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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel deeply indebted to all the teacher of GALAXY AIRLINES OPERATIONAL TRAINING SCHOOL who delivered valuable lesson on GAP; his in-depth knowledge about the aviation subject helped me understand the aviation subject in better way. His method of teaching the minute details helped me a lot to acquire the insight into the aviation subject. I am also thankful to GALAXY AIRLINES OPERATIONAL TRAINING SCHOOL as a whole that is doing yeomans service by teaching the learner abreast with the aviation knowledge.

Last but not the least; I thank all my classmates at GALAXY AIRLINES OPERATIONAL TRAINING SCHOOL for extending kind Co-operation.

SANTANU MANNA

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INTRODUCTION

This project report pertains to One month GALAXY ADVANCE PROGRAM training that I had underwent at GALAXY AIRLINES OPERATIONAL TRAINING SCHOOL.

I have learnt about activities of IATA, ICAO, BCAS, DGCA, allocation & areas in airport, fuselage of aircraft, how handle the airport, etc.

Justification cannot be done to whatever I have learnt in these one months within a few pages but I have still tried my best to cover as much as possible in this report. In this report I have tried to sum up the aviation knowledge I have gained in my one months of Training.

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HISTORY AVIATION

The history of aviation has extended over more than two thousand years from the earliest attempts in kites and gliders to powered heavier-than-air, supersonic, and hypersonic flight. The first form of man-made flying objects was kites. The earliest known record of kite flying is from around 200 BC in China, when a general flew a kite over enemy territory to calculate the length of tunnel required to enter the region.[2] Yuan Huangtou, a Chinese prince, survived by tying himself to the kite.[3] Leonardo da Vinci's 15th-century dream of flight found expression in several designs, but he did not attempt to demonstrate his ideas by actually constructing them. With the efforts to analyze the atmosphere from the 17th to 19th centuries, gases such as hydrogen were discovered which in turn led to the invention of hydrogen balloons. Various theories in mechanics by physicists during the same period of time, notably fluid dynamics and Newton's laws of motion, led to the foundation of modern aerodynamics. Tethered balloons filled with hot air were used in the first half of the 19th century and saw considerable action in several mid-century wars, most notably the American Civil War, where balloons provided observation during the Battle of Petersburg. The term aviation, noun of action from stem of Latin avis "bird" was coined in 1863 by French aviation pioneer Guillaume Joseph Gabriel de La Landelle (1812-1886) in "Aviation ou Navigation arienne". Experiments with gliders provided the groundwork for heavier-than-air craft, and by the early 20thcentury advances in engine technology and aerodynamics made controlled, powered flight possible for the first time. The Wright brothers Main article: Wright brothers Following a step by step method, discovering aerodynamic forces then controlling the flight, the brothers built and tested a series of kite and glider designs from 1900 to 1902 before attempting to build a powered design. The gliders worked, but not as well as the Wrights had expected based on the experiments and writings of their 19th-century predecessors. Their first glider, launched in 1900, had only about half the lift they anticipated. Their second glider, built the following year, performed even more poorly. Rather than giving up, the Wrights constructed their own wind tunnel and created a number of sophisticated devices to measure lift and drag on the 200 wing designs they tested. As a result, the Wrights corrected earlier mistakes in calculations regarding drag and lift. Their testing and calculating produced a third glider with a larger aspect ratio and true three-axis control. They flew it successfully hundreds of times in 1902, and it performed far better than the previous models. In the end, by establishing their rigorous system of designing, wind-tunnel testing of airfoils and flight testing of fullsize prototypes, the Wrights not only built a working aircraft, the Wright Flyer, but also helped advance the science of aeronautical engineering.

