Module No.

3 : Basic Technical Drawings

Unit No. 1 - Industrial drawings

UNITS IN THIS COURSE

Page 1/12

UNIT 1 UNIT 2 UNIT 3 UNIT 4 I UNIT 5 UNIT 6

INDUSTRIAL DRAWINGS. ENGINEERING DRAWINGS. ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS. ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS. P & ID SYMBOLS. DIMENSIONS AND SCALES.

Page 2/12

Module No. 3 : Basic Technical Drawings

Unit No. 1 - Industrial drawings

Page 3/12

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Para Page

1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

COURSE OBJECTIVES WHAT ARE INDUSTRIAL DRAWINGS? WHAT IS A BLUEPRINT? DRAWING SIZES THE ALL-IMPORTANT TITLE BLOCK

3 4 9 9 11

Page 4/12

Module No. 3 : Basic Technical Drawings

Unit No. 1 - Industrial drawings

Page 5/12

1.0

COURSE OBJECTIVES This course explains the reasons why industrial drawings are needed, and the different types of industrial drawings which are used. Other Units in this course give more detailed information so that, on completion of the course, the student will be able to:

Identify and explain the basic information given on industrial drawings, blueprints and engineering drawings. Recognise an orthographic drawing and be able to draw an object in orthographic views. Recognise an isometric drawing and be able to draw an object in isometric view. Identify and explain the reasons for exploded and assembly drawings. * Recognise and explain the symbols used on piping and instrumentation diagrams. Take dimensions off a drawing and explain the use of scale drawings.

Page 6/12

Module No. 3 : Basic Technical Drawings

Unit No. 1 - Industrial drawings

1.1

WHAT ARE INDUSTRIAL DRAWINGS?

Page 7/12

Industrial drawings are the 'language' of industry. They provide the link between the people who design something and the people who will build, operate and maintain that thing. It could be a building, a ship, an engineering plant, or anything else used in industry.

Page 8/12

Page 9/12

Figure 1-1 Typical Industrial Drawings To be called 'industrial' a drawing must:

Follow specific rules about the way lines and symbols are drawn, and about the sizes, measurements and positions of the equipment shown in the drawing. Have an industrial application.

Page 10/12

Module No. 3 : Basic Technical Drawings

Unit No. 1 - Industrial drawings

By following specific rules, industrial drawings are made so that anyone within the
Page 11/12

industry they have been drawn for can understand them. With any set of industrial drawings there will be one or more sheets showing the lines, symbols and abbreviations which have been used for that set of drawings. An extra copy of this can be used as a handy reference. Industrial drawings have a number of functions:

They simplify by using symbols to show complicated equipment and machinery. They explain by showing the type of material used in each component, and by showing the function and position of each component in the system. They standardise by having standard types of lines, by having standard symbols for items of equipment, and by showing the dimensions in a standard way.

When the subject of an industrial drawing is large or complicated, more than one drawing will often be required. For very large or very complicated plants or equipment, several hundred drawings may often be produced. As part of the drawing work, a 'List of Drawings' will be produced which lists drawing titles with drawing numbers. Get a copy of this and use it to select the drawings you actually want. This is easier than going through a complete set of drawings. The drawings produced may cover different areas of the plant, or separate items of equipment within the plant. Also, different types of drawings will be used. Some examples of the different types of drawings are:

Architectural Drawings which show the locations of buildings and provide structural and foundation details. Electrical Drawings which show electrical wiring details.

Page 12/12

Module No. 3 : Basic Technical Drawings

Unit No. 1 - Industrial drawings

Page 13/12

Figure 1-2 Simple Electrical Wiring Drawing Piping Drawings which show piping details including sizes, materials to be used and fittings to be used.

Figure 1-3 Example of a Piping Drawing

Page 14/12

Module No. 3 : Basic Technical Drawings

Unit No. 1 - Industrial drawings

Engineering Drawings which show the size of equipment which will be used Page 15/12

and the materials it is made from. There are two basic types of engineering drawings; orthographic drawings and isometric drawings. Orthographic drawings are covered in detail in Unit 3 of this course. Isometric drawings are covered in detail in Unit 4.

Page 16/12

Page 17/12

Figure 1-4 Example of an Engineering Drawing

Page 18/12

Module No. 3 : Basic Technical Drawings

Unit No. 1 - Industrial drawings

Instrument Drawings which show details of the instruments which will be used Page 19/12

and how they are connected to the equipment. These drawings are often called Piping and Instrument Drawings (or Diagrams) and are shortened to P & ID.

