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INTEGRATED WATERFLOOD ASSET MANAGEMENT (ORIGINAL FIRMADD) Qian woan Registro | - 9928 INTEGRATED WATERFLOOD ASSET MANAGEMENT by Ganesh C, Thakur, Ph.D., MBA Manager—Exploration and Production Operations Services and Senior Principal Consultant—Reservoir Management Chevron Petroleum Technology Company La Habra, California Abdus Satter, Ph.D. Senior Research Consultant Texaco E&P Technology Department Houston, Texas ay Peni Copyright (©) 1998 by PennWell Publishing Company 142] South Sheridan/P.O, Box 1260 ‘Tulsa, Oklahoma 7410] ISBN 0-87814-606-7 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system. or transcribed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical. including photocopying and recording, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America 12345 99 98 FOREWORD......... ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .. LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLE: 1. Contents INTRODUCTION ..... Reasons for Waterflooding History of Waterflooding . Importance of Integrated Waterflood Asset Management. ‘The State of the Art Scope and Objective Organization - DAnnunaee RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS, PROCESS AND WATERFLOOD PROSPECT SCREENING Waterflood Asset Management .. Waterflood Recovery Efficiency Waterflood Prospect Screening .. INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY - GEOSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING .... Organizing and Collecting Dat: Geological Input... Reevaluation of Subsurface Data Generating New Maps From Old Data. Bypassed Oil......... Geologic Reinterpretation Based on Production History . Reservoir Heterogencities .... Integration of Geoscience and Engineering, Integrating Exploration and Development Technology .. Development of Reservoir Description WATERFLOOD DATA. Laboratory Data. Field Data FACTORS INFLUENCING WATERFLOOD RECOVERY ..8’ Introduction 5-Spot Waterflood Base Case - Primary Depletion Integrated Waterflood Asset Management 8. 10. Timing of Waterflood......cssscsseseseesceetnetneensintenesonees 294 Layer Permeability Variation .. - 96 Critical Gas Saturation . 100 Vertical Permeability Oil Gravity .... INFILL DRILLING Introduction Why Infill Drilling? Selection of Infill Wells Case Examples . DESIGN OF WATERFLOODS: GEOLOGICAL, ENGINEERING, AND OPERATIONAL ASPECTS Design and Operation Process Project Design Considerations Reservoir Characterization... Process and Operations Design Equipment Design .. Data Acquisition Design Economie Evaluation, ‘including Project Scale-uj Why Waterfloods Fail ..... An Example of Waterflood Design . WATERFLOOD PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE AND RESERVES FORECAST. Volumetric Method Empirical Method: Classical Methods. Performance Curve Analyses . Reservoir Simulation WATERFLOODING SURVEILLANCE TECHNIQUES wl 83. Key Factors in Waterflooding Surveillance... o weed Water-Quality Maintenance Monitoring . Case Histories. FIELD OPERATIONS Water System, Compatibilit Subsurface and Surface Fluid Control Thought Items... vi i. 12. APPENDICES ...... A. Contents Conversion Versus Newly Drilled Wells . Methods of Increasing Injectivity ..... WATERFLOOD PROJECT ECONOMICS ....... Economic Criteria Scenarios Data . Economic Evaluation Risk and: Uncertainties CASE STUDIES Elk Basin Madison Denver Unit Waterflood Means San Andres Unit Jay/LEC Fields Ninian Field, CURRENT AND FUTURE CHALLENGES Outlook and the Next Step RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND PROCESS... Reservoir Management Definition Reservoir Management Process Synergy and Team Worl Organization and Team Manag Integration of Science and Engineering .. Reasons for Failure of Reservoir Management Program RESERVOIR MODEL Role of Reservoir Model Geoscience ... Loudon Field Surfactant Pilot Seismic Data. Geostatistics Engineering Integration Case Studie: vii Integrated Waterflood Asset Management Cc. INDEX. DATA ACQUISITION, ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT Data Types Data Storing and Retrieval Data Application .... Exampte Data . RESERVOIR ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF WATERFLOODIN' immiscible Displacement Theory .. Flood Pauern cote Reservoir Heterogeneity Recovery Efficiency Injection Rates eoseesee A357 .A-357 -A-362 -A-362 -A-307 -A-370, OTHER ITEMS OF INTEREST IN SURVEILLANCE....A-373 Se/ROS Determination... A-373 Injection and Production Lo; A-373 1-391 viii Foreword ‘The book Integrated Waterflood Asset Management fills an impor- tant gap for all those asset team members who are responsible for man- aging water injection projects in an integrated way. This book continues to build on the theme of integrated petroleum resource management, developed by a previous contribution of the authors, integrated Petroleum Reservoir Management. There is, of course, more focus in the present book on the special considerations that integrated teams can provide to optimize the profitability of water injection projects Waterflood management has been an important issue for several decades. Although the subject of waterflood management is not new, we continue to learn how to manage waterfloods better each year with our enhanced technological capabilities When [| entered the petroleum industry in the early 1960s, several of my early assignments dealt with waterflood design, working as a reservoir engineer with geologists, facil- ities engineers, and drilling engineers. Many of the techniques that I used then are still mainstream technology, including reservoir description, fol- lowed by reservoir simulation to study alternatives. But what a difference in how the specialists work together! My geologist friends handed their maps off to me; I handed my injector and producer locations and expect- ed rates off to my facilities and drilling engineering comrades — and total- ly different individuals implemented the plans and followed the progress of the floods Many of my communications and requests had (o go through my boss, the district reservoir engineer, to his peer, the district production geologist, back to my peer, the geologist working on the field. As this book points out so clearly, waterflood projects are not usu- ally managed this way in the late 1990s We now serve on integrated teams, with considerable feedback to all team members whenever an: member obtains new data — for an infill well, or from a producer with premature water breakthrough, for example. Communications are now streamlined and simplified, action is much more immediate, and prof- itability is almost always enhanced. The authors share their personal Knowledge and experience in this book, in addition to providing concise surveys of recommendations from the petroleum literature on how to manage waterfloods with these inte- grated teams. The historical lessons we have learned about waterflood design, reserves estimating, surveillance, field operations, and project economics are all here - but presented the modern way, implemented through team efforts. This book, like its predecessor, Integrated Petroleum Reservoir Management, will serve the industry well. W. John Lee, Peterson Chair and Professor, Texas A&M University Acknowledgments The authors wish to acknowledge the support and permission of Chevron and Texaco to publish this book. We also would like to thank our many coworkers and students from whom we have learned about various aspects of waterflood asset management. In particular, we acknowledge the contributions of the following persons for providing certain materials; Wayne Subcasky and John Bagzis for field operations, Chuck Magnani for surveillance and monitoring, Gary Burkett for waterflood design, Jim Baldwin and Rich Jespersen for computation, and John Dacy for assisting with laboratory data on waterflood. Our special thanks go to Joyce Bube for her commitment, patience and hard work in preparing the manuscript. Last but not the least, we owe sincere appreciation and thanks to Pushpa Thakur and our families for their patience, understanding, and encouragement. Ganesh C. Thakur Abdus Sater List of Figures and Tables _ . CHAPTER 1 CAPTION Table 1-1 Characteristics of Various Driving Mechanisms (Satter, A.and Thakur, G. C. "integrated Petroleum Reservoir Management: A Team Approach," PennWell Books, Tulsa, OK, 1994) Figure 1-1 Influence of Primary Producing Mechanisms on Reservoir Pressure and Recovery Efficiency (Satter, A. and Thakur, G. C. "Integrated Petroleum Reservoir Management: A Team Approach,” PennWell Books, Tulsa, OK, 1994) Figure 1-2 Waterflood Management System CHAPTER 2 CAPTION Table 2-1 Factors Affecting Waterflood Efficiencies Table 2-2 Factors