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The Wright Flyer: the first sustained flight with a powered, controlled aircraft. The Wrights appear to be the first design team to make serious studied attempts to simultaneously solve the power and control problems. Both problems proved difficult, but they never lost interest. They solved the control problem by inventing wing warping for roll control, combined with simultaneous yaw control with a steerable rear rudder. Almost as an afterthought, they designed and built a low-powered internal combustion engine. Relying on their wind tunnel data, they also designed and carved wooden propellers that were more efficient than any before, enabling them to gain adequate performance from their marginal engine power. Although wing-warping was used only briefly during the history of aviation, when used with a rudder it proved to be a key advance in order to control an aircraft. While many aviation pioneers appeared to leave safety largely to chance, the Wrights' design was greatly influenced by the need to teach themselves to fly without unreasonable risk to life and limb, by surviving crashes. This emphasis, as well as marginal engine power, was the reason for low flying speed and for taking off in a head wind. Performance (rather than safety) was also the reason for the rear-heavy design, because the canard could not be highly loaded; anhedral wings were less affected by crosswinds and were consistent with the low yaw stability. According to the Smithsonian Institution and Federation Aronautique International (FAI), the Wrights made the first sustained, controlled, powered heavier-than-air manned flight at Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, four miles (8 km) south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on December 17, 1903. The first flight by Orville Wright, of 120 feet (37 m) in 12 seconds, was recorded in a famous photograph. In the fourth flight of the same day, Wilbur Wright flew 852 feet (260 m) in 59 seconds. The flights were witnessed by three coastal lifesaving crewmen, a local businessman, and a boy from the village, making these the first public flights and the first well-documented ones.[41]

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Airline industry Or Aviation industry

Introduction of Airline industry Or Aviation industry:An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight on air by an aircraft from point A source to point B destination within a short span of time. Airlines lease or own their aircraft with which to supply these services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for mutual benefit. Generally, airline companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body. Airlines vary from those with a single aircraft carrying mail or cargo, through full-service international airlines operating hundreds of aircraft. Airline services can be categorized as being intercontinental, intra-continental, domestic, regional, or international, and may be operated as scheduled services or charters.

AIRPORT:An airport is a location where aircraft such as fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, and blimps take off and land. Aircraft may be stored or maintained at an airport. An airport consists of at least one surface such as a runway for a plane to take off and land, a helipad, , and often includes buildings such as control towers, hangars and terminal buildings. Larger airports may have fixed base operator services, seaplane docks and ramps, air traffic control, passenger facilities such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency services. A military airport is known as an airbase or air station.

Sample infrastructure of an airport

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Airport operator:The holder of an airport certificate, or the person in charge of such airport, whether, an employee, agent or representative.

Function of Airport operator:1. To provide an airport or an aerodrome for the respective airlines for their day to day flight operation.

2. To provide spaces for respective airlines inside & airside of the airport for airlines day to day flight operation.

Aviation Governing Bodies

Aviation Governing Bodies are:-

1. 2. 3. 4.

IATA- International Air Transport Association DGCA- Directorate General of Civil Aviation BCAS- Bureau of civil Aviation Security ICAO- International Civil Aviation Organization

IATA
History of IATA:IATA was formed on 19 April 1945 in Havana, Cuba. It is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association, founded in The Hague in 1919, the year of the world's first international scheduled services. At its founding, IATA had 57 members from 31 nations, mostly in Europe and North America. Today it has about 243 members (as of April 2012) from more than 126 nations in every part of the world.

