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ERECTION
Erection engineers are often invaluable individuals behind the scenes at major erection projects. An erection engineer oversees the major components of an erection, including budgetary concerns, time management, supply cycles, and safety regulations. Though erection engineers have specific duties, the job can encompass a wide variety of functions at an erection site.

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HANDLING OF EQUIPMENT
In any kind of rigging work it is necessary to strictly observe the safety precautions, since even the slightest negligence and non observance of the rules may result in accidents, which may cause damage to equipment or injury to men. The site for the rigging work involving lifting and conveying of loads should be well lighted. The loads must not be lifted unless the crane operator can see clearly the signals given by the rigger. The positions where the slings are to be put, are marked on the packages and on the drawings. While lifting/handling these packages/equipment, the slings should only be put at the proper places. The slings of the proper sizes and lengths should only be used for handling the equipment/packages. The angle between the two arms of the sling at the crane hook should be small (depending upon the dia of the sling) so as to have proper loading of the sling.

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HANDLING OF EQUIPMENT
The work related to handling of the loads (packages or equipment) by crane or by other hoisting mechanism should be entrusted to trained riggers only. If the rigger/operator is not sure of the weight of the item/package (load) to be handled, he must ask for the required information before handling the equipment. The rigger and the crane operator should see that the hook and the ropes of the crane occupy vertical position, before hoisting the load. Dragging of the load by slanting ropes is not allowed. The center of gravity of the load should be aligned with the vertical axis of the crane hook. The eye bolts, 'D' shackles, turn buckles, and wire ropes of suitable sizes should only be used for handling of the equipment. Before using, they should be thoroughly inspected to their full threads, so as to avoid any chance of slipping then the load comes on them.

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HANDLING OF EQUIPMENT
Before giving a signal to lift the load, the rigger must check and ensure that there are no loose parts or tools on the load, which might fall during lifting. Then the load must be lifted 100 or 200 mm high for checking the uniformity of sling tensioning and reliability of lashing. If it is necessary to rearrange the sling lengths, the load must be lowered and then the slings rearranged. Before horizontal conveyance of the load the rigger must see that the load has been lifted to a height at least 0.5 M above the tallest object, on the path of the load. While the load is being conveyed, the rigger must accompany it and see that it is not moved above any person. Prior to lowering the load the rigger should examine the ground on which the load will be, lowered and make sure that these is no risk of falling or slipping of the load.

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HANDLING OF EQUIPMENT
If any one of the personnel present during lifting or lowering of the load detects some defect of the crane or sling of notices some conditions jeopardizing the lifting or lowering operation, he must give a signal for emergency grounding of the package or components. Smooth lifting and transportation of equipment must be ensured. Shocks and jerks should be avoided All lifting devices, slings must be properly conserved after use and periodically inspected and tested.

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INSPECTION
Before storing the equipment it should be opened for visual examination or the internal packing, protective coating and condition of the equipment. Any damage to packing and conservation should be immediately rectified. It is necessary to carryout first inspection within three weeks of arrival of the consignment. Thereafter, all the equipment should be inspected once in every three months to insure that the conservation is intact. During rainy season, the inspection should be done once in a month. At any time, if any original conservation is found damaged, it should be reconserved as per relevant conservation instructions

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STORAGE
All equipment should be accommodated in the designated place of storage immediately after arrival at destination. This is very essential particularly during the rainy season. The platforms and store-houses should be built up in conformity with the fire prevention rules and standards. Complete storage area must be adequately fenced & protected against theft & pilferage. These store houses and areas around them should have proper drainage facility for the sub-soil, surface and rain water. The water should not be allowed to stand or get accumulated in these areas, especially where the material has been stored. Store house should be provided with proper ventilation facilities.

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STORAGE
Level should be maintained for all the packages and equipment and should be uniformly supported to avoid distortion. The long packages should be supported at intermediate places also, so as to avoid sagging during storage. Store houses should preferably be equipped with proper lifting devices to ensure normal handling of equipment Small and medium size parts can be kept on shelves with proper identification tags. Packages upto 5 tones can be placed on upon the other up to 2.5m in height using required number of wooden spacers 50 mm thick. In doing so, lighter packages would be laid upon heavier once to avoid any damage to lower packages.

