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CHAPTER 1

4.1 Dissipation Factor Quality Factor Because of the size of the waveguides Losses in the conducting walls of the guide Ground Spectral Analysis 50W 50 ohms RG-211A 300 ohms AWG#19 Quarter wave line 1.2 to 2.8 0.6 to 0.9 Facsimile Call waiting tone 10 pulses/sec VF repeaters MTSO Impedance matching ratio of coax balun Indicates energy loss in a capacitor Indicates energy loss in an inductor Why is it impossible to use a waveguide at low radio freq? What causes the attenuation present in waveguides? Tx lines are either balanced or unbalanced with respect to ___ Method of determining the BW of any processing system Average power rating of RG-58 C/u RG-8A/u impedance Coax used for high temperatures 214-056 twin lead characteristic impedance (used in TV lead-in) Commonly used telephone wire Impedance inversion can be obtained in ______ Dielectric constants of materials commonly used in Tx lines Velocity factor of the materials used in Tx lines The transmission of printed material over telephone lines; Emission designation is F3C and A3E A continuous tine generated by the combination of 2 frequencies of 350Hz and 440Hz used in telephone lines Pulse dialing rate Are unidirectional amplifiers having 20-25dB gain placed about 75km apart used to compensate for losses along the telephone line Central switching office coordinating element for all cell sites that has cellular processor and cellular switch. It interfaces with telephone company zone offices, control call processing and handle billing activities Performs radio-related functions for cellular sites in cellular systems Out of band signaling between toll central offices (Bell system standard) Of SWR = infinite, what type of load the Tx line has? Standard tariff for flat rate telephone service beyond the normal flat rate in that area The published rates, regulations and descriptions governing the provisions of communications services for public use A component in the telephone set that has the primary fxn of compensating for the local loop length Type of receiver used in a conventional telephone handset Ideal passband of a voice-grade circuit using PTN Nominal voice channel BW Telephone channel band pass characteristic The minimum quality circuit available using the PTN Connects 2 private branch exchanges (PBX) Connects 2 central offices (CO) Power loss of a telephone hybrid First Strowger Step-by-Step switch was used in ________ CCITT recommendation for a preparation of loss plan, a variable loss plan and a fixed loss plan. Copper wire resistivity () Kind of ells appropriate for load management, fast moving mobiles and low usage areas In cellular networks, standard base station antennas are replaced by _________ The call is _____ when the calling party hears a busy tine on his telephone. Short-circuited stubs are preferred to open-circuit stubs because the latter are ______ One method of determining antenna impedance It is used as an impedance transformer If /4 Tx line is shorted at one end, ____

Base station 3700Hz Purely reactive WATS Tariff Varistor Electromagnetic receiver 0 to 4KHz 4KHz 300 3400Hz Basic voice-grade Tie trunk Trunk line 3dB 1897 G.122 1.7x10^-8 ohm-m Umbrella cells Adaptive array Completed Liable to radiate Quarter wave matching Quarter wavelength line The line behaves as a parallel tuned circuit in relation to the generator Parallel resonant circuit Series resonant circuit Infinite or an open circuit A high value of resistance Infinite transmission line Nitrogen Above 3Ghz 50ms

A shorted /4 line at the operating frequency acts like a ____ A shorted /2 at the operating frequency acts like a _____ The input impedance if a /4 short circuited transmission line at its resonant frequency is _____ A /4 line is connected to an RF generator and is shorted out at the far end. What is the input impedance at the line generator? Its feature is that its Zin is equal to the lines surge impedance Used to keep waveguide dry Waveguides becomes compulsory above _____ Echo suppressors are used on all communication systems when the round trip time