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Activities of IATA:IATA assigns three-letter and two-letter codes to airports and airlines, respectively, which are commonly used worldwide. ICAO also assigns airport and airline codes. For Rail & Fly systems, IATA also assigns IATA train station codes. For delay codes, IATA assigns IATA Delay Codes. IATA is pivotal in the worldwide accreditation of travel agents. In the U.S., agents who wish to sell airline tickets must also achieve accreditation with the Airlines Reporting Corporation. Over 80% of airlines' sales come from IATA accredited agents. The IATA / IATAN ID Card is a globally recognized industry credential for travel professionals. IATA administrates worldwide the Billing and Settlement Plan (BSP) and Cargo Accounts Settlement Systems (CASS) that serve as a facilitator of the sales, reporting and remittance of accredited travel and cargo agencies. Both settlement programmes are ruled by standards and resolutions. IATA regulates the shipping of dangerous goods and publishes the IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations manual (DGR)[5] yearly, a globally accepted (de facto) field source reference for airlines' shipping of hazardous materials. IATA coordinates the Scheduling process which governs the allocation and exchange of slots at congested airports worldwide, applying fair, transparent and non-discriminatory principles. In consultation with the airline and airport coordinator communities, IATA manages and publishes the industry standards in the Worldwide Scheduling Guidelines (WSG) intended to provide guidance on managing the allocation of slots at airports. IATA maintains the Timatic database containing cross border passenger documentation requirements. It is used by airlines to determine whether a passenger can be carried, as well as by airlines and travel agents to provide this information to travelers at the time of booking. IATA publishes standards for use in the airline industry. The Bar Coded Boarding Pass (BCBP) standard defines the 2-dimensional (2D) bar code printed on paper boarding passes or sent to mobiles phones as electronic boarding passes. The Electronic Miscellaneous Document (EMD) defines a standard document to account airlines sales and track usage of charges. IATA publishes the IATA Rates of Exchange (IROE) four times per year, used with the Neutral Unit of Construction (NUC) fare currency-neutral construction system that superseded the older Fare Construction Unit (FCU) system in 1989.

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In 2004, IATA launched Simplifying the Business a set of five initiatives which it says will save the industry US$6.5 billion every year. These projects are BCBP, IATA e-freight, CUSS (common use selfservice), Baggage Improvement Programme (BIP) and the Fast Travel Programme. In 2003, the IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) was launched with the aim to serve as a standard and worldwide recognized certification of airlines' operational management. The IOSA certification has now become a mandatory requisite for all IATA member airlines. In 2013, IATA formally launched the New Distribution Capability initiative, which looks to improve communications between airlines and travel agents by replacing existing EDIFACT and Teletype protocols with a new XML based standard. [6] IATA is a member of the Air Transport Action Group (ATAG).

DGCA
History of DGCA:The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) is the Indian governmental regulatory body for civil aviation under the Ministry of Civil Aviation. It is responsible for regulation of air transport services to/from/within India and for enforcement of civil air regulations, air safety and airworthiness standards. This directorate investigates aviation accidents and incidents. The headquarters are located in New Delhi with regional offices in the various part of India. There are 14 regional airworthiness offices located at Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Trivandrum, Bhopal, Lucknow, Patna, Bhubaneshwar, Kanpur, Guwahati and Patiala. Apart from the regional Airworthiness offices, there are 5 regional air safety offices located at Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and Hyderabad, the Regional research and development office located at Bangalore and the gliding centre at Pune. India is participated in ICAO by representative of India. Function of DGCA:1. Registration of civil aircraft. 2. Formulation of standards of airworthiness for civil aircraft registered in India and grant certificates Of airworthiness to such aircraft. 3. Licensing of pilots, aircraft maintenances engineers and flight engineers, and conducting examination and checks for that purpose. 4. Licensing of air traffic controllers. 5. Certification of aerodromes and CNS/ATM facilities. 6. Maintaining a check on the proficiency of flight crew, and also of other operational personnel such as flight dispatchers and cabin crew. 8|Page

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7. Conducting investigation into accidents/incidents and taking accident prevention measures including formulation of implementation of safety aviation management programmes. 8. Carrying out amendments to the aircraft act, the aircraft rules and the civil aviation requirements for complying with the amendments to ICAO annexes, and initiating proposals for amendment to say any other act or for passing a new act in order to give effect to an international convention or amendment to an existing convention . 9. Coordination of ICAO matters with all agencies and sending replies to state letters, and taking all necessary action arising out of the universal safety oversight Audit programmed (USOAP) of ICAO. 10. Supervision of the institutes/clubs/ schools engaged in flying training including simulator training, AME training related with aviation, with a view to ensuring a high quality of training. 11. Granting approval to aircraft maintenance, repair and manufacturing organization and their continued oversight. 12. Promoting indigenous design and manufacture of aircraft and aircraft component by acting as a catalytic agent. 13. Approving training programs of operators for carriage of dangerous goods, issuing authorizations for carriage of dangerous goods etc. 14. Keeping a check on aircraft noise and engine emissions in accordance with ICAO annex 16 and collaborating with the environmental authorities in this matter, if required.

