
k
function satb 4.911 c eca22.36/39.92bt . The graph shows satb and the data points.

4.

a0.80ba49.90b
1.32 k 998
k
33
k
998
We know that v0km 1.32 and m 33a49.9b 20 .
33
v0 m
cak/mbt
Using Equation 3, we have: satb k 1 c e
1.321
v0 m
k

coasting distance

c ec20t/33 1.32a1 c ec0.606t b

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 9.3 Applications

m

y
x

orthogonals:

dy
dx

xy c y
x2
w

5. y mx

0 y w y . So for
x

x
c y y dy cx dx

y2
2

x2
2

x b y C1
2

6. y cx2
yw

y
x2

2y
x .

x2 y c 2xy
x4

0 x2 y w 2xy

So for the orthogonals:

dy
dx

x
c 2y

2ydy cxdx y2 c x b C y x b C,
2
2
2

C0

7. kx2 b y2 1 1 c y2 kx2

1 c y2
x2

x2 a2yby c 1 c y2 2x

0 c2yx2 y w a1 c y2 ba2xb
x
1 c y2 a2xb
1 c y 2
y w c2xy2 cxy . So for the orthogonals:
2
1 c y 2
2
dy
xy
dy x dx ln y c y x b C
dx 1cy2
y
2
2
w

8. 2x2 b y2 c2 4x b 2yy w 0 y w c 4x c 2x . For

2y
y
orthogonals:

dy
dx

y
2x

dy
y

dx
2x

ln y " ln x b C
#

ln y ln x1/2 b ln C1 y C1 kxk1/2

e x y c yae x bac1b
ae x b2

w c

9. y cecx

ecx y w cyecx y w cy. So for the orthogonals:

dy
dx

1
y
2

y dy dx

y2
2

xbC

y 2x b C1 y 2x b C1

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

547

Chapter 9 First-Order Differential Equations

10. y ekx ln y kx

ln y
x

x y w c ln y 0 y w
y
dy
dx

x 1 y c ln y
y
w

548

x2

y ln y
x .

cx
y ln y y ln y dy cx dx
" 2
1 2
" 2 b
# y ln y c 4 ay b c # x
2
y2 ln y c y cx2 b C1
2

So for the orthogonals:

11. 2x2 b 3y2 5 and y2 x3 intersect at a1, 1b. Also, 2x2 b 3y2 5 4x b 6y y w 0 y w c 4x y w a1, 1b c 2
6y
3
w
w
y2 x3 2y1 y1 3x2 y1
1

x2
2

12. (a) x dx b y dy 0

y2
2
w

w
w
y1 a1, 1b 3 . Since y w y1 c 2 3 c1, the curves are orthogonal.
2
3
2

3x2
2y1

C is the general equation

of the family with slope y c x . For the orthogonals:

y
yw

y
x

dy
y

ln y ln x b C or y C1 x

dx
x

(where C1 e is the general equation of the

orthogonals.
C

(b) x dy c 2y dx 0 2y dx x dy
" dy
# y

dy
2y

dx
x

" ln y ln x b C y C1 x2 is
#

dx
x

the equation for the solution family.

"y
# y

y c ln x C

"
# ln

slope of orthogonals is

1
x
dy
dx

0 yw

2y
x

x
c 2y
2

2y dy cx dx y2 c x b C is the general
2
equation of the orthogonals.

13. Let y(t) the amount of salt in the container and V(t) the total volume of liquid in the tank at time t.
Then, the departure rate is
(a) Rate entering

2 lb
gal

y(t)
V(t)
5 gal
min

(the outflow rate).

10 lb/min

(b) Volume V(t) 100 gal b (5t gal c 4t gal) (100 b t) gal
(c) The volume at time t is (100 b t) gal. The amount of salt in the tank at time t is y lbs. So the
y
y
concentration at any time t is 100 b t lbs/gal. Then, the rate leaving 100 b t (lbs/gal) 4 (gal/min)
4
b 100 b t y 10 P(t)

4 ln (100 b t) v(t) e4 ln
10
(100 b t)

4
100bt

(100 b t)% y

(1005bt) b C 2(100 b t) b
&

100 t

C
(100 b t)

C c(150)(100)% y 2(100 b t) c

, Q(t) 10
"
(100bt)

' P(t) dt ' 1004b t dt

' (100 b t)% (10 dt)

; y(0) 50 2(100 b 0) b

(150)(100)
(100 b t)
%

dy
dt

y 2(100 b t) c

C
(100 b 0)

150
t
1 b 100

50

4y
100 b t

10 c

dy
dt

lbs/min

(d)

4y
100bt

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 9.4 Graphical Solutions of Autonomous Equations

dV
dt

14. (a)

(150)(100)
(100b25)

(e) y(25) 2(100 b 25) c

188.56 lbs concentration

y(25)
volume

188.6
125

1.5 lb/gal

a5 c 3b 2 V 100 b 2t

The tank is full when V 200 100 b 2t t 50 min

(b) Let yatb be the amount of concentrate in the tank at time t.
dy
dt

gal
gal
lb
lb
" gal 5 min c 100yb 2t gal 3 min
#

Q(t) 5 ; P(t) 3 501b t

2
2
' P(t) dt

vatb e
yatb

1
at b 50b3/2

dy
dt

5
2

c 3 50yb t
2

dy
dt

3
2at b 50b y

5
2

' P(t) dt 3 ' t b150 dt 3 ln at b 50b since t b 50 0

2
2

e 2 ln atb50b at b 50b3/2
3

5
' 2 at b 50b3/2 dt at b 50bc3/2 < at b 50b5/2 b C yatb t b 50 b

C
at b 50b3/2

Apply the initial condition (i.e., distilled water in the tank at t 0):
ya0b 0 50 b
ya50b 100 c

C
503/2

505/2
1003/2

C c505/2 yatb t b 50 c

505/2
.
at b 50b3/2

When the tank is full at t 50,

83.22 pounds of concentrate.