Insertion of E and H probes into the waveguide Guide wavelength g

exceeds _____ Ways of coupling in and out of a waveguide (in rectangular waveguides) it is the distance between 2 instantaneous consecutive positions of maximum field intensity; It is always greater then the o at the same frequency Are Tx lines which can convey electromagnetic waves only in higher order modes; Are hollow structures that has no center conductor but allows waves to propagate down its length; Used mainly for microwave Transmissions because no generators are powerful enough to excite them The outer conductor of the coax cable is usually grounded Amount of uncertainty in a system of symbols The twists in twisted wire pairs Loading means the addition of _____ Most commonly used Tx line for high frequencies; Medium least susceptible to noise; Most commonly used Tx line in TV systems Medium most widely used in LAN Not a common Tx line impedance A pattern of V and I variations along a Tx line not terminated in its characteristic impedance At very high frequencies, Tx lines act as ____ It is used in coaxial Tx line to prevent AC power supple voltage from being shorted by a balun or band splitter (in TVRO communications) means reducing the effects of noise on the TVRO signal Important quantities in describing waveforms Known as 1/10 of a Neper Advantage of a balanced transmission line Type of Tx line employed where balanced properties are required The ration between the energy absorbed by a surface to the total energy received by the surface The higher the gauge number of a conductor, _______ A short length Tx line used to reduce/eliminate standing waves Ration of reflected power to incident power

Waveguides

At the beginning and at the end of the cable Entropy Reduced electromagnetic interference Inductance Coaxial

Twisted Pair 120 ohms Standing waves antennas DC Blocks Dithering Freq and Voltage dNp Low attenuation Parallel wire line Absorption coefficient The higher the Resistance and The smaller the diameter /4 transformer Reflectance Sound level meter Sound Noy Phon Mel 1000 mels Sone Decibel Octaves Interval Pitch and loudness Pitch Loudness

CHAPTER 2
Instrument used to measure a weighted value of the SPL (sound pressure level) An aural sensation by pressure variations in the air which are always produced by some source of vibrations Unit of noisiness related to the perceived noise level The unit of loudness level of a sound Unit of pitch At a sensation level of 40dB, 1000 Hz tone is _____ Unit of perceived loudness Measure of the intensity of sound in comparison to another sound intensity Much of music is generally referred to in _______ Ratio of frequencies is termed as _______ Sound waves 2 main characteristics A subjective term which is dependent mainly on the frequency and also affected by the intensity Or Intensity; Is a subjective effect which is a function of the ear and brain; Loudness depends upon the energy of motion imparted to the vibrating molecules of the medium transmitting the sound; Affected by the distance between the listener and the source and its intensity varies inversely with the square of this distance The intensity needed to produce an audible sound varies with ________; The number of vibration or pressure fluctuations per second Two ways in which the frequency response of a loudspeaker can be varied when it is positioned near a wall An agreed set of empirical curves relating octave-band SPL to the center freq of the octave bands The freq of a free vibration The transmission of sound from one room to an adjacent room, via common walls,

Frequency Hump and notch Noise rating values Natural freq Flanking transmission

Hearing Level 330 m/s 341.8 m/s 5000 ft/sec Microphone transducer Diaphragm and Generating element Expense and fidelity; Complexity and ruggedness; Longevity Carbon microphone Dynamic microphone Crystal microphone Frequency response Bass response Proximity effect Dolby Sound intensity Supersonic Ultrasonic Wavelength Fundamental Diffraction Refraction Distortion Exciter Reverberation time

floors and ceilings A measure of threshold of hearing, expressed in dB relative to a specified standard of normal hearing Velocity of sound in air Velocity of sound at room temperature (T=17 deg celcius) Sound waves speed in water Converts acoustical energy 2 basic components of a microphone Kinds of generating elements

Spider 10Hz to 20KHz 20Hz to 20KHz 5KHz to 10KHz 65 dB 90 to 85 95 to 100 dB 25 to 8000 Hz Flutter echoes WC Sabine Threshold of hearing 50 dB Noise H3E A3H A3E R3E J3E B8E C3F G3E F3E F3F F3C and A3E F3C