ICAO
The ICAO (/akeo/, "I-K-O") airport code or location indicator is a four-character alphanumeric code designating each airport around the world. These codes are defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization, and published in ICAO Document 7910: Location Indicators. ICAO codes are used by air traffic control and airline operations such as flight planning. They differ from IATA codes, which are generally used for airline timetables, reservations, and baggage tags. For example, the IATA code for London's Heathrow Airport is LHR and its ICAO code is EGLL. Most travelers usually see the IATA code on baggage tags and tickets and the ICAO code is used among other things by pilots, air traffic control and flight-tracking services such as FlightAware. In general IATA codes are usually derived from the name of the airport or the city it serves, while ICAO codes are distributed by region and country. ICAO codes are also used to identify other aviation facilities such as weather stations, International Flight Service Stations or Area Control Centers, whether or not they are located at airports.

BCAS
HISTORY:The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security was initially set up as a Cell in the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) in January 1978 on the recommendation of the Pande Committee constituted in

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the wake of the hijacking of the Indian Airlines flight on 10th September , 1976. The role of the Cell was to coordinate, monitor, inspect and train personnel in Civil Aviation Security matters. The BCAS was reorganized into an independent department on 1st April , 1987 under the Ministry of Civil Aviation as a sequel to the Kanishka Tragedy in June 1985. The main responsibility of BCAS are lay down standards and measures in respect of security of civil flights at International and domestic airports in India. Function of BCAS:Laying down Aviation Security Standards in accordance with Annex 17 to Chicago Convention of ICAO for airport operators, airlines operators, and their security agencies responsible for implementing AVSEC measures. Monitoring the implementation of security rules and regulations and carrying out survey of security needs. Ensure that the persons implementing security controls are appropriately trained and possess all competencies required to perform their duties. Planning and coordination of Aviation security matters. Conducting Surprise/Dummy checks to test professional efficiency and alertness of security staff. Mock exercise to test efficacy of Contingency Plans and operational preparedness of the various agencies.

ALLOCATION & AREAS IN AN AIRPORT FOR RESPECTIVE AIRLINES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Reservation counter Main entry gate Baggage screening area Check in counter Floor
BOARDING GATE/SHA

Bma Ramp Arrival hall or area

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RESERVATION COUNTER Definition:It means a counter, where from a passenger can purchase his/her ticket for travel. Generally we can see reservation counter in airports. Function:o Reservation o cancellation rescheduling o SSR(special service request ) o Meal request o Changing sector o Helpdesk o Refund(depend on point of purchase) MAIN ENTRY GATE

Main entry gate is the adjacent place of the terminal building, outside of purchase ticket from airport operator ticket counters.

BAGGAGE SCREENING AREA

Passengers check in baggage is screened /scanned by airlines security, after scanning of baggage airlines security stickers, plastic security lock/seal is put on the baggage for the airlines security identification purpose.

Baggage screening monitoring

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CHECK IN COUNTER
Airport check-in uses service counters found at commercial airports handling commercial air travel. The check-in is normally handled by an airline itself or a handling agent working on behalf of an airline. Passengers usually hand over any baggage that they do not wish or are not allowed to carry on to the aircraft's cabin and receive a boarding pass before they can proceed to board their aircraft. Check-in is usually the first procedure for a passenger when arriving at an airport, as airline regulations require passengers to check in by certain times prior to the departure of a flight. This duration spans from 15 minutes to 4 hours depending on the destination and airline. During this process, the passenger has the ability to ask for special accommodations such as seating preferences, inquire about flight or destination information, make changes to reservations, accumulate frequent flyer program miles, or pay for upgrades. The airline check-inns main function, however, is to accept luggage that is to go in the aircraft's cargo hold and issue boarding passes.

