Hydraulic Bench:

Jet Impact, Flow through Orifice

Carla Feliciano(Leader)
Neshma Lopez (Data Management)
Christian Arroyo (Experimenter)
Derick Morales (Data Analysis)
INQU4034
Prof. Natacha Souto
Agenda
Objectives
Fundamental Theory
Safety Rules
Equipment Description
Experimental Procedure
Data Analysis
Work Plan
Lab Tour

OBJECTIVES

Investigate the validity of theoretical equations that
describe the force exerted by a jet of water over
targets different geometries.


Determine the discharge coefficients and velocity
coefficients of an orifice.


Compare experimental values and slopes with
theoretical values.

What are fluids?
Are substances that deform under an applied shear stress.



Newtonian
Continues to flow
regardless of the forces
acting on it.
du
Non-Newtonian
Its viscosity is variable
based on applied stress.
= -
dy
( Pa)
= velocity gradient (s
-1
)
du
dy
= shear stress (Pa)
= fluid viscosity (Pa s
-1
)
du
dy
MACROSCOPIC MASS BALANCE
Considering a continuous flow on steady state



Mass Balance



In steady state flow system with a single inlet and outlet.
Theres no accumulation so the term dm
tot
/dt = 0.


System
< v >
1


1
-
m
2
-
m
2 2 2 1 1 1
S v S v
dt
dm
tot
=
2 2 2 1 1 1
S v S v =
Where:
= SV
- mass flow (kg/s)
- density (kg/m
3
)
S - flow area (m
2
)

- average velocity (m/s)
v
< v >
2
MOMENTUM BALANCE IN FLUID MECHANICS
Where:
= Change in momentum
dt = Change in time
= Velocity vector (m/s)

= External force

= Opposite external force

|
.
|

\
|
= =
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=
-
-
- - -
2 1
1 2
1 2 1 2
V V m F F
F V V m
dt
M d
V V dt m V dt m V dt m M d
e
e

V
M d
F
e
F

Flat Plate target
V
2
V
1

Hemispherical target
V
2
V
2
V
2
V
1

( ) ( )
Ag Q
m
A
Q
A
Q
Q F
V m V V m F
V
p
y
y y y y
y

=
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
= =
=
- -
2
2
1 2 1
2
0
( ) ( ) ( )
Ag Q
m
A
Q
V m F
V V m V V m F
V V
p
y y
y y y y y
y y

2
2
2
2
2
1
1 1 2 1
1 2
=
= =
= =
=
-
- -
JET IMPACT
Bernoullis Equation
Assumptions between any two points
Flow along a streamline.
Steady flow.
Inviscid flow (negligible viscous effects).
Incompressible flow.
No heat transfer.
No mechanical work.
(1) and (2):
v
1
(J)

P (N/m
2
) z (m) g (m/s
2
) P
1
/! (J)
2
g
z(
(J)
Pressure Elevation Acceleration of gravity Flow work Kinetic energy Potential energy
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
2 2
Z
g
V
g
P
Z
g
V
g
P
+ + = + +

TORRICELLIS EQUATION
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
2 2
Z
g
V
g
P
Z
g
V
g
P
+ + = + +

g
V
Z Z
2
2
2
2 1
=
g
V
h
2
2
=
gh V 2 =

Point of reference is where the pressure is minimum (Patm)

Torricellis equation
Notes:
Area of tank is much greater than area of orifice
No friction losses in the system
The area of the orifice = area vena contracta
Assuming that:
1) Steady State
2) Negligible friction effect
3)


4) h= Z
1
- Z
2

5) V
1
= 0 and V
2
= V
6) = constant
ACTUAL ORIFICE DISCHARGE







C
D
= Discharge
factor = 0.637
A
0
Fig. 15.5-5 BSL p. 471
A
VC
( )( ) ( )( )
gh C A Q
C C C
gh C A C V A Q
D o
V C D
V o C vc vc
2
2
=
=
= =
Fluid exits the orifice taking a y direction in a time t:
y= (1/2) gt
2

In that time t it runs a horizontal distance in t:
x= Vt
ORIFICES VELOCITY COEFFICIENT
Combining equations



to obtain:
y
g
x V
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
gh
y
g
x
V
V
C
i
v
2
1
2
gh V
i
2 =
y C
h
x
v
2
2
4 =
2
4
V
C = o
FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE
(UNSTEADY STATE MODALITY)
No water enters the container and volume changes through
time t.