Page 20/12

Page 21/12

Figure 1-5 Example of an Instrument Drawing

Process Flow Drawings (or diagrams) which show details of the process. The name of these drawings is often shortened to PFD.

Figure 1-6 Example of a Process Flow Drawing

Page 22/12

Module No. 3 : Basic Technical Drawings

Unit No. 1 - Industrial drawings

1.2

WHAT IS A BLUEPRINT?

Page 23/12

The word 'blueprint' has become an accepted word for a copy of a drawing. The word was first used because the equipment used to make a copy of the drawing produced a copy with white lines on a blue background. Today there are many different ways to produce copies of drawings, including computer printouts. However, the word 'blueprint' is still often used. A blueprint is a copy of an original drawing. The original drawing is a very valuable document so it is kept in a safe place. If any person needs to use the drawing they are given an up-to-date blueprint (copy). There are several reasons why blueprints are used instead of the original drawings:

The method used to make blueprints is quick and not expensive. Many people need to use the same drawings so several copies of the same drawing can be made. Original drawings are very expensive and difficult to replace if they are lost or damaged. When changes in a drawing become necessary, it is much easier to make changes only once, on the original drawing. Then new blueprint copies of the original drawing can be made. Because of the copying process used, the blueprint is a very accurate copy of the original drawing. It is possible to use a blueprint to measure or scale a dimension if that measurement is not given on the drawing.

1.3

DRAWING SIZES With some methods of making a copy of a drawing, the size of the copy can be made to be different from the size of the original drawing. This can not be done with the original blueprint method of copying. The terms used for this are 'reduction, when the copy is smaller than the original drawing, and 'enlargement', when the copy is larger than the original drawing. Altering the size of the copy from that of the original has advantages and disadvantages;

Page 24/12

Module No. 3 : Basic Technical Drawings

Unit No. 1 - Industrial drawings

If the original drawing is large, the copy can be made smaller (reduced) so that Page 25/12

it is more convenient to use in a small work space or out on the plant.

If the original drawing is of poor quality, the copy can be made bigger (enlarged) so that it may be easier to read. The main disadvantage of changing the size of the copy from that of the original is that the drawing can not be used to 'scale off' dimensions.

If the right type of copying equipment is available at the work site, you can ask for copies of drawings in sizes different from the original drawing size. It is necessary to understand the various paper sizes available. Paper sizes are standardised using the metric system of measurement (millimetres). There are two series of sizes called the 'A' series and the 'B' series. The B series is not used much with industrial drawings. The largest sheet of paper in the A series is called A1 and measures 840 millimetres (mm) by 594 mm. If this sheet of paper is cut equally into two pieces on the longer edge, each of the two pieces of paper is called size A2, and each measures 420 mm by 594 mm. The series continues in this way so that the following paper sizes are formed. A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 840 mm (33 in) 420 mm (16.5 in) 420 mm (16.5 in) 210mm(8.25in) 210mm(8.25in) 105mm (4.125 in) by by by by by by 594 mm (23.4 in) 594 mm (23.4 in) 297 mm (11.7 in) 297mm(11.7in) 148.5mm(5.85in) 148.5 mm (5.85 in).

A6 and A5 are too small for industrial drawings. Size A4 may be used occasionally. The page you are reading at the moment is A4 size. With the book opened out and spread flat the size will be almost A3. That is, two A4 pages side by side on the longer edges. In addition to the paper sizes mentioned above a further, 'super' size called AO may be used. This. size is slightly larger than the Al size. Also, some drawings may be produced on non-standard sized paper to produce copies which are of standard width, but very long.

Page 26/12

Module No. 3 : Basic Technical Drawings

Unit No. 1 - Industrial drawings

Page 27/12

Figure 1-7 Paper Sizes 1.4 THE ALL-IMPORTANT TITLE BLOCK The title block of a drawing is usually, but not always, located in the bottom right-hand corner of the drawing sheet. The title block contains a lot of information which may be useful to the person reading the drawing. This information includes:

The signatures of those people involved in making the drawing. The drawing title. The scale used for the drawing; that is, the size of the drawing compared to the size of the object. The tolerances which are allowed; that is, how much the measurements of the finished product can vary from the measurements shown on the drawing. The sheet number to show how many drawings there are in that particular set. The drawing number. Normally this number will never change. If the drawing number changes it will be clearly stated on the drawing.

Page 28/12

Module No. 3 : Basic Technical Drawings

Unit No. 1 - Industrial drawings

Page 29/12

Figure 1-8 Typical Drawing Title Block

Page 30/12