Affecting Waterflood Recovery Table 2-3 Rules of Thumb-Screening Criteria for Quick Evaluations Figure 2-1 Displacement in Variable Permeability System (Craig, Jr, SPE Monograph 3, “The Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Waterflooding,” Richardson, TX, 1971) Figure 2-2 Typical Water/Oil Relative Permeability Characteristics, Strongly Water-wet Rock (Craig, Jr., SPE Monograph 3, “The Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Waterflooding,” Richardson, TX, 1971) Figure 2-3. ‘Typical Water/Oil Relative Permeability Characteristics, Strongly Oil-wet Rock (Thakur, G.C. "Reservoir Management Of Mature Fields," THRDC Video Library for Exploration and Production Specialists, Boston, MA, 1992) Figure 2-4 Fracture Direction and Well Location (Thakur, G.C. " Reservoir Management of Mature Fields," UHRDC Video Library for Exploration and Production Specialists, Boston, MA, 1992) Figure 2-5 Schematic Diagram of Oil PVT Properties (Thakur, GC. "Reservoir Management of Mature Fields,” THRDC Video Library for Exploration and Production Specialists, Boston, MA, 1992) xiit Integrated Waterflood Asset Management CHAPTER 3 CAPTION Table 3-1 Table 3-2 Table 3-3 Table 3-4 Table 3-5 Table 3-6 Table 3-7 fable 3-8 Table 3-9 Figure 3-1 Figure 3-2 Figure 3-3 Data Sources (Courtesy Petroleum Engineer International, May 1980) Measurements and Observations of Data Formation Evaluation Data (Thakur, G.C. "Reservoir Management of Mature Fields.” HHRDC Video Libr for Exploration and Production Specialists, Boston. MA, 1992) Reservoir Fluid and Production Data (Thakur, G.C. “Reservoir Management of Mature Fields,” ARDC Video Library for Exploration and Production Speciatists, Boston, MA, 1992) Surface Facilities Data (Thakur, G.C. " Reservoir Management of Mature Fields," IHRDC Video Library for Exploration and Production Specialists, Boston, MA, 1992) Computer Data. The Computer Database Is Described in Detail in Table 3-7 (Thakur. G.C. "Reservoir Management of Mature Fields," ARDC Video Library for Exploration and Production Specialists, Boston. MA, 1992) Database (Thakur, G.C. "Reservoir Management of Mature Fields," VHRDC Video Library for Exploration and Production Specialists, Boston, MA, 1992) Flow Path Depicting Development of a Reservoir Description (Thakur, G.C. "Reservoir Management of Mature Fieids," \HRDC Video Library for Exploration and Production Specialists. Boston, MA. 1992) Development of a Reservoir Description (Copyright 1975, SPE, from JPT, May 19756 and SPE Textbook Series, Vol. 3, 1986") Crossplot of Sonic Reading and Core Porosity (Thakur, GC. "Reservoir Management of Maire Fields." IHRDC Vidco Library for Exploration and Production Specialists. Boston, MA, 992) Klinkenberg Effect (Thakur. G.C. "Reservoir Management of Mature Fields.” \HRDC Video Library for Exploration and Production Specialists. Boston, MA, 1992) Reservoir and Well Data (Thakur, G.C. "Reservoir Management of Mature Fields," \HRDC Video Library for Exploration and Production Specialists, Boston, MA, 1992) ry xiv Figure 3-4 Figure 3-5 Figure 3-6 Figure 3-7 Figure 3-8 Figure 3-9 Figure 3-10 Figure 3-11 Figure 3-12 Figure 3-13 Figure 3-14 Figure 3-15 Figure 3-16 Figure 3-17 Figure 3-18 List of Figures and Tables Reservoir Study Data Source and Processing (Thakur, G.C. "Reservoir Management of Mature Fields," THRDC Video Library for Exploration and Production Specialists, Boston, MA, 1992) Structural Cross Section of the Slaughter and Levelland Fields, Cockran and Hockley Counties, TX (Thakur, G.C. "Reservoir Management of Mature Fields," V\HRDC Video Library for Exploration and Production Specialists, Boston, MA, 1992) COr Minitest Patterns Located in Central Portion of the Field Within Shaded Section Isopach of Gross Pay Simple Lithofacies Map Showing Only the Evidence of Facies Changes in a Formation or Group of Formations. The Diameter of a Circle Represents the Thickness of the Interval Mapped, The Pie Slices the Percentage of Each Kind of Rock Encountered Map Showing the Distribution of Coarse Clastics in the Pennsylvanian Rocks of Southeastern Colorado. This Facies Map Shows the Coarsening of the Sediments Toward the West, Presumable Toward the Land Mass That Furnished the Sediments Porosity Histogram and Distribution for Ail Samples From Field A Field A Distribution of Porosity Capacity Permeability