Where:
A
R
= Tank cross-sectional area (m
2
)
( )
( ) h h
g A C
A
t
gh A C
dh A
Q
dh
A t
dt
dh
A
dt
h A d
Q
o D
R
h
h
o D
R
h
h
R
R
R
=
}

}
= =
=

=
1
2
2
2 1 1
h
1

h
t (s)

1
(
1
2
)
=
2

0
2

General Safety Aspects
Specific Safety Aspects
15
Sump tank 200 L
Measurement tank 48 L
Supply hose
A pump 0 to 60 L/min & 200 W motor
Hydraulic Bench Equipment Description
Reserve Tank
R
200L

G
L
Pump
NA
48L
NB
6L
Hydraulic Bench Schematic Diagram
Discharge
Avoid
tank to
overflow
Presure Clock
t
u
b
e

General Setup
Place desired
apparatus on
hydraulic bench
and level
Check water
reserve level
At the end,
shutdown and
disconnect
equipment
Connect test
equipment to the
water source
Jet Impact
Weights
Top View and Side-Lid View
Jet Impact Apparatus
Targets
Flow Through Orifice
Orifice
Water level
Orifice
Hook and Needle
Accessories
Pyrometer with
Immersion Thermocouple
Acetone
Orifice Fittings Weir, grate and plug
Bucket, graduated
cylinder, and chronometer
Bubble Level Measuring Tape
JET IMPACT
1. Connect Pipe lines.
2. Remove upper lid and
install target. Make sure the
device is leveled.
3. Adjust weight plate and
open water valve, until
Equilibrium is reached
4. Place a 20 g weight and wait
until equilibrium is reached.

5. Open the valve and
requilibrate
6. Repeat the previous step
with 10g weight increments.
FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE
Verify the
water level
Prepare and
level out
the
equipment
Do all the
necessary
connections
Make sure
the tank is
closed
Adjust the
indicator s
height with
the orifices
center
21
Write down
height and
distance
Move
indicator
horizontally
Determine
a
volumetric
flow
Wait for
water level
to be
stationary
Place indicator
horizontally 10
cm from the
orifice
Establish a
water flow
Check water
level every
20 sec
Record time
for h
1
and h
2
Close
valve and
turn off the
pump
Unsteady state
x, y
REVIEW OF OBJECTIVES
Validate equations that describe the forces exerted by a jet of water
upon targets of different configurations.

Determine the discharge coefficient (C
D
) and the orifices velocity
coefficient (C
V
).

Compare results with literature values.


Data Analysis: Jet Impact
Plane Target
Hemispherical Target
R
2
= 1
m
1,theo
-

m
1,exp

% Error = x 100
m
1,exp
( )
2
3
/
2 2
s m
i
Q Q

2
= 2
1

1
Ag

=
Ag
2
=

(
2

2
)

=
2

(
2

2
)
m
p

(
k
g
)

DATA ANALYSIS - FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE
(STEADY STATE)
Measure volume, time, and h
Calculate volumetric flow








Solve for C
D
and compare with theoretical results
C
D
=0.637

g C A
D o
2 ) (
2
3
= o
h(m)
Q

(
m
3
/
s
)
2

) 2 ( ) (
2
0
2
gh C A Q
D
=
24
ORIFICES VELOCITY COEFFICIENT
Measure the x, y, and h to obtain C
v









Solve for C
V
and compare with theoretical results
C
V
= 0.98


2
4
4
V
C = o
) (
2
m
h
x
y(m)
y C
h
x
V
2
2
4 =
25
FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE
(UNSTEADY STATE)
Discharge coefficient
Measure h
1
, h and t









Solve for discharge coefficient C
D

C
D
= 0.637
( ) h h
g A C
A
t
o D
R
=
1
2
2
g A C
A
o D
R
2
2
5
= o
t (s)
( )
2 / 1
1
m h h
26
SCHEDULE
Day 1
Jet Impact

Day 2
Orifice Flow (Steady and unsteady-state).
Verify first run data and calculations.

Day 3
Additional experimentation (if necessary).

References


Bird, Stewart, Lightfoot. Transport Phenomena. New York, John Wiley and Sons. 2002.
Munson, Young, Okiishi, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. John Wiley. 2006.
Green, Perry. Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook,
2008. 8th Ed. McGraw-Hill, New York
Experimento: Banco Hidrulico. Laboratorio de Operaciones Unitarias; Departamento
de Ingeniera Qumica (RUM); Mayagez, PR.
(2013). Spirax Sarco. In Types of Steam Flowmeter. Retrieved August 26, 2013, from
http://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-
tutorials/flowmetering/types-of-steam-flowmeter.asp.