Operates on the principle that the electrical resistance of carbon granules varies as the pressure on the granules vary Operated by electromagnetic induction that generates an output signal voltage Will be damaged if exposed to high temp above 52 deg Celsius Most important specification of loudspeakers and microphones IS the bypassing of high audio frequencies A microphone characteristic that results in boost in bass freq for close microphone spacing Noise reduction system used for film sound in movies Is the sound energy per unit area at right angles to the propagation direction per unit time Speed that is faster than speed of sound Sound that vibrates at freq too high for the human ear to hear (over 20KHz) Crest to crest distance along the direction of wave travel Lowest freq produced by a musical instrument Tendency of a sound energy to spread When waves bend away from a straight line of travel, it is called _________ An undesired change in waveform as the signal passes through the device Distortion enhances intelligibility when an ______ is added; It is a class of signal processors Required time for any sound to decay to 60 dB; Time taken for the intensity of the sound energy to drop to one millionth of its initial value A thin springy sheet of bakelite or metal that permits the voice coil in a dynamic loudspeaker to move back and forth along the core of its magnet Bass freq range Audio freq range High freq range of audio signals dB SPL of a voice paging in an office dB SPL in a church with speech reinforcement only dB SPL in an auditorium with contemporary music If the sound waves are converted to electrical waves by a microphone, what is the frequency of the electric current? Rapid succession of noticeable echoes Laid the foundations of acoustic theory of buildings Minimum sound intensity that can be heard

CHAPTER 3
The maximum sideband suppression value using filter system Is primarily high frequency spikes Transmits only one sideband; Single side band full carrier emission Transmits LSB and half of USB; Double sideband Full carrier emission; Standard way of designating AM Single side band reduced carrier emission Single side band suppressed carrier emission; AM system where if m is doubled, the antenna current is also doubled Independent sideband emission Vestigial sideband emission; Used in televisions Phase modulation emission Frequency modulation emission; Used in FM telephony Television Emission Used in facsimile Type of emission produced when a frequency modulated transmitter is modulated

A3C A3F LSB Baseband freq Spectrum analyzer Mixer Buffer Buffer amplifier Pulling Discriminator Carrier signal Center frequency Armstrong system Reactance modulator Direct FM

Direct PM Balanced modulator Circuit

Crystal Radio receiver Non linear Push-Push amplifier Frequency synthesizer Better fidelity Interference to other radio services Distortion and splatter Base modulation and Collector modulation Envelope Detector Rectification Distortion Coherent signal Frequency deviation Foster Seeley Discriminator Quadrature detector It is less sensitive to noise spikes; It is less sensitive to interference causing AM 3 components Continuous modulation Pulse modulation Coef of modulation Carrier shift The oscillator is crystal controlled AFC Better S/N ratio; Noise immunity; Capture effect Efficiency of utilized power Wider BW needed; Circuit complexity and cost

by a facsimile signal Type of emission produced when an amplitude modulated transmitter is modulated by a facsimile signal Type of emission when an amplitude modulated transmitter is modulated by a TV signal The difference between the RF carrier and the modulating signal frequencies Produces the sidebands on FM; An information signal that is send directly without modulating any carrier Test instrument that displays the carrier and the sidebands amplitude with freq to freq Also called converter Stage in radio transmitter that isolates oscillator from the load Protects the crystal oscillator from pulling Refers to the change of the crystal oscillator frequency by loading Circuit used to detect frequency modulated signals It has a frequency of 20KHz and above; Has constant peak amplitude The freq of the unmodulated carrier in FM system One method of generating indirect FM One method of direct FM Varactor Diode FM Modulator; Reactance Modulator; Linear IC FM Modulator; PLL with VCO Varactor Diode PM Modulator; Transistor Modulator; Needed to generate a SSB or DSB signal; Outputs LSB and USB; The output is DSB; It suppresses the carrier; Device that is capable of causing freq translation; Can be used as a phase detector; Lattice modulator widely used balanced modulator; Product detector a balanced modulator used to demodulate a SSB signal First radio receiver Any device to be used as a freq multiplier must be _____ Used for frequency doubling Frequency division is useful in the implementation of _____ Not an advantage of SSB Effect of overmodulation in AM transmission Result of the gain level being too high for signals entering the modulator Modulation method used for CE configuration Most commonly used amplitude demodulator Envelope detection is concerned with the process of ___ Diagonal clipping in envelope detection will result in ____ Has the same Frequency and Phase (but not in amplitude) A louder sound, when generating the modulating waveform for FM, will cause a greater ____ A circuit that demodulates the frequency-modulated signal Requires that the inputs are coherent Ratio detector is superior to Slope detector because