Function of check in counter:When passenger presents himself/herself at the check in counter the following check must be done. Along with that always wish passengers with a pleasant or warm smile and wish the time of the way followed by Check for the security sticker and condition of the baggage. Make sure baggage has been screened and does not contain any dangerous goods articles. Request for ticket if not already presented. check ticket detail validity of ticket, sector of travel etc. Check photo ID card of the passenger without any mistake. Ask for seat preference. Provide assistance according to passenger status(be more active for SSR passengers. Weight baggage and ask about the fragile item. Charge for excess baggage (only then passenger baggage weight is more than FBA). Issue boarding pass and baggage tag. Confirm passenger about sector, seat number and baggage. Inform passengers about flight status, gate numbers.

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FLOOR Floor is the adjacent place of the terminal building, outside of SHA that is called floor.

Function of SHA: To guide all the passengers from checking counter towards the SHA after check in formalities are over. To assist of old age passengers/senior citizen/ mother with infants /expectant mother/wheel chair passengers.

BOARDING GATE/SHA
Definition:Boarding gate is the place wherefrom passengers move to board the aircraft. Function of boarding gate: Ensure all passengers hand baggage tags are stamped. Take detail of all passengers before boarding. Inform AAI about boarding of the particular flight. Make announcement from the PA booth (passenger addressing booth) Reconcile passenger boarding passes. Assist senior citizen passengers, first time traveler, um, mother with infant. Inform RAMP about missing passenger (if in case). Pass TOB (total on board) to ramp. Close door within the restricted time.

Boarding gate

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BMA
Baggage make up area is the adjacent place of the terminal building where the check-in baggage are segregate as per the flight detail reconciled by the employee, and consolidated is the trolleys and dispatched to the RAMP for loading The staff/employee is allocated in the BMA should be vigilant at all the times as it is here that a lot of pilferage takes place. Function of BMA: Before proceeding to BMA function: The BMA staff will check book load sector load from the system for the entire shift.

After reporting on BMA the function: Segregation and reconciliation of sector wise baggage. Loading of respective sector baggage on respective sector trolleys. The loading should be sequential and orderly manner. Releasing of respective sector trolleys to their respective sector on aircraft.

Before the flight arrival then BMA staff function: To check the ETA & bay no from ATC. To check the inbound load /transit load. To check the SSR details.

After the arrival the flight then BMA staff function: Arrival staff has to report on bay 15 minute prior of the arrival flight. To inform the IFM regarding the arrival belt number. To collect the arrival document I. II. III. IV. Passenger manifest Load & trim sheet OBC-on board courier SSR document

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RAMP
There is growing realization in the aviation industry that encouraging prompt reporting of issue actually reduces the number of accident and incident, an environment of open reporting is a key element in fostering a just culture for the systematic reporting, collection , analysis, and dissemination of safety information that will be used solely to prevent accident. Implementation of a just culture begins with commitment and action not just by supervisors, managers on the RAMP, they by senior managers as well. Encouraging RAMP personal to promptly and fully report incident and accident is key element in a just culture. Ramp personal must be trained to view safety as a much more important priority than meeting schedules, and they should be encouraged to report immediately to their supervisor the slightest scratch or dent in an aircraft any collision between ground equipment and an aircraft. So ramp is the most sensitive area to work, for that staffs need to be more cautious while working.

Functions of RAMP: Take all detail like ETA, bay no, incoming load, baggage weight and count, transfer baggage, SSR passengers details etc. Report on the RAMP beforehand for checking GSE. Announce touchdown Pass c/on to all departments. Aligned stepladder. Evacuate passengers. Ensure anti-sabotage check. Offload baggage and cargo.

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Clean cabin of the aircraft. Load catering. Refueling. Start embarkation. Load outgoing baggage. Tally with boarding gates employee about exact load. Get the load trim signed by the captain. Release aircraft.

