F321 module 2 Practice 2:

1.

The diagram below shows the variation in the boiling points of elements across
Period 3 of the Periodic Table.
3000

Al

2500

Si

2000
b o ilin g p o in t
1500
/K

Na

M g

1000

500

C l

0
11

(a)

12

13

14
15
a to m ic n u m b e r

16

17

Ar
18

In the table below for the elements Mg, Si and S,

complete the structure column using the word giant or simple.
complete the bonding column using the word metallic, ionic or covalent.
element

structure

bonding

Mg
Si
S
[3]

(b)

Explain why silicon has a much higher boiling point than phosphorus.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]

The King's CE School

(c)

Explain why the boiling point increases from sodium to aluminium.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 7 marks]

2.

Sodium reacts with chlorine forming the ionic compound sodium chloride, NaCl.
(i)

Write an equation, including state symbols, for this reaction.

.........................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii)

Describe the structure of sodium chloride in the solid state. You may find it useful
to draw a diagram.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 4 marks]

The King's CE School

3.

Electrons are arranged in energy levels.

(a)

An orbital is a region in which an electron may be found.

Draw diagrams to show the shape of an s orbital and of a p orbital.

s orbital

p orbital
[2]

(b)

Complete the table below to show how many electrons completely fill each of
the following.
number of electrons

a d orbital
a p sub-shell
the third shell (n = 3)
[3]

(c)

The energy diagram below is for the eight electrons in an oxygen atom. The
diagram is incomplete as it only shows the two electrons in the 1s level.

e n e rg y

1s

The King's CE School

Complete the diagram for the oxygen atom by:

(i)

adding labels for the other sub-shell levels,

[1]

(ii)

adding arrows to show how the other electrons are arranged.

[1]
[Total 7 marks]

4.

Successive ionisation energies provide evidence for the arrangement of electrons in

atoms. The table below shows the eight successive ionisation energies of oxygen.

ionisation number

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

8th

ionisation
energy / kJ mol1

1 314

3 388

5 301

7 469

10 989

13 327

71
337

84 080

(i)

Define the term first ionisation energy.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii)

Write an equation, with state symbols, to represent the third ionisation energy of
oxygen.
.........................................................................................................................
[2]

The King's CE School

(iii)

Explain how the information in the table above provides evidence for two electron
shells in oxygen.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 7 marks]

5.

Sodium reacts with oxygen to form sodium oxide, Na2O.

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram for Na2O. Show outer electrons only.
[Total 2 marks]

6.

Sodium reacts with excess oxygen to form sodium peroxide, Na2O2.

Na2O2 is used in laundry bleaches. When added to water a reaction takes place
forming an alkaline solution and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2.
(i)

Construct a balanced equation for the formation of sodium peroxide from sodium.
.........................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii)

Construct a balanced equation for the reaction of sodium peroxide with water.
.........................................................................................................................
[1]

(iii)

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram for a molecule of H2O2. Show outer electrons

only.
[2]
[Total 4 marks]

7.

In water treatment plants, care must be taken as chlorine can react with nitrogen

The King's CE School

compounds to form the highly explosive compound, nitrogen trichloride, NCl3.

Molecules of NCl3 have a bond angle of 107.
(i)

Name the shape of an NCl3 molecule.

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii)

Explain why a molecule of NCl3 has this shape and a bond angle of 107.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 4 marks]

8.

Sulphuric acid was added to aqueous barium hydroxide until the solution was just
neutralised, forming the insoluble salt, BaSO4, and water.
Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
The electrical conductivity of the solution steadily decreased as the sulphuric acid was
added.
Explain why the electrical conductivity decreased.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[Total 2 marks]

The King's CE School

9.

In this question, one mark is available for the quality of spelling, punctuation and
grammar.
Many physical properties can be explained in terms of bonding and structure. The table
below shows the structures and some properties of sodium chloride and graphite in the
solid state.
substance

sodium chloride

graphite

electrical
conductivity of solid

poor

good

melting and boiling

point

high

high

solubility in water

good

insoluble

structure

Explain these properties in terms of bonding and structure.

[7]
Quality of Written Communication [1]
[Total 8 marks]

10.

Magnesium exists naturally as a mixture of its isotopes, 24Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg.
The isotopes in magnesium can be separated by mass spectrometry. The diagram
below shows a mass spectrometer.
Complete the table below to show the composition of the 25Mg and 26Mg
isotopes.

(i)

protons

neutrons

electrons

25

Mg

26

Mg
[2]

The King's CE School

(ii)

Complete the electronic configuration of an atom of 24Mg.

1s2 ....................................................................................................................
[1]

(iii)

Results from the mass spectrum of a sample of magnesium are shown below.

isotope

24

25

26

relative isotopic mass

24.00

25.00

26.00

% abundance

78.60

10.11

11.29

Mg

Mg

Mg

Calculate the relative atomic mass of the sample of magnesium.

Give your answer to two decimal places.
answer ...............................
[2]
[Total 5 marks]

The King's CE School