A single tone amplitude modulated wave has _____ A kind of modulation which the modulated wave is always present Type of modulation in which no signal is present between pulses Decribes the amount of amplitude change present in an AM waveform Type of amplitude distortion introduced when the + and alternations in the AM modulated signal are not equal Advantage of PM over FM frequency modulation A disadvantage of direct FM is the need for Advantage of FM over AM

Disadvantage of FM over AM

AGC Noise Blanker Frequency translation

Frequency translation and upconversion Indirect Synthesizer TRF receiver Superheterodyne Receiver Image rejection ratio Noise floor of the Rx Cross modulation interference Cross modulation

Intermodulation interference

Connecting a C between the B+ and the lead ground Stray coupling is minimized 4 Neutralization Blocking dynamic range RF amp; IF amp; AF amp; Mixer IF amplifier Filter ringing Undesired signals will reach the audio stage 3000 Hz Desensitizing Ensuring good RF shielding between Transmitter Presence of a strong signal on a nearby frequency BW and NF FM receiver

Its function is to maintain the sound volume level of a voice receiver nearly constant for a large single strength range Reduces impulse noise in receiver If the spectrum is shifted in freq with no other changes, it is known as ____; Known as the change of the modulated carrier freq from the original RF to the IF of the superheterodyne receiver; Is done with the use of a mixer; If the freq of each component in a signal spectrum in increases by the same fixed amount, this is known as _____ A frequency synthesizer that contains a single crystal is described as a ________ Receiver in which all RF amplifier stages require manual tuning of the desired RF; Disadvantage is that it has BW variations over the tuning range Doesnt have a modulator; An RF amplifier will not be found on every superheterodyne receiver Ratio of the superheterodyne receiver response at the desired fc (carrier freq) to that at the fsi (image freq) The limiting condition for sensitivity in a communications receiver Refers to the condition where the signals from a very strong station are superimposed on other signals being received An effect which, the modulation of an unwanted signal is transferred to the desired carrier; The modulation of an unwanted signal is heard on the desired signal Can be reduced by installing a filter at the receiver 2 AM transmitting antennas are close together, as a result, the 2 modulated signals are mixed in the final RF stage of both transmitters. What is the resultant effect on the other station? Motorboating (low freq oscillations) can be stopped by ____ Leads should be kept as short as possible in radio circuit so that ____ The # of voice transmission that can be packed into a given freq band for amplitude compandored SSB systems over conventional FM-phone systems Prevents the generations of spurious oscillations Ability of a communications receiver to perform well in the presence of strong signals outside the band of interest Common to both AM and FM receivers

Determines a communication receivers sensitivity Occurs during CW reception if too narrow a filter BW is used in the IF stage of a receiver The undesirable effect of using too wide a filter BW in the IF stage of the receiver In a narrow band FM system, the deviation ratio is commonly 1 and the highest audio freq is generally limited to ____ Refers to the reduction of the Rx Gain caused by the signal of a nearby station Tx in the same freq band Reduces Rx desensitizing Cause of Rx desensitizing 2 factors the determines the receiver sensitivity Contains limiter stage, discriminator and de-emphasis circuits; The limiter stage prevents any amplitude modulation of the IF signal; The limiter stage rids FM of noise The degree of selectivity desirable in the IF circuitry of a SSB receiver Most amp to break down in a radio circuit performs rectification and filtering in the receiver Ratio of PEP-to-average power during a modulation peak in a SSB phone signal In most mixers, the oscillator freq is higher than the carrier freq on the input signal The BW occupied by the carrier, both sideband and the harmonics A way of eliminating auto interference to radio reception Generates an output whose freq differs from the IF by 1KHz; Demodulates SSB or CW signal Same as Linear mixing