RAMP safety:The following rules apply to all operational on the RAMP: Always be aware of your surroundings. Always wear personal protective equipment (PPE). No smoking. Do not operate any unserviceable vehicles. Keep the RAMP area clear of FOD (foreign object debris) Those who have airside driving permit (ADP) they only operate vehicles. Avoid the intake exhaust areas of aircraft engines. No vehicle should be parked or driven within 15 mts of a moving aircraft. RAMP equipments must be positioned prior to the arrival of the aircraft behind the restraint line the parking brakes on.

ARRIVAL HALL OR AREA

Before arrival of the aircraft the arrival staff must check action on the following items: Review all inbound messages. Check ETA and display the same on the FIDS (flight information display system). Check out aircraft registration and parking bay. Check for any special handling messages VIP/CIP/WCHR/UM Ensure that wheelchair and loaders are available for arrival. Arrange for RAMP to RAMP transfer in case MCT (minimum connection time) Meet the aircraft and escort passengers to arrival hall.

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Collect all traffic documents from IFM. Display indicators at the arrival conveyor belt. In case of un serviceability of indicators, appropriate action must be taken. Keep a check on delivery of priority baggage. Prepare PIR/DBR in case of missing baggage.

TYPES OF ATR AIRCRAFT Types of ATR aircraft ATR 42-320 ATR 42500/600 ATR 72500/600 ATR 72-800

Seating capacity

48

48-50

66-72

80-82

No of turbine blade each engine

Crew configuration (cockpit crew +cabin crew)

2+1

2+1

2+2

2+2

Total no of infants carried 6 6

6 3

Total no of jump sit Maximum permissible sit (Total no pax sit+cockpit crew sit+ total no jump sit)

48+2+2=52

50+2+2=54

72+2+3=77

80+2+3=85

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TYPES OF AIRBUS AIRCRAFT Types of AIRBUS aircraft Seating capacity of Single class Seating capacity of Duel class
Crew configuration (cockpit crew +cabin crew) A-319 A-320 A-321

150

180

220

124

145

199

2+4

2+6

2+8

Total no of jump seat

8 Duel class max seat 145+2+8=15 5

10 Single class max seat 220+2+10=2 32

Maximum permissible seat Single class (Total no pax sit+cockpit max seat crew sit+ total no jump sit)

150+2+6=158

AIRBUS A-320

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FUSELAGE OF AIRCRAFT
The body of the airplane hold all the part together as it provides attachment for the tail plane, wings, engines, undercarriage etc .The pilot seats in the cockpit at the front of the fuselage. The passengers are carried in cabin of the fuselage, while the cargos are carried in the belly.

AILERON:Aileron located closed to each attach on the trailing edge of the wing .the aileron control airplane roll. Each aileron moves at the same time but in opposite direction i.e when the left moves up, right moves down and vise-versa.

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ELEVATOR:Elevator are located on tail plane /rear side of horizontal stabilizer like the ailerons they cause are change lift when movement is applied that is moving the elevator up will cause the airplane to pitch Its nose up climbs and vise versa.

RUDDER:The rudder located on the back edge of the stabilizer and its controlled by to peddles, at the pilot feet. When the pilot pushes the left peddle the rudder moves to the left and its entered causes the airplane Yaw to left .

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FOUR FORCES OF AIRCRAFT Four forces are act on an aircraft which makes the aircraft move forward. The for forces are i. ii. iii. iv. Thrust Drag Lift Weight

THURST:Thrust is the force which moves an aircraft through the air, thrust is generated by the engine. The engines do work the gas, and the gas is accilated to the rear, the engine accilated in opposite direction.

DRUG:Drag is aerodynamic force opposes an aircraft motion through the air .drag is generated by every parts of the aircraft and by the different in velocity between the object and the around it. Drag acts in a direction that opposes the motion causing resistance to the passes of aircraft. LIFT:-Lift is the force that holds an aircraft in the air . Lift can be generated by any part of the airplane but most of the lift is generated by the wings. Lift is an aerodynamic force produced by the motion of a fuite passed the object. It is the upper force that carriage the aircraft of the flow of the air over and under the wings. WEIGHT:Weight is the force generated by the gravitation attraction of the earth on the aircraft for an aircraft weight is always directed towards the centre of the earth. The magnitude of this force on most of all the parts of the airplane itself, plus amount of fuel, plus any pay load on board .