Histogram and Distribution for Samples From Field A Performance of Elk Basin, Madison Field After Waterflooding Plans Were Revised (McCaleb, J.A. “The Role of Geology in Reservoir Exploitation,” notes prepared for AAPG Petroleum Reservoir Fundamentals School, 1982) Geologic Concepts Used in the Wasson San Andres Field Waterflood (From Ghauri et al., 1980)” Fiow Capacity Distribution, Hypothetical Reservoir Log Normal Permeability Distribution Integrating Exploration and Development Technology (Courtesy OGJ, May 1993’, from Wyatt et al., "Ergonomics in 3-D depth migration,” 62nd SEG Int. Mig. And Exp., October 1992) Integrating Exploration and Development Technology (Courtesy OG/, May 1993") av Imegrated Waterflood Asset Management Figure 3-19 CHAPTER 4 Table 4-1 Table 4-2 Table 4-3 Figure 4-1 Figure 4-2 Figure 4-3 Figure 4-4 Figure 4-5 Figure 4-6 Figure 4-7 Figure 4-8 Figure 4-9 Figure 4-10 Figure 4-11 Figure 4-12 Figure 4-13 Figure 4-14 Figure 4-15 ‘Two Types of Organization (Copyright 1993, Gemini Consulting, courtesy OGJ, May 1993") CAPTION Composition of Reservoir Fluid Sample (by Flash/Extended Chromatography, courtesy of Core Laboratories Inc.} Volumetric Data (courtesy of Core Laboratories Inc.) Separator Flash Analysis (courtesy of Core Laboratories Inc.) Data Acquisition and Analysis (Satter and Thakur, Integrated Petrofeum Reservoir Management: A Team Approach, PennWell, 1994) Relative Oi] Volume Differential Vapori (courtesy of Core Laboratories Inc.) Formation Volume Factor (courtesy of Core Laboratories Inc.} Solution Gas/Oil Ratio Differential Vaporization (courtesy of Core Laboratories Inc.) Solution Gas/Oil Ratio (courtesy of Core Laboratories Inc.) Oil Density Differential Vaporization (courtesy of Core Laboratories Inc.) Deviation Factor, Z Differential Vaporization (courtesy of Core Laboratories Inc.) Reservoir Fluid Viscosity (courtesy of Core Laboratories Inc.} Capillary Pressure Characteristics. Strongly Water-wet Rock. Curve {-Drainage. Curve 2-Imbibition (Killias. CR. et al., Production Monthly, Feb. 1953) Oil-water ‘Capillary Pressure Characteristics. Tensleep Sandstone, Oil-wet Rock. Curve 1-Drainage. Curve 2- Imbibition Air-brine Capillary Pressure Characteristics (courtesy of Core Laboratories Inc.) Gas-oil Relative Permeability Characteristics (courtesy of Core Laboratories Inc.) Water-oil Relative Permeability Characteristics (courtesy of Core Laboratories Inc.) Waterflood Susceptibility (courtesy of Core Laboratories Inc.) Permeability vs. Throughput (courtesy of Core Laboratories Inc.) ion Figure 4-16 Figure 4-17 Figure 4-18 Figure 4-19 CHAPTER 5 Table 5-1 Table 5-2 Figure 5-1 Figure 5-2 Figure 5-3 Figure 5-4 Figure 5-5 Figure 5-6 Figure 5-7 Figure 5-8 Figure 5-9 Figure 5-10 Figure 5-11 Figure 5-12 Figure 5-13 Figure 5-14 Figure 5-15 Figure 5-16 Figure 5-17 List of Figures and Tables Parting-pressure Diagram Injection Profile Data Water and Gas Injection Profile Data Gas and Water Production Profile Data CAPTION Properties of the Base Case Porosity-permeability Variation Layers are of Equal 5 ft Thick Example Problem—Permeability Distribution Oil PVT Data Gas PVT Data Water-oil Relative Permeability Gas-oil Relative Permeability Primary Depletion and Waterflood Performance Water- wet Base Case Primary and Waterflood Performance After Various Stages of Depletion Water-cut Performance Primary Followed by Waterflood at Various Stages of Depletion Depletion Performance of Reservoir Pressure at Various Dykstra-Parson Ratios Depletion Performance of Gas-oil-ratio at Various Dykstra- Parson Ratios Oil Recovery Performance Primary Depletion to 150 psia Followed by Waterflood at Various Dykstra-Parson Ratios Water-cut Performance Primary Depletion to 150 psia Followed by Waterflood at Various Dykstra-Parson Ratios Depletion Performance of Reservoir Pressure at V= 0.50 With Various Sgr (Critical Gas Saturation) Depletion Performance of Gas-oil-ratio at V= 0.50 With Various Sgr (Critical Gas Saturation) Oil Recovery Performance Primary Depletion to 150 psia Followed by Waterfiood at Various Residual Gas Saturations Water-cut Performance Primary Depletion to 150 psia Followed by Waterflood at Various Residual Gas Saturations Primary Depletion of Reservoir Pressure at V= 0.50 With Various Kv/Kh Permeability Ratios xvii

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