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ERECTION PROCESS
The erection of something is the act of building it or placing it in an upright position. Structural steel erection is one of the most critical phases in the process of constructing a object because mechanical, electrical and architectural work cannot begin in earnest until the steel is in place. For this structural steel construction is broken down into three major phases 1. Advance planning 2. Fabrication 3. Erection

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ADVANCE PLANNING
In advance planning phase the fabricator and erector work together to determine the divisioning of the steel and the maximum sizes for the structural members. At this time, the erector determines the equipment to be utilized in erecting the steel based on the type of structure being erected, the maximum size of the members which will be erected, and the anticipated site conditions.

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FABRICATION
In the fabrication phase the steel is prepared in a shop for field assembly. The fabricator prepares detail drawings. Anchor bolt location drawings, and erection drawings from the structural steel design drawings. The detail drawings indicate how each column, beam or girder will be made. The shop drawings identify each structural member, provide exact dimensions of each component, and details the plates, angles, and tees which are used in making connections between members. The anchor bolt location drawings detail the anchor bolts which hold the column baseplates in place. The erection drawings provide the erector information on the location of each of the structural members and special instructions on erection sequences.

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FABRICATION
From the detail drawings, the fabricator makes templates, cuts the steel to the proper lengths, and machines the ends of the steel as required. Holes for connecting bolts are punched or drilled in the steel with the aid of templates. Stiffener plates may be welded onto the members. Finally, connection plates, angles, or tees are welded or bolted to the members to complete the assembly.

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ERECTION
After the steel is delivered to the project the erection phases begins by sorting or shaking out the steel members in the order in which they will be erected. The steel is erected according to the erection drawings, beginning at one of the corners with an end wall of the object. Using the anchor bolt location drawings, columns for the first tier of steel are set on anchor bolts, starting from a position furthest from the crane. Rows of columns are set working back toward the crane. The interconnecting beams are then installed between columns using only a minimum number of erection bolts in each connection.

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ERECTION
Proper preplanning of steel erection requires that crane positions and loads be analyzed to develop a safe and economical erection scheme. Maximum loads must be determined and a crane capable of setting these loads must be selected. Contract documents, drawings, specifications and anticipated site conditions must be reviewed for information which relates to the erection process. Factors which affect the erection scheme are type, size, height and shape of the structure to be erected and foundation work, excavations, the location of access roads, temporary storage facilities may affect the planned erection scheme. Site conditions also include ground conditions which may affect the stability of the crane.

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ERECTION
Safe erection of structural steel work depends on proper and timely planning. All personnel should be aware that erection of any structural steel is potentially hazardous and that planning must control any risk from these hazards.

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ERECTION
Structural safety and stability are the ultimate objectives of the design. The prime aim of an erector is to meet the design requirements with optimum utilization of men, material and time. To achieve the above, the erector shall adopt all technological improvements that have taken place in the area of structural steel erection. Erection activities include rigging, hoisting, laying out, placing, connecting, guying, bracing, dismantling, burning, welding, bolting, grinding, sealing, caulking and all related activities for construction.

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ERECTION
Before starting erection, make sure that you have a complete set of erection drawings marked for construction. The structure should be adequately braced at all times before raising the next component. The structure must be secured with temporary or permanent bracing before release of raising equipment and at the end of the day, week ends or other shutdowns. All joints should be made up and all bolts in place before releasing raising equipment. The sequence of structural mainly depends on the availability of major handling equipments like tower crane etc.

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MAJOR TOOLS & PLANTS (T&P) FOR ERECTION SEQUENCE

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Tower cranes Crawler cranes Derricks Fork lifts Tractor trailers Trucks Wooden sleepers Welding generators

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Welding transformers Air compressors Electrical winches Hand winches Hydraulic jacks Electrode drying oven Chain pulley blocks Gas welding and cutting sets with hoses

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MAJOR TOOLS & PLANTS (T&P) FOR ERECTION SEQUENCE

17. Low voltage transformers

with hand lamps 18.Single sheave snatch pulley blocks 19. Double sheave pulley blocks 20.D - shackle 21. Bull dog grips 22.Turn Buckle 23.Spirit level

17. portable grinders 18.Bench grinder 19. Pneumatic drill 20.Torque wrenches 21. Pull lifts 22.Compensating Cables 23.Steel wire ropes for guy

ropes 24.Bench files of various sizes

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TOWER CRANE
It has capacity to lift components including ceiling girder. Piece by piece erection shall be followed for all main, auxiliary and middle columns.