2.4 KHZ Resistor AM detector Approx 2.5 to 1 Higher BW of emission and Occupied BW Installing resistive spark plugs BFO Am modulation

Linear Summing FM and double side band AM Capture effect Tuned Circuit By having the carrier vary a resistance Variable resistance Diode detector PIN diode Switch Differential amplifier Class C Crystals PCM Quantization noise Quantizing noise

Mixing for freq conversion is done with a circuit called _____ Suffers most from selective fading Is the reception blockage of 1 FM phone signal by another FM phone signal A negative half of the AM wave is supplied by a ______ in a diode modulator Can produce AM Amplitude modulators that vary the carrier amplitude with the modulation signal by passing it through an attenuator network is the principle of ________ Most widely used amplitude modulator Produced AM at very high frequencies In a diode ring modulator, the diodes acts like a ___ The principal circuit in the popular 1496/1596 IC balanced modulator The AM signals generated at a low level may only be amplified by what type of amplifier? Most commonly used filter in SSB generators

CHAPTER 4
Quantizing noise happens in _____ Due to the approximation of the quantized signals Noise occurring in the presence of signal resulting from a mismatch between the exact value of an analog signal and the closest available quantizing step in a digital decoder Noise from random acoustic or electric noise that has an equal energy per cycle over a specified total freq band Is measured on a circuit when it is correctly terminated but does not have any traffic An electric noice produced by the thermal agitation of electrons in conductors and semiconductors; Most internal noise comes from this type of noise Noise produced by lightning discharges in thunderstorms; Also known as static noise; Not a great problem above 30MHz; Primary cause is lightning; Type of noise that becomes a great importance/concern at high frequencies Noise consisting of irregular pulses of short duration and relatively high amplitude Is usually from transmission over power lines and by ground waves Noise originating from outside the solar system Noise coming from stars and sun Noise that occurs via capacitive or inductive coupling in a cable Crosstalk due to incomplete suppression of sidebands or to intermodulation of 2 or more freq-multiplexed channels which is unintelligible is classified as ____ Large emission of hydrogen from the sun that affects communications The total noise power present in a 1Hz BW Not a way of reducing noise Form of interference caused by rain or dust storms Industrial noise freq Reference noise temp Reference noise level (relative to 10^-12) Standard for crosstalk limits Standard for intermodulation rates on PCM audio channels Reference freq of CCITT phospohometric noise measurement A device that measures the internal VOC of an equivalent noise generator having an impedance of 600 ohms and delivering a noise power to a 600 ohm load Unit noise power of psophometer Noise-improvement-factor External noise fields are measured in terms of ____ The difference between signal strength at a given point and a reference level A practical dBrn measurement will almost always be a ____ number Noise can be reduced by ____ Noise at the input of the receiver can be as high as ____ Contributes most of the noise in a receiver Transistor with the lowest noise figure in the microwave region; Most commonly used in the microwave freq due to its low noise char The solar cycle repeats the period of great electrical disturbance approx every ___

Thermal Noise /White Noise/ Gaussian Noise/ Johnson Noise White noise Thermal Noise

Atmospheric noise

Transit time noise Impulse noise Man-made noise Cosmic Noise Space noise Crosstalk noise Miscellaneous noise Solar flare Noise density Increasing channel BW Precipitation static 15 to 160 MHz 17 deg Celsius / 290 K -90 dBm CCIT G. 151 CCITT Rec. G. 172 800 Hz Psophometer pWp Nif Peak values Level Positive Narrowing the BW uV Mixer MESFET 11 years

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