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The weight is distributed throughout the aircraft, but we can often think of it as collected and acting trough a single point the centre of gravity.

APU It is a backup generator which is used to provide electricity and air-condition when the aircraft is on ground or when the engines are shutdown mode. APU is presented on that aircraft which has turbo-jet engine. Auxiliary power unit is interrelated with the main engine with the help of reduction gear for which is presented in APU.there is no separate switch for engine 1 & engine 2. It the PIC switch on the APU unit the reduction gear will is engage. And both the engines will shutdown simultaneously. It the PIC switch off the APU unit ,the reduction gear box will get engage and the engine starts simultaneously. During malfunctioning of APU, GPU is used to provide electricity, aircraft is used for air conditions to start the main engine air starter or jet starter used.

APU of aircraft

The APU exhaust at the tail end of an Airbus A380

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GPU
I. It is used mainly in smaller aircraft (Turbo propeller aircraft). Since the turbo propeller aircraft does not have APU, so to provide electricity inside the aircraft cabin, GPU is used. It is also used is larger aircraft during malfunctions of APU. Used for over right maintenance of aircraft cost efficiency purpose.

II. III.

GPU of aircraft

APPRON RULES AND REGULATIONS

I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. All vehicles used for flight handling duties must have a valid vehicle entry permit issued by airport operator, and same should be prominently displayed on the vehicles. All drivers /operator must process a heavy vehicles driving licenses issued by RTO & must also assure ADP (airside driving permit) No vehicles should be park or ribbon within 15 meter of a moving aircraft. All vehicles must have obstruction lights on the top of the vehicles. Vehicles more than 40 feet in length must display two lights two lights between the two end of the vehicles. In the apron area the speed limit is 15 km /hour within the vehicle and 25km/hour on the apron terminal service road. It is forbidden to operate vehicle is reverse gear accept as required for maneuvering or servicing of an aircraft. Ramp equipment must be positions prior to the arrival of the aircraft behind the safty line with the parking brakes on. Equipments should not move towards the aircraft. On the vehicles the parking brake on, chalks on, engine shutdown, anti collision lights off and ground cockpit contact light establish.
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IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI.

XVII.

No vehicle should pass within 8 meter of engine air intake or within 50 meter of the rear of a running engine. No equipments or vehicles should be left unattended at any time of any part of movement area. Prior to the arrival of the flight a FOD must be check conducted to the ensure. No equipment should be park on the apron service road. Equipment must park in designated parking area only with the parking brake on. The maximum no of trolleys in the trolley train pooled by a single tractor should not be more than 6 or 60 feet. When conveyers are used for loading the chalks must be placed of the restrains the movement of the belt. Elevating devices must not be driven in elevated position until is reaches its final positional point. Before removing the ground support equipment from aircraft IFM should be inform. All equipment accept necessary for departure must be position behind the safety line form the aircraft push back is communed. No equipment is removed unless safety device has been put across the door opening /or door has been closed.

PREQUIENTION TAKEN BY RAMP STAFF DURING REFULING I. II. III. IV. IFM/CAPTAIN/AME should be informed. Both the stepladders should be aligned. If one step ladder is aligned a catering hi-lift has to be aligned at the rear gate. If any small of fumes come out boarding and fuelling should be stopped immediately.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.google.com Galaxy advance program module en.wikipedia.org/wiki http://www.scribd.com Google image result http://www.aerospecialties.com/aircraft-ground-powerunits/?gclid=CLuqnbSd-LkCFeJU4godQnsAVw http://www.faa.gov/education/educator_resources/educators_corner/ grades_7_8/four_forces_of_flight/ http://www.faa.gov/education/educator_resources/educators_corner/ grades_7_8/four_forces_of_flight/ http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Aileron.ht ml

THANK YOU

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