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TOWER CRANE
A tower crane is a piece of equipment used to move or transport oversized objects. It is a stationary device, which means the base of the crane does move. A large, fixed tower supports a horizontal beam, or Jib, which sits atop the tower to form an uneven letter T. A tower crane is often used in the construction industry to set steel beams and other large building components. It may also be used in the shipping or transportation industry to load and unload large freighters. The base of the tower crane sits atop a concrete pad, which can vary in thickness based on the height and weight of the crane. Large anchor bolts are used to fasten the base of the tower to the concrete, and may also extend several feet into the ground. This keeps the tower safely supported to help reduce the risk of collapse.

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CRAWLER CRANE
A benefit of a crawler crane is that it is maneuverable and versatile while on a job site.

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CRAWLER CRANE
A crawler crane is a track-based vehicle that has a crane apparatus attached to it. These cranes are able to work on soft ground due to the weight dispersal properties of the tracks. A crawler crane is made more stable by the steel tracks and can lift much more weight than a rubber tire-equipped model with the same crane attachment. It has capacity to lift structural components including ceiling girder. The tracks and propulsion system form the basis of the machine. On top of the tracks sits the engine, control area and the cab. Rising high above the cab is the boom. The cables run up through the boom and attach to the object to be lifted. Often a crane will have a small extension on the end of the boom that sticks out almost horizontally from the boom. This is called the Jib and allows the crane to move objects further away from its center. One of the features that allow a crawler crane to lift such enormous loads is a counterweight. Some of the larger crawler crane counterweight assemblies weigh as much as several hundred tons. Many crawler cranes have booms that reach several hundred feet in the air. Such reach and lift capabilities make the machines perfect for large construction projects.

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DERRICK
A derrick is a lifting device composed of one tower, or guyed mast such as a pole which is hinged freely at the bottom. It is controlled by lines (usually four of them) powered by some means such as man-hauling or motors, so that the pole can move in all four directions. A line runs down and over its bottom with a hook on the end, like with a crane so that it easily lifts the weights.

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FORK LIFTS

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FORK LIFTS
A forklift is a piece of machinery which is used to lift and move large loads. There are numerous useful applications for a forklift, and many warehouses, construction sites, and manufacturing facilities have forklifts on hand. There are a number of different types of forklifts, intended to meet various weight limits and consumer needs.

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TRACTOR TRAILORS

A tractor-trailer is the term given to a combination of a trailer and an on-road tractor, or truck. A tractor-trailer is comprised of two entirely separate units so that the truck can be hooked to other trailers and the trailer can be hooked to other trucks. They are connected both with hardware and electronically so that the truck can control the brakes and all the lights on the trailer. The Tractor-Trailer is used for transporting goods and materials from one place to the other.

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TRUCKS
A truck is a motor vehicle designed to transport cargo. Trucks vary greatly in size, power, and configuration, with the smallest being mechanically similar to an automobile. Commercial trucks can be very large and powerful, and may be configured to mount specialized equipment, such as in the case of fire trucks and concrete mixtures and suction excavators. Modern trucks are largely powered by diesel engines exclusively, although small to medium size trucks with gasoline engines.

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WOODEN SLEEPERS
Wooden sleepers are used at construction sites to place the equipment on these as sleepers give much contact area with equipment surface so that they do not slip over and use to unloading of the heavy equipment when there is no possibility by unload with crane.

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WELDING GENERATOR

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WELDING GENERATOR
Welding generators create power for welding without reliance on the grid. Fill up the fuel tank, and the welding generator can produce the power for your welding equipment. This is essential for working at construction sites, farms, ranches and on service trucks that must work when the grid power is down. Welding generators can produce both AC and DC current. Welding generators can create 10,000 watts of power or more for welding equipment. A 250 amp power flow supports stick welding and wire welding. Use a 300 amp welding generator for tig welding. Use a welding generator with 11,000 watts or more to support a plasma cutter. Verify that the welding generator for sale provides the current that you need before you buy it.

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WELDING TRANSFORMERS

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WELDING TRANSFORMERS
A welding transformer is a step down transformer that reduces the voltage from the source voltage to a lower voltage that is suitable for welding, usually between 15 and 45 volts. The secondary current is quite high. 200 to 600 amps would be typical, but it could be much higher. The secondary may have several taps for adjusting the secondary voltage to control the welding current. The taps are typically connected to a several high-current plug receptacles or to a high-current switch. For welding with direct current (DC) a rectifier is connected to the secondary of the transformer. There may also be a filter choke (inductor) to smooth the DC current.

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AIR COMPRESSORS
An air compressor is a tool that is used to provide compressed air. The compressor compresses the air which is stored in a large tank. Tools such as drills and air blow guns can then be attached to the air compressor. The compressed air can than flow through the tools to power them.