15. Let y be the amount of fertilizer in the tank at time t. Then rate entering 1

lb
gal

gal
min

lb
min

and the

volume in the tank at time t is V(t) 100 (gal) b [1 (gal/min) c 3 (gal/min)]t min (100 c 2t) gal. Hence
3y
3y
rate out 100yc 2t 3 100c2t lbs/min dy 1 c 100 c 2t lbs/min dy b 1003c 2t y 1
dt
dt

' P(t) dt ' 1003c2t dt 3 ln (100c2t) v(t) e 3 ln 100

c#
c
' (100 c 2t)c$# dt (100 c 2t)c$# c2(100c# 2t)
y (100 c"2t)

, Q(t) 1

#"c

#$c

(100 c 2t)c$#

3
100c2t

2t 2

P(t)

b C

(100 c 2t) b C(100 c 2t)$# ; y(0) 0 [100 c 2(0)] b C[100 c 2(0)]$# C(100)$# c100
#$

3100 c 2t
10

. Let

dy
dt

dy
dt

c2 c

3 (100 c 2t)
10
#

c2 b

(100 c 2t)
10

#"

"
C c(100)c"# c 10 y (100 c 2t) c

(c2)

0 20 3100 c 2t 400 9(100 c 2t) 400 900 c 18t c500 c18t

t 27.8 min, the time to reach the maximum. The maximum amount is then
[100 c 2(27.8)]
10

14.8 lb

#$

y(27.8) [100 c 2(27.8)] c

16. Let y y(t) be the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) in the room at time t. The amount of CO entering the
y
y
4
3
12
3
room is 100 10 1000 ft$ /min, and the amount of CO leaving the room is 4500 10 15,000 ft$ /min.

et

12
1000
"

15 000

y
15,000

dy
dt

12
' 1000 et15000 dt

"
15,000

ye

12
1000

t 15 000

dy
dt

Thus,

P(t)

"
15,000

, Q(t)

12
1000

v(t) et15000

15,000
121000 et15,000 b C ect15000 a180et15000 b Cb ;

y(0) 0 0 1(180 b C) C c180 y 180 c 180e t 15 000 . When the concentration of CO is 0.01%
y
.01
in the room, the amount of CO satisfies 4500 100 y 0.45 ft$ . When the room contains this amount we
have 0.45 180 c 180e t 15 000 179.55 ect15000 t c15,000 ln 179.55 37.55 min.
180
180
c

9.4 GRAPHICAL SOUTIONS OF AUTONOMOUS EQUATIONS

1. y w ay b 2bay c 3b
(a) y c2 is a stable equilibrium value and y 3 is an unstable equilibrium.
(b) yww a2y c 1by w 2ay b 2by c 1 ay c 3b
2

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

549

550

Chapter 9 First-Order Differential Equations

(c)

2. y w ay b 2bay c 2b
(a) y c2 is a stable equilibrium value and y 2 is an unstable equilibrium.
(b) yww 2yy w 2ay b 2byay c 2b

(c)

3. y w y3 c y ay b 1byay c 1b
(a) y c1 and y 1 is an unstable equilibrium and y 0 is a stable equilibrium value.
(b) yww a3y2 c 1by w 3ay b 1by b

1
3 yy

1
3 ay

c 1b

(c)

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 9.4 Graphical Solutions of Autonomous Equations

4. y w yay c 2b
(a) y 0 is a stable equilibrium value and y 2 is an unstable equilibrium.
(b) yww a2y c 2by w 2yay c 1bay c 2b

(c)

5. y w y, y 0
(a) There are no equilibrium values.
1
1
(b) yww 2y y w 2y y "
#

(c)

6. y w y c y, y 0
(a) y 1 is an unstable equilibrium.
(b) yww 1 c

1
2 y

y w 1 c

2 y y

c y y c " y c 1
#

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551

552

Chapter 9 First-Order Differential Equations

(c)

7. y w ay c 1bay c 2bay c 3b
(a) y 1 and y 3 is an unstable equilibrium and y 2 is a stable equilibrium value.
(b) yww a3y2 c 12y b 11bay c 1bay c 2bay c 3b 3ay c 1by c

6 c 3
ay
3

c 2by c

6 b 3
3 ay

(c)

8. y w y3 c y2 y2 ay c 1b
(a) y 0 and y 1 is an unstable equilibrium.
(b) yww a3y2 c 2ybay3 c y2 b y3 a3y c 2bay c 1b

(c)

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

c 3b