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ELECTRICAL WINCHES

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ELECTRICAL WINCHES
Electric winches come in different shapes and sizes. Typically, electric winches include a two-speed engine. A cable is attached to a spool, which is attached to the motor. A gear lever turns the spool in order to release the cable. Once the cables of an electric winch are extended to the vehicle or object in need of towing, the gear levers are pushed in the opposite direction of the object. This causes the spool to wind up. As the spool winds, the cables are pulled back in. This causes the object to be pulled safely to where it belongs. Electric winches are most commonly used to pull an automobile, boat, crane, truck, or other piece of equipment from a problematic area.

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HAND WINCHES
These are also same as electrical winches but are operated by hand. These are used to pull small objects in construction and other places.

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HYDRAULIC JACKS
A jack is mechanical device used to lift heavy loads or apply great forces. Jacks employ a screw thread or hydraulic cylinder that uses a liquid to push against a piston. This is based on Pascals Principle. The principle states that pressure in a closed container is the same at all points. If there are two cylinders connected, applying force to the smaller cylinder will result in the same amount of pressure in the larger cylinder. However, since the larger cylinder has more area, the resulting force will be greater. In other words, an increase in area leads to an increase in force. The greater the difference in size between the two cylinders, the greater the increase in the force will be. A hydraulic jack operates based on this two cylinder system

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ELECTRODE DRYING OVEN

When electrodes become absorb moisture from the atmosphere, they must be dried in order to restore the ability to deposit quality welds. Electrodes with too much moisture may lead to cracking or porosity. Operational characteristics may be affected as well. If youve experienced unexplained weld cracking problems, or if the electrode arc performance may have deteriorated, it may be due to your storage methods or redrying procedures.

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CHAIN PULLEY BLOCKS

A chain pulley block is the name for the portion of a block and tackle that the chain loops around. By itself, it really doesnt do anything, but when combined with the entire system, it is part of a complex and useful device. By definition, a chain pulley block has more than one chain that loops through it and all the loops are connected to a single axle. Beyond that, the block can have a wide variety of shapes, sizes and configurations.Whenthe chain pulley bl ock doesnt have any lines running through it, then its just a block, but when its strung onto a line, the whole system is called a tackle.

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GAS WELDING AND CUTTING SETS

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Oxyacetylene gas welding is commonly used to permanently join mild steel. A mixture of oxygen and acetylene, burns as an intense / focused flame, at approximately 3,500 degrees centigrade. When the flame comes in contact with steel, it melts the surface forming a molten pool, allowing welding to take place. Oxyacetylene can also be used for brazing, bronze welding, forging / shaping metal and cutting. This type of welding is suitable for the prefabrication of steel sheet, tubes and plates.

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LOW VOLTAGE TRANSOFRMES WITH HAND LAMPS

The transformer is a device transforms line voltage (120 or 277 volts) into low voltage (12 or 24 volts). It's typically made with two wires that wind around an iron core. One wire is connected to the line voltage side, and the other is connected to the low voltage side. To protect workers, OSHA mandates that lights used in wet areas meet specific wet-location requirements. The step-down transformers convert 120V power to 12V power for use in wet locations with 12V tools and more importantly, lights. These low-voltage workstations and associated devices are exceptionally durable, easy to handle and service, and capable of long, continuous operation in some of industry's most demanding environments. To ensure worker safety and OSHA compliance, the transformers are to be kept out of the wet location (per OSHA, 120V input should not be located in the wet location).

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SINGLE & DOUBLE SHEAVE SNATCH PULLEY BLOCK

Using a snatch block greatly increases the pulling power of a winch. When a winch drum is fully spooled with cable, it has less power than if it is spooled all the way out due to less line being on the drum, which changes the effective pull ratio. Therefore, the snatch block is attached to whatever the equipment is winching to, and the winch line goes through the block on the pulley and back to the equipment. In this manner, more of the pulling power is available for the extraction because of more line being out off of the winch drum.

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D - SHACKLE
Shackles are used for all kinds of different applications: from industrial rigging, to sailing. Any time an extremely strong and reliable connection point is needed, usually a shackle suits the application best. Shackles are used in lifting and static systems as removable links to connect (steel) wire rope, chain and other fittings. Screw pin shackles are used mainly for non-permanent applications. Safety bolt shackles are used for long-term or permanent applications or where the load may slide on the pin causing rotation of the pin.

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BULL DOG GRIPS

Bull dog grips: bull dog grips are used as simple and effective mechanical means of securing the end of a steel wire rope as an alternative to splicing/socketing in the absence of skilled labour or facilities necessary for such work. They are also useful for securing the ends of temporary ropes and ropes which may need adjustments of length

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TURN BUCKLE
A turnbuckle, stretching screw or bottle screw is a device for adjusting the tension or length of ropes, cables, tie rods, and other tensioning systems. It normally consists of two threaded eyelets, one screwed into each end of a small metal frame, one with a lefthand thread and the other with a right-hand thread. The tension can be adjusted by rotating the frame, which causes both eyelets to be screwed in or out simultaneously, without twisting the eyelets or attached cables.

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SPIRIT LEVEL
Spirit levels are very commonly used in construction. The word spirit refers to the liquid that fills the vial used in this type of level. Bulls eye levels are the most common spirit levels, and consist of a large piece that looks like a ruler, with a small window in one or more parts of it that contains a small vial of liquid with a bubble in it. The bubble within the vial fits neatly between two lines drawn on the vial and when it is level with the floor the bubble is in the center. When things are not level, the bubble within the vial travels toward one end more than another, and is not center. To make something level, the level is placed up against it and it is shifted until the bubble lands in the center of the vial.

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PORTABLE GRINDERS
Portable grinders are power tools that are used for rough grinding and finishing of metallic surfaces. The abrasive wheels are easily replaceable so that different grain size and grades of abrasives can be used for the varying types of surfaces to be ground and the different degrees of finish desired. A flexible shaft attachment is available for most portable grinders. This shaft is attached by removing the grinding wheel then attaching the shaft to the grinding wheel drive spindle. The grinding wheel can then be attached to the end of the flexible shaft. This attachment is invaluable for grinding surfaces in hard to reach places. The wheel guard on the grinder should be positioned so that abrasive dust and metal practices will be deflected away from your face.

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BENCH GRINDER
A bench grinder can be used to grind, cut or shape metal. You can use the machine to grind down sharp edges or smooth burrs off metal. You can also use a bench grinder to sharpen metal pieces - for example, lawnmower blades.

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PNEUMATIC DRILL
The word "pneumatic" when used in the world of tools is used to describe machinery operated by gas or air that is under pressure. A pneumatic drill, or air drill, is a large mechanical drill powered by compressed air. Though several different sizes of drills can be powered pneumatically, a true pneumatic drill will also be referred to as a jackhammer, and is typically used in roadwork applications, when rock, pavement and sidewalk must be broke down.

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TORQUE WRENCHES
A torque wrench is a tool used to precisely apply a specific torque to a fastener such as a nut or bolt. It is usually in the form of a socket wrench with special internal mechanisms. A torque wrench is used where the tightness of screw and bolts is crucial. It allows the operator to measure the torque applied to the fastener so it can be matched to the specifications for a particular application. This permits proper tension and loading of all parts. A torque wrench measures torque as a proxy for bolt tension. The technique suffers from inaccuracy due to inconsistent or uncalibrated friction between the fastener and its mating hole. Measuring bolt tension (bolt stretch) is more accurate but often torque is the only practical means of measurement.

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PULL LIFTS
The pull lift is an extremely tough and reliable level hoist. The enclosed housing with housing cover, hand lever and lower block are made from high tensile white malleable cast iron for overall rugged construction. This makes it ideal for heavy lifting and harsh environments.

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STEEL WIRE ROPES FOR GUY ROPES

Wire rope is made of plaiting strands of wire normally medium carbon steel into a thick cable. The strands are formed around a core. The strands in wire ropes are made of wore twisted together. Strands with smaller diameter wires are less abrasion resistant and more fatigue resistant. Strands made with thicker length of wore are more abrasion resistant and less fatigue resistant. A guy-wire or guy-rope, also known as simply a guy, is a tensioned cable designed to add stability to a free-standing structure. One end of the cable is attached to the structure, and the other is anchored to the ground at a distance from the structure's base. The tension in the diagonal guy-wire, combined with the compressional strength of the structure, allows the structure to withstand lateral loads such as wind or the weight of cantilevered structures.

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BENCH FILES OF VARIOUS SIZES

A file is a metalworking, woodwor king and plastic working tool used to cut fine amounts of material from a work piece. It most commonly refers to the hand tool style, which takes the form of a steel bar with a case hardened surface and a series of sharp, parallel teeth. Most files have a narrow, pointed tang at one end to which a handle can be fitted.

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